Experimental study on soil respiration of temperate grassland in China

Understanding of CO2 source and sink characteristics of terrestrial ecosystem is one of the most critical prob-lems at present, but till now, most studies concerning the natural terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle are concentrated on the forest ecosystem. Not enough attention is paid to the natural grassland, especially to the temperate natural grassland, whose area is almost equal to that of tropical forest in the world. Little is known about the role of the grassland, which takes about 25% of…     

Observed and simulated features of the CO2 diurnal cycle in the boundary layer at Beijing and Hefei,China

The mechanism of the CO2diurnal cycle is a basis for investigating the carbon budget and its impacts on climate and environment change.Regional diurnal variations in CO2concentration based on observations and modeling have been studied widely.However,few studies have focused on the pattern of the CO2diurnal cycle in China.In this study,a three-dimensional global chemical transport model,Goddard Earth Observing System(GEOS)-Chem,was applied to simulate the CO2concentration and its variation over China from 2004 to 2012.Meanwhile,we also analyzed the CO2concentration as observed by two eddy covariance flux observation towers,one located in Beijing(39°580N,116°220E)and one in Hefei(31°550N,117°100E),using LI-COR 7500A infrared gas analyzers.Observations showed the amplitude of the CO2diurnal cycle at Hefei to be larger than at Beijing,due to stronger ecological activities.GEOS-Chem successfully captured the main aspects of the diurnal cycle of the CO2concentration in the boundary layer observed at both Beijing and Hefei.However,some discrepancies between the model and observations did exist;specifically,the model tended to underestimate the amplitude of the CO2diurnal cycle.The data also showed that traffic emissions significantly enhanced the CO2concentration in the boundary layer.     

China＇s sizeable and uncertain carbon sink： a perspective from GOSAT

Despite the agreement that China’s terrestrial ecosystems can provide a carbon sink and offset carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions from fossil fuels,the magnitude and spatial distribution of the sink remain uncertain.Accurate quantification of the carbon sequestration capacity of China’s terrestrial ecosystems has profound scientific and policy implications.Here,we report on the magnitude and patterns of China’s terrestrial carbon sink using the global monthly CO2flux data product from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite(GOSAT),the world’s first satellite dedicated to global greenhouse gas observation.We use the first year’s data from GOSAT(June 2009–May2010)that are currently available to assess China’s biospheric carbon fluxes.Our results show that China’s terrestrial ecosystems provide a carbon sink of-0.21 Pg C a-1.The consumption of fossil fuels in China leads to carbon dioxide emissions of 1.90 Pg C a-1into the atmosphere,approximately 11.1%of which is offset by China’s terrestrial ecosystems.China’s terrestrial ecosystems play a significant role in offsetting fossil fuel emissions and slowing down the buildup of CO2in the atmosphere.Our analysis based on GOSAT data offers a new perspective on the magnitude and distribution of China’s carbon sink.Our results show that China’s terrestrial ecosystems provide a sizeable and uncertain carbon sink,and further research is needed to reduce the uncertainty in its magnitude and distribution.     

Influence of the carbon cycle on the attribution of responsibility for climate change

The carbon cycle is one of the fundamental climate change issues.Its long-term evolution largely affects the amplitude and trend of human-induced climate change,as well as the formulation and implementation of emission reduction policy and technology for stabilizing the atmospheric CO2concentration.Two earth system models incorporating the global carbon cycle,the Community Earth System Model and the Beijing Normal University-Earth System Model,were used to investigate the effect of the carbon cycle on the attribution of the historical responsibility for climate change.The simulations show that when compared with the criterion based on cumulative emissions,the developed(developing)countries’responsibility is reduced(increased)by 6%–10%using atmospheric CO2concentration as the criterion.This discrepancy is attributed to the fact that the developed world contributed approximately61%–68%(61%–64%)to the change in global oceanic(terrestrial)carbon sequestration for the period from 1850 to2005,whereas the developing world contributed approximately 32%–49%(36%–39%).Under a developed world emissions scenario,the relatively larger uptake of global carbon sinks reduced the developed countries’responsibility for carbon emissions but increased their responsibility for global ocean acidification(68%).In addition,the large emissions from the developed world reduced the efficiency of the global carbon sinks,which may affect the long-term carbon sequestration and exacerbate global warming in the future.Therefore,it is necessary to further consider the interaction between carbon emissions and the carbon cycle when formulating emission reduction policy.     

The Chinese carbon cycle data-assimilation system （Tan-Tracker）

In this study, the Chinese carbon cyle dataassimilation system Tan-Tracker is developed based on the atmospheric chemical transport model （GEOS-Chem） platform. Tan-Tracker is a dual-pass data-assimilation system in which both CO2 concentrations and CO2 fluxes are simultaneously assimilated from atmospheric observations. It has several advantages, including its advanced data-assimilation method, its highly efficient computing performance, and its simultaneous assimilation of CO2 concentrations and CO2 fluxes. Preliminary observing system simulation experiments demonstrate its robust performance with high assimilation precision, making full use of observations. The Tan-Tracker system can only assimilate in situ observations for the moment. In the future, we hope to extend Tan-Tracker with functions for using satellite measurements, which will form the quasioperational Chinese carbon cycle data-assimilation system.     

Carbon sequestration within millet phytoliths from dry-farming of crops in China

Phytoliths are noncrystalline minerals that form inside cells and cell walls of different parts of plants. Organic carbon in living cells can be occluded in phytoliths during plant growth. It has been documented that the occluded carbon within phytoliths is an important long-term terrestrial carbon reservoir that has a major role in the global carbon cycle. Common millet and foxtail millet have become typical dry-farming crops in China since the Neolithic Age. The study of carbon conservation within phytoliths in these crops could provide insights into anthropogenic influences on the carbon cycle. In this study, we analyzed the carbon content in phytoliths of common millet and foxtail millet. The results indicated that (1) common millet and foxtail millet contained 0.136% ± 0.070% and 0.129% ± 0.085% phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) on a dry mass basis, respectively; (2) based on the mean annual production of common millet and foxtail millet in the last 10 years, the phytolith occluded carbon accumulation rate of common millet and foxtail millet was approximately 0.023 ± 0.015 and 0.020 ± 0.010 t CO 2 ha 1 a 1 , respectively; (3) assuming a similar phytolith occluded carbon accumulation rate as for common millet (the highest accumulation rate was 0.038 t CO 2 ha 1 a 1 ), this could result in the sequestration of 2.37 × 10 6 t CO 2 per year for the 62.4 × 10 6 ha dry-farming crops in China. Although there was a decline in the annual production rate and planting area of foxtail millet during 1949 to 2008, the total phytolith carbon sequestration rate was 7×10 6 t CO 2 within the 60-year period. However, phytolith occluded carbon has not yet been fully considered as a global carbon sink. Also, this carbon fraction is probably one of the best candidates for the missing carbon sink.     

Relations between the underground biomass and soil organic carbon and nitrogen of the alpine meadow at the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

This article, by combining field investigation with laboratorial analysis, studies diverse alpine meadow at the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for the underground biomass dynamics, vertical distribution of the content of soil carbon and nitrogen, the connection between the biomass and the content of carbon and nitrogen. The studies show that underground biomass in the herb layer of upland meadow is more than that in the terrace meadow, while underground biomass in the upland shrubland is the most. The vertical distribution of underground biomass of each type is obvious as in shape of＂T＂. As to the distribution of the content of soil organic carbon in the three sample grounds, it showed that the deeper the soil the less the content of soil organic carbon. In May, unlike at terrace meadow, the underground biomass and the content of soil organic carbon in positive proportion, such revelation at upland meadow and upland shrubland is not apparent. In July, at upland meadow and terrace meadow the underground biomass and the content of soil total nitrogen in positive proportion, such revelation at upland shrubland is not apparent either.     

The Study of Metal Cycles in China

A model of Fe-flow in the life cycle of steel product was put forward and analyzed. Three important resource and environmental indicators for Fe-flow analysis, that is, steel scrap index, iron ore index and iron loss index were derived from this model. Illustrative examples, demonstrating the influence of the variation of steel output on steel scrap index and iron ore index, were given. Case studies for estimating the values of steel scrap index of Japan, China and USA in the period of 1988-1997 were carried out. It was clarified that the main reason of severe deficiency in steel scraps for China’s steel industry was its continued rapid growth. The study of iron, copper, zinc and lead cycle in China was carried out successfully according to this model.     

Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Coated Silicon Nanoparticle as Anode Material for Li-ion Batteries

Silicon has been regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Its theoretical capacity （4 000 mAh/g） is much higher than that of the commercialized graphite （372 mAh/g）. However, the cycle performance of silicon is poor due to the severe volume expansion and shrinkage during Li^＋ insertion/extraction which results in pulverization of Si particles, eventually losing its Li^＋ storage ability. To solve this problem, nanosized Si particles were utilized and achieved a partial improvement by reducing the absolute volume change. Nevertheless, a new problem was encountered with nanosized material that small Si particles were aggregated to be larger one during Li^＋ insertion/extraction, and then pulverized again. In this work, we have succeeded to improve the cycle performance of nanosized Si particles by synthesis of carbon coated silicon nanopartiele.     

Estimation of soil respiration in a paddy ecosystem in the subtropical resion of China

Water vapor, energy exchange, and CO2 flux were measured continuously from 2003 to 2005 using the eddy covariance technique in a paddy ecosystem in the subtropical region of China. The CO2 fluxes at nighttime during fallow periods （from middle October to late April） were used to analyze the dynamics of soil respiration and its relationship with soil temperature, and to simulate the annual dynamics of soil respiration in paddy ecosystems. The variation of soil respiration showed a clear seasonal pattern. The soil respiration rates at night during the fallow periods were 52--398 mg· m^-2· h^-1, and exponentially correlated （P〈0.001） with soil temperatures at different depths of soil （5, 10, and 20 cm）, particularly the temperature measured at a depth of 5 cm. Based on the simulated exponential equations developed, annual average soil respiration rates and total soil respiration of paddy soil in the subtropical region of China were estimated to be 178.5--259.9 mg· m^-2· h^-1 and 1.56--2.28 kg· m^-2· a^-1, respectively. The simulation equations can be applied to evaluating soil respiration in paddy ecosystems during the rice-growing season.     

北方农牧交错带不同土地利用方式土壤呼吸速率探究

农牧交错带地区土地利用方式多变,人为的改变土地利用方式会影响土壤释放CO2的速率.分别对新开垦农田、多年耕种农田、退耕还草草地、多年生草地4种利用类型的土壤温度、土壤有机碳含量、土壤呼吸速率进行监测和研究,结果表明：4种土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率的日变化图像呈单峰性曲线,其中草地平均呼吸速率最大,为0.85g·m-2·d-1.4种土地利用类型土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率呈正相关关系,其中新开垦农田变化明显,K值最高,达到0.045.从整个生长季来看,4种土地利用类型平均呼吸速率表现为新开农田＞草地＞还草草地＞农田,分别为0.97g·m-2·d-1、0.85g·m-2·d-1、0.77g·m-2·d-1和0.56g·m-2·d-1.0-10cm和10-20cm土层土壤有机碳含量大小关系与土壤呼吸速率基本吻合.试验表明不论对草地进行开垦还是对农田进行退耕还草都会增加土壤CO2的释放.     

土壤呼吸日动态同温度的关系以及最适测定时间

一天一次的土壤呼吸测定方式可能会引起结果的偏差, 为了估计这种偏差以及确定土壤呼吸测定的最适宜时间, 2011年6?8月在河北省塞罕坝地区开展4种植被类型(森林、灌丛、草原和草甸)、13个群落类型土壤呼吸速率日动态以及土壤表层10 cm温度和气温的同步测定。结果表明: 在一天内不同时间进行测定, 可导致土壤呼吸速率偏离程度在-26%~68%; 森林在一天内不同时间进行测定, 对土壤呼吸速率的影响较小(距离日平均值的偏离<10%); 草原和草甸通常在早上7:30-10:30和下午17:00-19:00进行测定对土壤呼吸速率的影响较小(距离日平均值的偏离<10%)。土壤呼吸速率的日变化与土壤温度和气温的日变化密切相关。研究表明, 如果忽略土壤呼吸的日动态, 将会对土壤呼吸速率的估算带来显著影响。     

内蒙古草原植物群落分布格局及其主导环境因子解释

基于内蒙古地区草原植物群落样带调查,采用双向指示种分析(TWINSAPN)、除趋势对应分析(DCA)、多元回归树(MRT)和典范对应分析(CCA)等方法,探讨了群落组成、分布格局及影响其分异的主导环境因子.结果如下:1)TWINSPAN将273个群落调查样方划分为8个群系级草原类型,各自代表并反映出该地区草原群落的特点;2)DCA排序结果间接地反映出群落类型与环境梯度之间的关系,CCA排序结果较好地展示了各群落类型中优势物种的生境特征,并进一步展示了该地区草原类型、主要物种与环境因子的响应关系;3)DCA、MRT及CCA结果均表明,气候因素对于该地区草原植被的地域分异影响作用较大,其中水分因子的影响十分突出,特别是最湿月、最暖季节与最冷季节降水,是构成内蒙草原植被类型区域分异的决定性因素;4)MRT与CCA结合使用能进一步挖掘出更多的环境信息,为群落分布格局的形成原因提供更深入更全面的环境解释.     

人工草地土壤水分动态规律的研究

根据１９８５～１９８８年四年的动态监测资料，研究分析了人工草地土壤水分的动态变化规律．结果表明：表层土壤的水分含量波动剧烈，对降水反应迅速，主要受大气降水的影响．０～４０ｃｍ土层的水分含量从生长季初期到７月下旬逐渐减少，随后开始回升，其波动情况除受大气降水的影响以外，还与植物的生长发育节律及根系吸水有密切关系．下层土壤水分含量波动幅度较小，有比较明显的滞后现象，在整个生长季中表现出“Ｕ”形曲线的变化特点．     

Diversity of Plant Species of Alpine Grassland in Nakchu of Tibet, China

0Introduction Biologicaldiversityconcernedwiththesumofvariouslivingbeingsandtheirprocesses,aswellasthebasisofharmonious coexistencebetweenmanandnatureplaysanimportantroleinecology,economy,esthetics,ethics,etc.Duetodeteriorationofglobal environment,acceler…     

去除和添加凋落物对马尾松×红锥混交林土壤呼吸的影响

为探讨凋落物输入量改变对马尾松×红锥混交林碳排放的影响,以马尾松×红锥异龄混交林为研究对象,通过添加和去除凋落物人为地改变碳输入,研究凋落物处理方式对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:(1)去除凋落物可降低土壤湿度、提高土壤温度,而添加凋落物则提高土壤湿度、降低土壤温度。去除凋落物使土壤年均呼吸速率显著降低27.88%,而添加凋落物则使土壤年均呼吸速率显著增加34.02%。(2)去除凋落物能降低四季的土壤呼吸累积排放量,而添加凋落物则提高四季的土壤呼吸累积排放量。对照、去除和添加凋落物的土壤呼吸的年累积排放量(以C计)分别为(9.51±0.12) t·hm~(-2)、(6.88±0.21) t·hm~(-2)和(12.70±0.53) t·hm~(-2),可见去除凋落物使土壤呼吸年累积排放量降低27.66%,而添加凋落物使土壤呼吸年累积排放量提高33.54%。(3)不同凋落物处理方式下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度均呈显著相关,土壤温度解释了土壤呼吸速率变异程度的74.26%～94.28%。去除凋落物增加了土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数Q10值,而添加凋落物则降低Q10值。凋落物处理方式对马尾松×红锥异龄混交林土壤呼吸产生了显著影响,证明凋落物对于改变森林生态系统土壤呼吸和碳循环具有重要作用。     

The contribution of root respiration to soil CO2 efflux in Puccinellia tenuiflora dominated community in a semi-arid meadow steppe

Rising atmospheric CO2 and temperature are altering ecosystem carbon cycling. Grasslands play an important role in regional climate change and global carbon cycle. Below-ground processes play a key role in the grassland carbon cycle because they regulate …     

Methane emissions from wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The areal extent of cold freshwater wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is estimated at 0.133 × 10⁶ km², suggesting a significant methane potential. Methane fluxes from wet alpine meadows, peatlands,Hippuris vulgaris mires and secondary marshes were 43.18, 12.96, −0.28 and 45.90 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, respectively based on the transect flux studies at the Huashixia Permafrost Station (HPS) from July to August 1996. Average CH₄ fluxes in the thaw season were extrapolated at 5.68 g · m⁻² according to the areal percentage of wetland areas in the Huashixia region. The CH₄ fluxes at four fixed sites, representative of similar ecosystems, ranged from −19.384–347.15 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹, and the average CH₄ fluxes varied from 6.54 to 71.97 mg · m⁻² · d⁻¹ at each site during the observation period from April to September 1997. The CH₄ emissions at each site during the entire thaw season was estimated from 1.21 to 10.65 g · m⁻², displaying strong spatial variations. Seasonal variations of CH₄ fluxes also were observed at four sites: CH₄ outbursts occurred upon the spring thaw in May and June, CH₄ fluxes increased afterwards with rising soil temperatures. Episodic fluxes were observed in summer, which influenced the average CH₄ fluxes considerably. Annual CH₄ emissions from cold wetlands on the QTP were estimated at about 0.7–0.9 Tg based on the distribution of wetlands, representative CH₄ fluxes, and number of thaw days. The centers of CH₄ releasing were located in the sources of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, and Zoigê Peatlands.