附加相变材料层的热防护服装传热数值模拟

火灾高温环境中,作业人员穿着防护服装可有效减小热压并提高着装舒适性.本文构建了模拟火灾环境下含相变材料的多层火灾安全防护服的传热模型,并利用热防护性能测试装置对模拟结果进行验证,计算与实验结果吻合良好.同时利用模型结果研究了防护性能与相变材料的熔点及相变层在服装层中的配置关系.研究发现与一般多层消防服相比,含相变材料层消防服在高温火灾环境下具有较好的防护性能,所选PCM的热物理属性,尤其是含PCM织物层在多层服装各层中的布置对服装防护人体皮肤烧伤性能影响较为显著.     

相变材料对砂浆热效应的影响

研究了相变材料状态、掺量对砂浆热效应的影响；系统研究了有机相变材料（某多元醇）嵌入到导热系数较高的二氧化硅纳米层空间内，制备有机-无机纳米复合相变蓄热材料的工艺条件及其效果．结果表明：相变材料直接掺人砂浆中掺量达1％～3％（占砂浆胶凝材料质量分数），具有明显的蓄热降温效应，但在50℃环境下耐久性明显下降；复合相变材料较纯相变材料相变潜热提高1．66倍，50℃环境下耐久性明显提高．     

相变储能材料的相变过程温度模型

基于集总参数法和矩形相变等效比热假设建立了相变材料的相变过程温度模型．该模型与实验结果吻合很好．利用该模型定量研究了环境温度、相变潜热、相变温度范围和换热效率等多种因素对相变行为的影响，初步得出如下结论：环境温度对相变开始时间和持续时间均有明显影响，随着环境温度的升高，该二时间呈指数形式下降；相变材料的潜热对相变开始时间没有影响，对相变持续时间有明显影响，持续时间随潜热线性增加；相变温度范围对相变开始时间也没有影响，而相变持续时间随相变温度范围的增加平缓地增加；相变材料与环境之间的换热效率显著影响相变过程开始和持续的时间，二者随换热效率的提高呈指数形式下降．     

微胶囊相变砂浆制备及性能研究

将微胶囊相变材料与水泥砂浆复配,考察了相变材料加入量对水泥砂浆相变潜热、抗压强度和抗折强度的影响,结果表明,在水泥、砂子和相变材料质量比为100∶160∶30条件下,水泥试块的相变潜热为32.5J·g-1,抗拉强度为12.5 MPa,抗折强度为7.5 MPa。对成型的相变水泥试块进行了30次的冻融实验,结果证明,经过20次冻融循环后,相变水泥砂浆的相变潜热为26.6J·g-1,经过30次冻融实验后水泥试块的相变潜热为24.2J·g-1,保温性能较好。     

制冷背心用于隔绝式防护服中的传热模型研究

采用芯材为石蜡，壁材为密胺树脂，相变温度为35.66℃，相变潜热为158.7J/g的微胶囊相变材料制备制冷背心原理样衣，与隔绝式防护服配套使用，并委托中国人民解放军北京防化研究院生理评价试验中心对制冷背心进行生理评价试验。在室温36℃，相对湿度60%的条件下，测定穿着隔绝式防护服配有制冷背心前后的人体胸温、手温、腿温和肛温等参数随穿着时间的变化关系；结合人体产热，散热经验式与伍德科克人体散热理论建立模型，探讨人体穿着隔绝式防护服配有制冷背心前后人体平均体温随穿着时间的变化关系，并对如何提高人体着装舒适度和延长隔绝式防护服穿着生理时限进行综合分析。结果表明：穿着隔绝式防护服配有制冷背心前后，人体胸温、背温、手温、腿温和肛温明显下降；通过建模计算分析，穿着隔绝式防护服配有制冷背心前后的人体平均体温随穿着时间的变化关系计算值与实验测试结果吻合，变化趋势一致；在相同条件下，穿着配有制冷背心的隔绝式防护服过程中，人体体温较穿着未配有制冷背心的隔绝式防护服有所下降，上升幅度较小。     

内蒙古西部超低能耗草原民居相变墙体调温节能性研究

内蒙古西部草原民居冬季室内热环境质量普遍较差,采暖能耗高,而相变材料具有优异的热工特性。探索研究在外墙中加入石蜡基相变材料改善草原民居冬季室内热舒适性和降低采暖能耗的可行性,分析在临河地区冬季典型气象条件下,墙体材质、相变材料层厚度、对流换热系数和相变潜热对内壁面温度响应和节能性的影响。结果表明:不同墙体材质的导热系数影响墙体热性能,随着导热系数减小,温度衰减倍数增加,内壁面热稳定性提升;随着相变层厚度的增加,墙体保温性能不断增强;墙体内壁面温度波幅随对流换热系数的增大而增加;随着相变潜热的增大,对提升冬季室内热环境和减少采暖能耗方面有一定作用,但其效果有限。研究结果为内蒙古西部草原民居非透明围护结构的节能设计提供参考依据。     

NaOH/KOH二元体系蓄热性能的研究

对NaOH/KON二元体系蓄热性能进行了实验研究，分析 相变材料（PCM）的熔解和凝固等现象，获得了二元体系组成对相变点的影响曲线图，计算了PCM的固－固相变潜热和分别处于液相，混相和固相状态时的导热系数。实验表明，二元体系的相变包括固－液相变和固－固相变，这两倍分的相变潜热值较大；相变过程中会有空穴的产生和不凝气体的存在；NaOH/KOH二元体系导热系数的实验值小于理论值，这在实际工作中应加以考虑。     

离体生物组织相变潜热的DSC测试

差示扫描量热法是一种在线性温度程序控制下经过温度扫描，以所测能量差来研究物质热力学性质的热分析方法．文中分别对部分离体生物组织如猪瘦肉、猪肝、猪肥肉及牛肉的相变温度、相变潜热进行了DSC测试，获得了相变潜热及相变温度区间．结果表明组织水分含量越高、脂肪含量越低，其相变潜热较大，     

石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的结构与热性能

以有机物石蜡为相变材料、膨胀石墨为支撑结构，利用膨胀石墨的多孔吸附特性，制备出了石蜡含量分别为50％（质量分数，下同），60％，70％和80％的石蜡／膨胀石墨复合相变储热材料．采用扫描电镜（SEM）和差示扫描量热分析（DSC）对复合相变储热材料的结构和热性能进行了表征．结果表明：膨胀石墨吸附石蜡后仍然保持了原来疏松多孔的蠕虫状形态，石蜡被膨胀石墨微孔所吸附；复合相变储热材料的相变温度与石蜡相似，其相变潜热与基于复合材料中石蜡含量的潜热计算值相当．储（放）热性能测试结果表明，含80％石蜡的复合相变储热材料其储热时间比石蜡减少69．7％，放热时间减少80．2％．     

混合石蜡的热物性实验

对低熔点石蜡（十六烷、十八烷）与高熔点石蜡（54#石蜡、62#石蜡）混合物的传热性能进行了实验研究,用以替代价格较高的十八烷,用于立式集热板太阳能热气流电站的蓄热系统中.采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）对不同质量分数的混合石蜡的相变潜热及相变温度进行了测量,结果表明：随着低熔点石蜡的加入,混合石蜡的相变温度在不断减小,相变潜热介于低熔点石蜡与高熔点石蜡之间;且混合后的石蜡具有良好的循环稳定性.采用热针法对不同质量分数的混合石蜡固态体系、液态体系的导热系数进行了测量,结果表明：混合之后石蜡的导热系数与低熔点石蜡相差不大,石蜡在固态时的导热系数要大于在液态时的导热系数.综合比较可知,混合石蜡可以满足储能需求,并能降低成本.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the