东亚地区人为硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应不同模拟方法的对比

 利用区域气候模式RegCM2与大气化学模式连接的模拟系统,研究了中国地区人为排放生成的硫酸盐气溶胶分布及其辐射气候效应,并与全球模式的结果进行了比较,同时对比了硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应的在线、离线模拟方法所得结果差异的细致情况.通过以上工作表明:区域气候和大气化学耦合模式系统能在比大气环流模式更精细的尺度上获得硫酸盐分布规律和辐射气候效应;并且区域气候模式与大气化学模式的在线与离线连接方法得到的硫酸盐柱含量、有反馈和无反馈大气顶直接辐射强迫和地表温度响应在较小区域平均的尺度上存在较显著的差异,并且在全区域平均尺度上也不能被忽略;通过对气候响应的进一步分析发现:模拟结果显示了从硫酸盐含量到辐射强迫和地表温度响应逐渐加大的不确定性.     

区域气候模式和大气化学模式对中国地区气候变化和对流层臭氧分布的模拟

在区域气候模式的基础上引入了对流层大气化学模式，并实现两的双向反馈连接，利用该模式系统模拟中国地区对流层大气臭氧和区域气候，发现东亚季风是影响中国地区对流层大气臭氧分布的重要原因，并且对流层臭氧分布局域性较为明显。模拟也得到了模拟区域气候的四个典型月特征，并与分析资料对比验证了所得结果。此外利用大气化学模式计算的臭氧反馈到区域气候模型中，模拟对流层臭氧增加背景下。模拟区域内晴空辐射强迫的变化。     

我国西北地区沙漠改良可能引起的辐射强迫及其气候效应

以辐射对流模式和区域气候模式为工具，采用虚拟试验的办法，对我国西北地区3种沙漠改良方案（退沙还草，退沙还田，退沙还林）可能产生的辐射强迫及其区域气候效应进行了数值模拟。结果表明：3种方案均能促使西北地区的干旱状况有所缓解，其中退沙还林方案的缓解效应最为明显，可以使得西北地区平均地面气压上升0．25hPa，地面气温降低0．52℃，降水强度增加0．60mm/d。3种方案引起的辐射强迫皆为正值，分别为2．28、2．84、6．79W/m^2，变化趋势与地面温度变化并不一致，表明对于下垫面改变造成的气候强迫而言，辐射强迫并非反映气候变化的较好指标。     

SACOL黑碳和沙尘气溶胶辐射强迫分析

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)的太阳光度计资料、AREONET气溶胶光学特性资料,采用辐射传输模式SBDART分析了SACOL典型日个例沙尘气溶胶和黑碳气溶胶的长、短波辐射强迫,探讨了不同地表反照率和天顶角对气溶胶辐射强迫的影响.分析表明,沙尘和黑碳在地表的短波辐射强迫分别是-146.54,-60 W/m~2,长波辐射强迫分别是17.79,8.66 W/m~2,短波辐射强迫是长波的6倍多,沙尘辐射强迫是黑碳的2倍多;在大气层顶沙尘和黑碳短波辐射强迫是39.04,27.2 W/m~2,长波辐射强迫为12.19,5.0 W/m~2.短波辐射强迫随地表反照率的增加而增大,长波辐射强迫随地表反照率的增加线性减小.随天顶角减小,大气层顶的短波辐射强迫线性增加,地面短波辐射强迫对数减小,长波辐射强迫随天顶角的变化很小.     

中国地区工业硫酸盐气溶胶对辐射和温度的影响

 将大气化学模式和区域气候模式连接,以中国地区1994年1,4,7,10月为研究对象,模拟了气候变化,并分析了由于大气化学过程形成的硫酸盐气溶胶的对地气系统辐射收支、温度、降水量等气候因子的影响.通过分析发现:硫酸盐气溶胶在晴空大气顶和云天大气顶处产生负的辐射强迫,将使地表温度下降,使降水量减少.     

中国春季沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应及对气候影响的研究

本文在区域气候模式RIEMS2．0中引入沙尘气溶胶的起沙机制,同时建立了与气候模式连接的沙尘气溶胶输送模式,并在辐射模块中加入沙尘气溶胶的影响,模拟沙尘气溶胶的输送、扩散、沉降等过程以及对辐射的影响．利用此模式得到了1998年春季3、4、5月中国地区沙尘气溶胶的主要源区分布、沙尘气溶胶的柱浓度分布、光学厚度等物理量及其辐射效应和气候效应．结果表明春季中国沙尘源区主要集中在内蒙古西部的腾格里沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠,中部的浑善达克沙地,南疆塔克拉玛干沙漠东部,河西走廊地区以及青海的柴达木盆地附近,这些地区的起沙率大于5μg／（m^2·s）,最大为65μg／（m^2·s）;沙尘气溶胶柱浓度最大值达0．55g／m^2,出现在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区,相应的光学厚度最大值是0．50．沙尘气溶胶使得中国地区地面短波辐射收入平均减小了4．10w／m^2,地面长波辐射收入增大了,＋0．46w／m^2,地面净辐射强迫为-3．64w／m^2,大气辐射收支与地面相反,净辐射强迫为＋3．10w／m^2;同时沙尘气溶胶通过影响到达地面的辐射使得地面有较强的降温,整个模拟区域平均地面气温降低了0．24K,而北方地区地面气温降低了0．37K;沙尘对于降水的影响主要体现在对小雨的影响上,沙尘气溶胶使得模拟区域内小雨减小了20％左右;另一方面,华北地区降水受沙尘气溶胶影响最大,总降水减少了13．8％,而全区域总降水只减少了2％．     

中国地区大气硫化物分布和输送基本特征的模拟研究

 在区域气候模式的基础上连接大气化学模式,利用耦合的模式系统模拟了中国地区大气二氧化硫和硫酸盐分布和季节变化,发现大气中二氧化硫在冬春季大,夏秋季小.硫酸盐气溶胶浓度在夏季最大,并且从地面到高空单调递减,其浓度的季节变化在400hPa以下最明显.     

一次沙尘暴过程对大气痕量成分浓度影响的模拟研究

利用一个包含地表起尘机制的尘粒表面非均相化学模式,与区域气候-大气化学模式系统连接.研究了沙尘气溶胶表面的非均相过程对城市大气中一些重要微量成分浓度的影响.结果表明,非均相过程使得二氧化硫,氮氧化物和臭氧的浓度降低,硫酸盐浓度增加.沙尘暴对这些物种浓度的影响与沙尘浓度有关.     

中国碳气溶胶时空分布与辐射强迫的数值模拟

为了更好地了解我国区域碳气溶胶,利用意大利国际理论物理中心ICTP(International Center forTheoretical Physics)的气溶胶资料和区域气候模式R egCM 3对2000年我国碳气溶胶时空分布与辐射强迫进行了数值模拟。结果表明:我国碳气溶胶主要分布在黄河以南、青藏高原以东的广大区域,且柱含量分布具有明显的季节性。春季最大,冬季次之,夏季最小;除东部沿海等少数地区外,碳气溶胶大气顶辐射强迫在全国绝大部分地区符号均为正,而地表辐射强迫符号为负。各单种气溶胶之间存在复杂的相互作用,研究综合气溶胶分布和气候效应时,不能简单地将各单种气溶胶的作用进行叠加。     

我国春季大气沙尘气溶胶分布和短波辐射效应的数值模拟

利用已建立的区域气候模式与大气化学模式耦和的模拟系统 ,在气候模式中引入了起沙机制 ,同时建立了与气候模式连接的沙尘气溶胶输送模式 ,模拟沙尘的输送、扩散、沉降等过程 .通过对 1 998年 4月的模拟 ,分析得到中国地区沙尘气溶胶的主要源区分布情况、沙尘的浓度分布特点和光学厚度特征 ,并且将一次沙尘暴个例与同期卫星观测的气溶胶指数分布做了对比 .进一步模拟了沙尘气溶胶辐射效应 ,发现沙尘气溶胶能减少地面的辐射净收入 ,使南方的大气辐射收入减少 ,使北方的大气辐射收入增加 .由于沙尘气溶胶对辐射的削弱使地面气温有显著降低     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.