A12O3在一次烧结BaTiO3中的作用探讨

 探索了掺微量Al₂O₃和SiO₂的BaTiO₃的一次烧结工艺,该工艺有效降低了烧结温度.应用电子探针、光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪,TN-524能谱等设备对样品进行分析.BaTiO₃瓷体电阻随Al₂O₃掺杂量的变化关系及Al在BaTiO₃中分布情况等实验事实,表明在BaTiO₃烧结过程中Al可能是一种半导化元素,起施主的作用.通过新工艺,得到了性能较好的BaTiO₃热敏电阻.     

中国低纬高原平流层NOx分布及其与O3的关系

 利用1992年9月～2005年8月的HALOE资料,对我国低纬高原地区上空平流层中NO_x,O₃等大气痕量气体的混合比垂直变化进行了研究,并对本区域不同高度上NO_x混合比与全球同纬度进行了比较,同时对NO_x随时间的演变特征,NO_x的变化周期及NO_x与O₃的相关关系进行了分析.结果表明:①NO_x,O₃混合比先随高度增加,到极值时又逐渐减小;在极值高度上,各个季节NO_x,O₃的混合比值都是夏季最高,冬季最低;②在5 hPa以上,春季NO混合比与同纬度地区的纬圈平均相比其值更高,各个季节NO₂混合比的总体趋势都要比同纬度地区低;③在100,10 hPa和1 hPa上,NO_x混合比随时间变化的总体趋势是各不相同的;④NO_x具有准2 a周期变化;⑤在10 hPa附近,NO_x与O₃存在较明显的反相关关系.     

纳米Al2O3颗粒对Cu-Al2O3性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米Al₂O₃颗粒,通过粉末冶金法制备氧化铝铜（Cu-Al₂O₃）。采用X射线光电子能谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、洛氏硬度仪和涡流计分别测试了Cu-Al₂O₃的结合能、微观组织、硬度和导电率。结果表明：随Al₂O₃颗粒含量的增加,Cu-Al₂O₃的硬度先升高后降低,当Al₂O₃颗粒的质量分数达到0.084%时,Cu-Al₂O₃的硬度达到最大值75.73（HRB）。Cu-Al₂O₃的导电率随着Al₂O₃颗粒含量的增加逐渐下降。Al₂O₃颗粒的质量分数为0.084%时为最佳值,Cu-Al₂O₃的硬度达到最大值,导电率达到69.1% IACS。     

Al2O3/WO3/ZrO2催化剂的制备及在酯交换反应中的研究

以松木为模板,采用模板法将不同含量的Al₂O₃添加到WO₃/ZrO₂复合氧化物中,采用X射线衍射、BET比表面积分析、拉曼光谱和NH₃等温吸附测试等手段对其进行表征,以评估其改进结果。将Al₂O₃/WO₃/ZrO₂催化剂应用到甲醇与乌桕油（非食用油）的酯交换反应中,在其他反应条件相同,Al₂O₃质量分数为3%时,生物柴油最高产率达到83.1%。结果表明：添加Al₂O₃稳定了ZrO₂的四方相结构,使得催化剂比表面积更大、孔数量增加;模板法制备的催化剂孔径分布均匀,WO₃呈高度分散无定型状态;引入Al₂O₃增加了WO₃/ZrO₂催化剂的中强酸性,对弱酸性和强酸性无明显改变。     

南极Fildes半岛CH4浓度监测

在南极法尔兹半岛(FildesPeninsula)6个环境小区内采集了近地面气体样品,在室内分析了其中223个样品的CH4浓度,得出了这些小区内大气CH₄平均浓度;其中沿海潮间带藻类分布区、企鹅聚集区和人类活动区CH₄浓度显著高于全球CH₄平均浓度及其他无人区,表明这些区域可能是南极地区大气CH₄主要的源;而苔藓、地衣植被区CH₄浓度显著低于内陆冰盖区和全球大气CH4平均浓度,表明苔原植被区可能是南极大气CH₄重要的汇.还分析了苔藓植被区CH₄浓度的夏季变化,在夏季2个多月内该植被区CH₄浓度呈上升趋势;在相同的天气条件下,苔藓与地衣两不同植被区CH₄浓度变化趋势基本相同;但两者土壤CH₄通量存在明显的消长关系.     

CoFe2O4-Al2O3复合材料的制备及其在含日落黄废水处理中的应用

制备了铁酸钴-氧化铝（CoFe₂O₄-Al₂O₃）复合材料,并采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、比表面积和孔径分析仪对多孔CoFe₂O₄-Al₂O₃复合材料的物相和形貌进行了分析. 利用制备的CoFe₂O₄-Al₂O₃复合材料活化过硫酸氢钾（PMS）来降解废水溶液中的日落黄（SY）,通过研究CoFe₂O₄-Al₂O₃材料制备过程中Co²⁺,Fe³⁺和Al³⁺的物质的量之比、煅烧温度和时长对材料催化性能的影响,发现Co²⁺,Fe³⁺和Al³⁺的最佳物质的量之比为1:2:12,最佳煅烧温度为400 ℃和最佳煅烧时长为3 h. 对采用在最优条件下制得的CoFe₂O₄-Al₂O₃复合材料作为催化剂,PMS氧化降解含日落黄废水进行研究,考察了pH值、温度、不同体系、PMS用量、CoFe₂O₄-Al₂O₃材料用量和一些阴离子对日落黄降解的影响. 结果表明：在pH=7,温度为55 ℃条件下,用0.1 g催化剂和0.125 g PMS能使100 mL质量浓度为0.6 g·L^-1的日落黄溶液在30 min内降解率达到99.5%. 同时,碳酸氢根负离子（HCO₃^-）和硝酸根负离子（NO₃^-）的加入抑制了日落黄的降解,而Cl^-则能促进日落黄的降解. 此外,在进行4次循环使用后,CoFe₂O₄-Al₂O₃仍表现出很好的催化性能,日落黄去除效果仍能达到90%以上.     

Al2O3对Mo-W-Co高温合金力学性能的影响

通过改变Mo-W-Co高温合金中Al₂O₃的含量,研究Al₂O₃对Mo-W-Co高温合金硬度和耐磨性能的影响.采用球磨、压制成形和真空烧结等工艺制备Mo-W-Co-Al₂O₃高温合金,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和金相显微镜(OM)对制备好的合金的相结构、形貌和粒度进行分析,并测试合金的硬度和耐磨性能.结果表明:添加Al₂O₃能提高Mo-W-Co高温合金的硬度和耐磨性能,当w_Al2O3为5%时,Mo-W-Co高温合金的硬度和耐磨性能达到最佳效果;在真空烧结时,Al₂O₃在合金中形成了γ-Al₂O₃相,是影响合金组织和性能的关键相.     

Density functional theory study of the reaction paths of reactions of CH3C(O)O2 radicals with HO2 in the gas phase

A DFT study on the reactions between CH₃C(O)O₂ and HO₂ radicals has been carried out. It is suggested that both the triplet and singlet potential surfaces involve a complex mechanism with the formation of loosely bound intermediate complexes of reactants and products. The reaction prefers to occur on the triplet surface to produce peracetic acid (CH₃C(O)O₂H) and triplet O₂ molecule. The CH₃C(O)O₂H can further convert into CH₃C(O)O and HO radicals.     

O3/H2O2工艺控制太湖原水中致嗅氨基酸

针对太湖原水中氨基酸氯化消毒后可能引发的嗅味问题,采用太湖某水厂滤后水为研究对象,考察了O₃/H₂O₂深度处理工艺对水中致嗅氨基酸的去除效果及影响因素。结果表明滤后水中致嗅氨基酸占总游离氨基酸的81.6%,采用O₃/H₂O₂工艺降解致嗅氨基酸的最佳投量为1.5 mg·L^-1 O₃和0.06 mM H₂O₂,去除率91.28%,致嗅氨基酸浓度降至484.62 ng·L^-1,加氯消毒后几乎没有致嗅风险。水温10~30℃范围内,O₃/H₂O₂对致嗅氨基酸的去除率随温度升高而增大;pH=6~8范围内,去除率随pH的升高而增大。另外,该组合工艺较单独O₃/H₂O₂对溴酸盐的生成也有明显抑制作用。     

天然温带典型草原N2O和CH4通量的时间变化特征

以内蒙古温带半干旱典型草原类型羊草草原土壤为主要研究对象,利用静态箱技术在野外连续多年原位观测草地N₂O和CH₄排放通量.通过对1995,1998,1999,2001,2002和2003年的野外观测资料的数据分析,发现温带半干旱典型草原N₂O通量的日变化特征明显,草原植物的不同生长阶段对其具有显著的影响;CH₄通量的日变化没有明显的规律性特征,植物生长状态对其影响不明显,但对于草地吸收CH₄的日较差有显著的影响.多年观测资料显示:我国温带草地N₂O通量的排放峰值在四季中均有可能出现,低值通常出现在冬季,不同实验年份,不同季节都有出现N₂O吸收通量的可能性,N₂O季节通量的变化形式多样,通常是春、夏季较高,冬季最低.CH₄通量季节变化规律相对明显,其峰值主要出现在春季,冬季较低.在不同的季节都观测到CH₄的排放通量,这同草地出现N₂O的吸收通量一样不影响温带草地作为N₂O源和CH₄汇的功能.N₂O较CH₄通量的年际变化显著,两者年通量的变异系数分别是71.6%和18.7%,5个实验观测年(跨9个年度),N₂O和CH₄年通量的平均值分别是:(1.14±0.82)kg·hm^-2·a^-1和(-3.52±0.66)kg·hm^-2·a^-1.统计分析结果表明:只有CH₄的季节通量与降雨量之间存在显著线性关系.以此估算我国温带草地N₂O和CH₄年排放总量分别是:以氮计0.23 Tg和以碳计-0.83Tg,分别是全球温带草地N₂O排放总量的23%以及全球土壤吸收CH4总量的11%.     

亚印太交汇区低纬上空不同层次大气臭氧的时空变化分析

 利用ECMWF 195709~200208共45a的多层臭氧质量混合比月平均资料,详细分析了亚印太交汇区(AIPO)低纬地带上空平流层、对流层各层次上臭氧浓度的分布特征.结果表明:①区域上空对流层、平流层及臭氧总量大尺度特征均显著,纬度带分布特征明显;②对流层和平流层臭氧各个季节变化趋势相反,平流层臭氧和臭氧总量各个季节变化趋势一致;同一层次夏季臭氧浓度变化趋势与其他3个季节变化趋势相反;③区域上空20~3hPa是臭氧浓度的高值区,50~30hPa臭氧平均变化幅度最大;④对流层臭氧距平变化在整个高度上较为一致,正、负距平随季节绕赤道做南、北半球摆动,且存在季节性突变;⑤赤道上空有明显从平流层上层随季节逐渐往较低层传播的臭氧正负距平现象.     

大气对流层顶的臭氧时空分布变化

 利用1958~2001年的臭氧垂直分布和NCEP资料,计算出全球对流层顶的气候场,并对其空间分布、季节、年际和年代际演变进行了分析.结果表明:①对流层顶臭氧质量比呈纬向分布的特征明显,南北半球中纬度和南极为高值区,赤道和北极为低值区,且与对流层顶高度和温度场有对应关系;②从400~70 hPa的温度和臭氧质量比垂直经向剖面中,显现出对流层顶的上层和下层由于具有不同的物理和化学过程导致垂直分布存在差异;③对流层顶臭氧质量比纬向距平场的年代际变率具有不同位相的时空演变尺度,南半球的时空差异比北半球大,南极最不稳定,低纬和赤道地区幅度变化较小,但时间尺度较大;④极地各季节对流层顶的臭氧分布和高度场特征相似,低纬则与温度场分布较一致;⑤对流层顶断裂带中臭氧质量比最大值出现在春季,秋季为最小值,其对应的纬度存在明显的季节空间经向波动,夏季达到最高纬度,冬季到达最低纬度;⑥对流层顶臭氧质量比纬向距平的季节变率表现出准半年变化趋势,且两半球变化趋势相反.     

Ozone vertical variations during a typhoon derived from the OMI observations and reanalysis data

Typhoon is considered to play a key role in the dynamical exchange processes taking place between the troposphere and stratosphere. In this paper, the impact of typhoon on the ozone distribution in the upper troposphere and middle stratosphere is investigated using ozone profiles measured by Aura’s Ozone Monitoring Instrument and meteorological fields from reanalysis data. During the passage of Typhoon Hai-Tang in 2005 over the western North Pacific, low values of ozone column above 200 hPa and ozone mixing ratio between the upper troposphere and the middle stratosphere (from 200 to 50 hPa) are observed right above the typhoon’s track, a result due to the strong upward propagation of air associated with overshooting convection in typhoon. A comparative analysis of different stages of Hai-Tang suggests that in the region where typhoon has higher intensity the troposphere-to-stratosphere transport is enhanced. These results indicated that the typhoon has a significant impact on the ozone variation in the upper troposphere and the middle stratosphere.     

基于MLS卫星临边探测数据研究大气OH时空分布

 OH自由基是大气中重要的氧化剂,对大气中其他气体成分和气溶胶的形成和转化起着重要作用。本文利用MLS(micro-wave limb sounder)卫星观测资料,对大气平流层上层和中间层OH自由基的时空分布和变化以及中国上空OH自由基的垂直分布进行分析。结果显示,大气平流层上层和中间层OH自由基含量存在明显的季节变化和昼夜变化,在空间上的分布也随着太阳直射点的不同而呈现一定的周期性。比较了中国上空与同纬度纬向平均值,发现白天和夜间的观测值只有个别位置有较明显偏差,中国地区上空的OH含量比在整体上与同纬度比起来无明显异常,中国局地上空廓线的比较更加详细地反映了OH自由基的昼夜垂直结构。总之,中层大气OH自由基含量存在显著的昼夜变化、季节变化,同时也受太阳活动的影响,年际变化则不明显。     

Antisymmetric transport of middle stratospheric methane with respect to the equator

As one of the important green-house gases, methane in the stratosphere affects the stratospheric processes of radiation, dynamics and chemistry, even the tropo-spheric circulation through interactions between the stratosphere and the troposphere. To a gre…     

Polar methane accumulation and rainstorms on Titan from simulations of the methane cycle

Titan has a methane cycle akin to Earth's water cycle. It has lakes in polar regions, preferentially in the north; dry low latitudes with fluvial features and occasional rainstorms; and tropospheric clouds mainly (so far) in southern middle latitudes and polar regions. Previous models have explained the low-latitude dryness as a result of atmospheric methane transport into middle and high latitudes. Hitherto, no model has explained why lakes are found only in polar regions and preferentially in the north; how low-latitude rainstorms arise; or why clouds cluster in southern middle and high latitudes. Here we report simulations with a three-dimensional atmospheric model coupled to a dynamic surface reservoir of methane. We find that methane is cold-trapped and accumulates in polar regions, preferentially in the north because the northern summer, at aphelion, is longer and has greater net precipitation than the southern summer. The net precipitation in polar regions is balanced in the annual mean by slow along-surface methane transport towards mid-latitudes, and subsequent evaporation. In low latitudes, rare but intense storms occur around the equinoxes, producing enough precipitation to carve surface features. Tropospheric clouds form primarily in middle and high latitudes of the summer hemisphere, which until recently has been the southern hemisphere. We predict that in the northern polar region, prominent clouds will form within about two (Earth) years and lake levels will rise over the next fifteen years.     

中国冬季降水对东亚春季O3强弱信号的响应

 利用欧洲中心(ECMWF)ERA-Interim提供的1979—2013年的O₃、温度和位势高度逐月资料及国家气候中心的160站的逐月降水资料,采用EOF分析、相关分析和合成差值分析等方法,分析了东亚春季臭氧的时空变化特征及中国冬季降水对东亚春季O3强弱信号的响应.研究发现：①通过EOF分析可知,东亚春季O₃主要有3种变化特征：其一是东亚春季不同时间的O₃随着纬度的增加而增加（或减少）.其二是青藏高原是一个O₃异常信号较强的地区.其三是鄂霍次克海以西的内陆地区和中国东北部地区的春季O₃异常信号最强,且这两地区的异常信号位相相反.②东亚春季O₃强时,中国冬季降水从西到东呈现了“多-少-多-少-多-少”的分布.这种响应显著的区域位于北方和内陆地区,而中国的东南地区较弱.这就说明,东亚春季O₃对中国冬季降水是有一定的影响的.O₃是如何引起中国冬季降水出现这种波列分布的原因尚有待于进一步的研究.③选取了6个层次分别代表平流层和对流层来开展研究.从相应于O₃强弱年的温压场分析来看,北半球冬季的温度场和位势高度场的合成差值在中高纬度都呈现了波列的分布,在平流层呈“正-负-正”分布,在对流层呈“负-正-负-正-负”分布,且这种温压场对O₃变化的响应在50、100、500hPa和700hPa层次最为显著.据此推测,东亚春季O3变化会引起北半球的温度场和位势高度场的调整,从而使得中国冬季降水分布出现异常.
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Seasonal variation of global stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange

By Wei formula in pressure coordinate, the stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange (STME) is diagnosed globally for 44 years from 1958 to 2001 using the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis datasets. Regions of mass flux into the stratosphere are found over Indonesia, bay of Bangladesh and the mid-west coast of South Africa. Compensating mass outflow from the stratosphere appears mainly over mid-latitudes near large-scale troughs. Upward and downward transport of mass at the middle and high latitudes accompany with each other. Mass flux into troposphere is stronger in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. Strong downward mass flux into the troposphere occurs in eastern Asia the whole year with nearly stable sites. Although the area of eastern Asia accounts for only 5.6% of that of the northern hemisphere (NH), its net mass exchange reaches 15.83% of that of the NH, which means that research on STME of eastern Asia is greatly important to that of the NH and even the global areas. Air across the tropopause enters more from stratosphere to troposphere than that from troposphere to stratosphere, which is possibly related with systematic bias of the assimilated datasets and with persistent rise of the tropopause height. Contributions of the mass exchange and the mass flux exchange in the NH and southern hemisphere (SH) on their latitudes increase from equator to pole, with larger contributions in the NH. Mass exchange and mass flux exchange per areas at high latitudes are larger than that at low latitudes, which means greater mass exchange efficiency at high latitudes.     

东亚和西太平洋地区Hadley环流对对流层臭氧分布的影响

 采用了后向轨迹方法,利用臭氧混合比ρ₃和风场资料,来探讨东亚和西太平洋地区上空Hadley 环流对对流层臭氧分布的影响,文中对所研究关键点上7月份对流层高、中、低三层的轨迹进行分向统计后,计算方向概率与ρ₃的相关系数,得出了东亚和西太平洋地区Hadley 环流水平平流作用对臭氧分布的影响.结果表明:①青藏高原地区上空对流层低层Hadley 环流水平平流作用将会使臭氧混合比减少,而对应的高层南半球Hadley环流下沉支,其总体效果则是使臭氧增加;②在西太平洋地区上空对流层低层,北半球Hadley环流上升支其作用是使臭氧混合比减少,对应的高层南半球Hadley环流下沉支,其影响较弱;③另外,东亚季风的水平平流作用似乎和臭氧的分布也有联系,这还有待于进一步研究.     

Seasonal variation of global stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange

By Wei formula in pressure coordinate, the stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange (STME) is diagnosed globally for 44 years from 1958 to 2001 using the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis datasets. Regions of mass flux into the stratosphere are found over Indonesia, bay of Bangladesh and the mid-west coast of South Africa. Compensating mass outflow from the stratosphere appears mainly over mid-latitudes near large-scale troughs. Upward and downward transport of mass at the middle and high latitudes accompany with each other. Mass flux into troposphere is stronger in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. Strong downward mass flux into the troposphere occurs in eastern Asia the whole year with nearly stable sites. Although the area of eastern Asia accounts for only 5.6% of that of the northern hemisphere (NH), its net mass exchange reaches 15.83% of that of the NH, which means that research on STME of eastern Asia is greatly important to that of the NH and even the global areas. Air across the tropopause enters more from stratosphere to troposphere than that from troposphere to stratosphere, which is possibly related with systematic bias of the assimilated datasets and with persistent rise of the tropopause height. Contributions of the mass exchange and the mass flux exchange in the NH and southern hemisphere (SH) on their latitudes increase from equator to pole, with larger contributions in the NH. Mass exchange and mass flux exchange per areas at high latitudes are larger than that at low latitudes, which means greater mass exchange efficiency at high latitudes.