明渠减速流下床面摩阻流速研究

针对明渠非均匀流,采用立面二维数值试验的方法,并将雷诺应力垂线分布计算结果延伸至床面,以此计算减速流情况下床面摩阻流速,得到了不同壅水下床面摩阻流速的计算结果.研究表明:在壅水情况下,当流量和底坡相同时,壅水段摩阻流速随水深的增加而逐渐减小;在相同水深和底坡下,摩阻流速随流量的增加而增大;在相同流量和水深下,摩阻流速随底坡的增大而增大.为满足工程中计算的需要,根据数值试验结果拟合得到了明渠水流壅水情况下床面摩阻流速的实用计算式.     

等宽明渠交汇口壅水特性数值模拟

为研究不同交汇角度θ和流量比q对明渠交汇口壅水特性的影响规律,利用体积函数法(VOF)追踪自由表面,采用雷诺应力模型(RSM)封闭控制方程,建立明渠交汇水流三维数值仿真模型,对3种流量比和7种交汇角的21种组合工况进行模拟研究,对交汇口附近的三维壅水形态进行分析。结果表明:由于支流汇入的顶托作用,上游区域内水位壅高,交汇区域内出现水面跌落现象;同一流量比工况下,随着交汇角的增大,上游水位逐渐增大,下游水面跌落现象越来越剧烈;对所有工况的上下游最小水深比h^*_d和最大水深比h^*_m进行计算,发现在本文研究的流量比及交汇角变化范围内,上下游最小和最大水深比均随着交汇角的增大而增大,随着流量比的增加而减小。最后,对上下游水深比的变化范围进行分析,得出结论:同一流量比工况下,交汇角增大,交汇口附近水面变幅增大;同一交汇角度工况下,流量比增大,交汇口附近水面变幅减小。     

明渠水流临界水深的研究

本文首先说明了目前通用的明渠水流临界水深公式只适用于平底明渠缓变流,然后从理论上对任意底坡明渠急变流的断面单位能量和临界水深进行了分析.在考虑了离心力对急变流断面动水压强分布的影响后,导出了任意底坡明渠急变流的断面单位能量和临界水深的关系式,分析了明渠急变流的断面单位能量随水深的变化规律.同时还对流线的凹向、流线曲率半径及水面坡度对临界水深的影响进行了分析,论证了趺水处和曲线型实用堰堰顶的水深均小于按现有公式计算的临界水深的原因.最后,对曲线型实用堰堰顶水深进行了验算,结果与实测较为一致.     

冲积床面上明渠水流湍流特性及其与底层泥沙起动关系的试验研究

利用声学Doppler测速仪测量了明渠水流在不同水深、流速、泥沙粒径情况下的瞬时流速分布和泥沙起动流速,研究了可动粗糙床面明渠水流的湍流特性.利用实测断面流速分布,采用非线性回归拟合出对数律流速分布的各参数,进而参照Эегжда的实验曲线研究了冲积床面上明渠的阻力分布规律,计算出各断面的相对脉动强度、Reynolds应力、湍流动能,并对各种不同情况下的明渠湍流分布规律进行了比较,描述了各粒径泥沙在不同水深情况下的起动流速以及泥沙起动时明渠底层各湍流特征的变化情况,研究探讨了冲积床面上明渠湍流各特征量的变化分布规律以及泥沙起动与水流湍流特性的内在关系.     

有局部边界约束的明流泄洪洞泄流特异性与水力优化研究

洞、渠组合的长距离泄流系统受大变幅水流条件的影响和局部边界约束,沿程流态十分复杂,因此泄流安全的研究十分必要.本文借助水力模拟与理论分析,以某抽水蓄能电站水库的明流泄洪洞、渠系统为例,研究了复杂运用条件的水力学特性.研究发现泄流过程中因边界约束出现的洞内水跃使跃后缓流段过流能力剧减,引发洞内壅塞与明渠局部漫溢,出现水深随流量改变呈驼峰曲线变化的泄流特异性.这一特异性与洞内水跃的发生及当地的流态转换密切相关,表现为无量纲水深与水流Fr的波状函数关系,相应的特征水深则随Fr呈幂函数规律变化.针对洞内水跃引发的洞内壅塞与明渠漫溢等泄流安全问题,基于多目标、多约束条件的水力优化分析,提出了"抑制洞内水跃强度、控制流量与流态协调性"的泄流运行原则,并据此对泄流系统进行了体型优化.试验研究表明通过调整泄流系统的纵横剖面,协调各段的泄流能力与流态,控制特殊部位的水流能量关系,可以有效削弱、控制局部边界约束引发的泄流特异性,消除洞内壅塞,满足复杂水流条件下的泄流安全要求.     

基于FLUENT的明渠平板闸门淹没出流流场研究

为了研究明渠淹没出流下平板闸门测量流量,采用进口断面上自编UDF程序的水位边界条件方法,结合标准的k-湍流模型和VOF方法,利用Fluent软件建立了水流流体域和明渠平板闸门的三维模型,对不同开度下明渠平板闸门淹没出流进行数值模拟,获得了过闸流量和水面线、流速分布,闸门处动水压力以及闸后梯形断面的流速分布等规律,结合现场试验验证,结果表明：平板闸门测量流量能够达到灌区矩形量水堰的测量流量精度;采用数值模拟所得流量与平板闸门测量流量的相对误差在3%以内,说明数值模拟能够用于明渠淹没出流下平板闸门的流场研究,为明渠平板闸门测量流量提供理论依据。     

梯形断面明渠水跃共轭水深新的迭代方法

根据梯形断面明渠水跃共轭水深的三种计算公式,选取的公式(7)为研究对象,利用迭代法重新分析梯形断面明渠水跃共轭水深的计算方法。提出了梯形断面明渠水跃共轭水深的简单迭代公式和初值的简单确定方法。本研究提出的迭代公式形式简单,初值选取方便,计算精度较其他迭代方法更高。     

fx-3800p微型计算器碎部测量、明渠均匀流量计算应用程序

碎部测量、明渠均匀流量计算应用程序是根据计算器程序编辑原理将数据程序存入计算器内,在经纬仪测量地形图时,当盘左视线水平,抬高望远镜竖盘读数逐渐减少和盘右视线水平,抬高望远镜竖盘读数逐渐增加时,读出尺间隔l,竖盘读数α,水平角后,迅速算出测站点到碎部点平距、高差、高程,和绘图顺序一致,用于现场测绘图,可操作性强,是经纬仪测量地形图的快捷计算方法;明渠流量计算时输入参数多,试算繁琐复杂,计算量大,本程序能够自由变更各参数,输入水深h,输出流量Q,迅速计算出矩形、梯形、圆形断面不同水深时的流量,减小计算量。     

抛物线形渠道水力最优断面的计算

根据明渠均匀流理论，推求了抛物线形渠道正常水深与流量的关系和水力最优断面的计算公式，得出了水力最优断面水深与抛物线参数的关系为ah0=0.946732。与其它渠道比较结果表明，抛物线形渠道是仅次于U形渠道的又一水力最优断面。     

基于LSTM神经网络的复杂工况下明渠流量预测

复杂工况条件下明渠流量预测是一项基础问题，通常是建立非线性偏微分方程组并数值计算，时间成本与时空步长精细程度成指数关系，需在精度与效率之间权衡。该文基于“实时感知、水信互联、过程跟踪、智能处理”水联网理论，研究了明渠水流控制中闸门上下游序列特征，结合了渠道与闸门各类动静态特征，提出了基于长短期记忆(long short-term memory, LSTM)神经网络的明渠流量预测方法。实验结果表明，该方法在各渠段上预测准确率均大于97%,效率在100 000条数据规模上比求解Saint-Venant方程的数值计算方法提高了308倍。该文验证了人工智能方法改进传统明渠流量预测问题的可行性，合理设计的深度学习模型可取得准确性与效率的双赢，为人工智能解决水力学问题提供了新的思路。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the