盐酸萘乙二胺法测定大气中氮氧化物影响因素分析

环境空气中氮氧化物的高低是评价环境空气质量好坏的一项重要指标.通过对比实验,探讨盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法测定大气中氮氧化物的影响因素.     

国外撷英

日本东京清水公司的研究者在评价吸收氮氧化物的溶液时,发现硫代硫酸钠吸收氮氧化物的能力最高(达80%以上).而氧化硫细菌可把硫代硫酸钠离子用作电子供体,除去被吸收的氮氧化物.Shimizu公司根据硫代硫酸钠溶液中的酶反应设计了把二氧化氮变为无害氮的柱系统.含有脱氮细菌的1升体积的柱可将由亚硝酸离子的氧化所形成的硝酸以2克/天的速度加以除去.具有这种处理能力的系统在被3ppm的二氧化氮污染的大气中运行时,可除去240立方米大气中所包含的氮氧化物.     

大气中氮氧化物的顺序注射化学发光测定方法的研究

大气中氮氧化物直接危害人类和其他生物一氧化氮可使人体血液中的血红蛋白失去亲氧能力,并对中枢神经系统产生影响;二氧化氮是空气污染的重要指示剂,其浓度和一氧化碳,多环芳铁,及煤烟的浓度密切相关.二氧化氮的毒性比一氧化氮高4倍,它对深部呼吸道有强烈的刺激作用,可引起肺部损害,甚至发生病变.NO2又可以与其它的污染物在适当的条件下发生光化学反应,形成光化学污染;因此对大气污染物中氮氧化物的检测具有十分重要的意义.     

石河子市大气中氮氧化物与气象条件的关系

用实测数据分析了石河子市大气中氮氧化物与气温、湿度和风速等气象因子的关系,得出结论是气温升高,风速增强,使大气中氮氧化物浓度值降低,相对湿度在70—80％之间,其氮氧化物浓度较高。为此,气象条件诸因素如水平风速、大气温度、湿度和大气层结构等均对大气污染物浓度产生重要影响。     

新一代光敏二氧化钛复合材料应对大气污染

氮氧化物是现代城市大气污染物的最主要来源,光敏二氧化钛(Ti02)复合材料自上世纪90年代中期问世以来,以其能将大气氮氧化物催化氧化成无毒无害硝酸盐的独特功能,在欧盟范围内得到快速的商业化应用.混合约4％光敏复合材料的混凝土涂层技术,不仅具备自清洁功能,还可有效吸附大气中高达80％以上的氮氧化物,被广泛应用于建筑和道路等公共基础设施建设领域,以应对大气污染.但高浓度大气污染往往伴随着严重的雾霾现象,导致光敏二氧化钛吸附效率下降,需要紫外强光将其激活,一定程度上限制了新技术的推广应用.     

晋中市大气中氮氧化物污染产生原因和防治对策

氮氧化物是大气污染的主要因素之一,它的排放给自然环境和人类生产生活带来了严重的危害。在分析晋中市氮氧化物污染现状、污染成因的基础上,探讨了防治大气中氮氧化物污染的对策。     

上海市漕河泾地区大气颗粒物中痕量元素溴、碘的污染特征

于2006年4、7、10月及2007年1月在上海师范大学旅游学院大楼楼顶使用大流量采样器采集了代表四季的大气颗粒物TSP、PM10样品,采用微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定样品中痕量元素溴、碘的含量.大气颗粒物中溴、碘的体积浓度表现明显的季节特征,TSP及PM10中溴浓度在春季最高,冬季最低;TSP及PM10中碘浓度在冬季最高,夏季最低.TSP中Br/I的比值为1.16-103.33,PM10中Br/I的比值为O.18-49.50,均呈现夏季高而冬季低的季节特征,且与颗粒物中碘的含量以及大气中二氧化硫和氮氧化物浓度呈负相关.     

煤层燃过程中热解气燃烧氮氧化物排放实验

我国大气中的氮氧化物污染日益严重,燃煤是大气中氮氧化物的主要来源之一。为研究燃煤过程中氮氧化物的排放规律,设计了双层固定床反应器,对煤燃烧产生的热解气和焦炭的燃烧情况分别进行研究。利用实验研究分析煤燃烧时煤中氮元素的分配、热解气析出特性及热解气燃烧时的氮氧化物排放规律。结果表明:煤热解过程中进入热解气和留在焦炭内的N分别为38%和62%。实验结果为分析煤炭层燃过程中NOx排放规律奠定了基础。     

芜湖市区大气污染现状、发展趋势及防治对策

根据 1994～ 1998年芜湖市大气中二氧化硫、氮氧化物、总悬浮颗粒物及降尘监测结果 .对芜湖市大气污染现状进行了综合分析 ,揭示了大气中主要污染物的污染特征 ,分析大气环境存在的主要问题 ,并提出了相应的防治对策 .     

火电厂烟气脱硝技术

我国大气中的氮氧化物近百分之七十来自于煤炭的直接燃烧,电力工业每年会燃烧大量的煤,会向大气中排放大量的氮氧化物,对环境造成极大的污染。所以,脱硝技术在电力工业一直是大家关注的焦点,本文就从燃煤电站锅炉脱硝技术应用谈谈自己的见解。     

温度对空气中氮氧化物测定影响的研究

采用盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法,对空气中氮氧化物测定影响进行研究.实验结果表明,最佳测定温度范围为22～25℃,斜率为0.190±0.003时,测定的氮氧化物含量符合《空气和废气监测分析方法》中氮氧化物工作曲线的标准要求,能真实地体现出空气中氮氧化物环境质量.     

Ubiquitous occurrence of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene in air

Several nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAH) are direct-acting mutagens and/or carcinogens, and are important constituents of combustion emissions and ambient air. These nitro-PAH are emitted from various combustion sources including gasoline and diesel engine exhaust, aluminium smelting effluent, coal fly ash, wood smoke, and cigarette smoke condensates. Of these, diesel engine exhaust is the best characterized, more than 50 nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds having been identified by Paputa-Peck et al., including 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) as the single most abundant nitro-PAH. However, nitro-PAH may also be formed during source-receptor transport by atmospheric reactions of adsorbed or gas-phase PAH with oxides of nitrogen, nitric acid and other atmospherically important species such as the OH radical. Evidence for the atmospheric formation of nitro-PAH has come only recently, from observations that 2-nitropyrene (2-NP) and 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NF) neither of which has been reported to be emitted from combustion sources, are among the major nitro-PAH present in ambient air. We present here data from several locations which demonstrate that these two atmospherically formed nitro-PAH are ubiquitous in tropospheric ambient air.     

硝酸尾气中氮氧化物净化技术研究

介绍用酸性尿素溶液作吸收剂 ,吸收硝酸尾气中氮氧化物的净化方法。用正交试验法选择最佳工艺条件 ,并对其结果进行极差分析和方差分析。该法具有去除率高、没有第二次污染、成本低的特点     

Photosensitized reduction of nitrogen dioxide on humic acid as a source of nitrous acid

Nitrous acid is a significant photochemical precursor of the hydroxyl radical, the key oxidant in the degradation of most air pollutants in the troposphere. The sources of nitrous acid in the troposphere, however, are still poorly understood. Recent atmospheric measurements revealed a strongly enhanced formation of nitrous acid during daytime via unknown mechanisms. Here we expose humic acid films to nitrogen dioxide in an irradiated tubular gas flow reactor and find that reduction of nitrogen dioxide on light-activated humic acids is an important source of gaseous nitrous acid. Our findings indicate that soil and other surfaces containing humic acid exhibit an organic surface photochemistry that produces reductive surface species, which react selectively with nitrogen dioxide. The observed rate of nitrous acid formation could explain the recently observed high daytime concentrations of nitrous acid in the boundary layer, the photolysis of which accounts for up to 60 per cent of the integrated hydroxyl radical source strengths. We suggest that this photo-induced nitrous acid production on humic acid could have a potentially significant impact on the chemistry of the lowermost troposphere.     

喷淋式助燃空气加湿型烟气冷凝余热回收系统实验研究

提高燃气锅炉烟气冷凝余热回收效率和降低烟气氮氧化物排放浓度研究工作具有重要的工程应用价值。提出了一种喷淋式助燃空气加湿型烟气冷凝余热回收方式。实验研究了助燃空气含湿量变化对燃气锅炉的烟气露点温度、系统热回收效率、氮氧化物排放浓度的影响规律。实验结果表明:当助燃空气的含湿量从3 g/kg增加到60 g/kg时,对应的烟气露点温度可提高8. 0℃;在维持喷淋水温度45℃、喷淋水质量流量0. 075 kg/s的工况下,烟气余热回收效率可达到8. 4%;排放烟气中的氮氧化物平均浓度可从101. 6 mg/m~3降低到53. 3 mg/m~3。当助燃空气含湿量处于40 g/kg时,燃气锅炉运行比较稳定,排放烟气中的氮氧化物平均浓度为70. 1 mg/m~3。     

机动车NO_x污染与光化学烟雾形成的原因分析

总结了我国大气NOx污染的现状,分析了形成光化学烟雾污染的潜在因索与关键因子,提出了光化学烟雾预防的对策.     

BOF--LF--CC生产SWRH82 B硬线钢的洁净度研究

采用系统取样与实验室综合分析,对BOF-LF-CC工艺生产的SWRH82B钢洁净度衍变规律进行研究。结果表明,钙处理后钢中T[ O]和显微夹杂物数量显著下降,轻微增氮;浇铸过程增氧增氮严重;铸坯中<5μm显微夹杂占97%,主要是棱角分明的纯Al2 O3夹杂,球状复合氧化物与CaS和MnS的复合夹杂,简单氧化物或氮化物与MnS的复合夹杂;LF精炼后钙处理,脱氧显著,但使得铸坯中出现很多Al2 O3硬性夹杂,对SWRH82B盘条质量造成严重的危害;中间包结构不合理,卷渣、内衬侵蚀和二次氧化严重,连铸过程钢液洁净度下降。     

Behavior of argon gas release from manganese oxide minerals as revealed by <Superscript>40</Superscript>Ar/<Superscript>39</Superscript>Ar laser incremental heating analysis

Manganese oxides in association with paleo- weathering may provide significant insights into the multiple factors affecting the formation and evolution of weathering profiles, such as temperature, precipitation, and biodiversity. Laser probe step-heating analysis of supergene hollandite and cryptomelane samples collected from central Queensland, Australia, yield well-defined plateaus andconsistent isochron ages, confirming the feasibility dating very-fined supergene manganese oxides by 40Ar/39Ar technique. Two distinct structural sites hostingAr isotopes can be identified in light of their degassing behaviors obtained byincremental heating analyses. The first site, releasing its gas fraction at thelaser power 0.2-0.4 W, yields primarily 40Aratm, 38Aratm, and 36Aratm (atmospheric Ar isotopes). The second sites yield predominantly 40Ar* (radiogenic 40Ar),39ArK, and 38ArK (nucleogenic components), at ～0.5-1.0 W. There is no significant Ar gas released at the laser power higher than 1.0 W, indicating the breakdown of the tunnel sites hosting the radiogenic and nucleogenic components. The excellent match between the degassing behaviors of 40Ar*, 39ArK, and 38ArK suggests that these isotopes occupy the same crystallographic sites and that 39ArK lossfrom the tunnel site by recoil during neutron irradiation and/or bake-out procedure preceding isotopic analysis does not occur. Present investigation supports that neither the overwhelming atmospheric 40Ar nor the very-fined nature of the supergene manganese oxides poses problems in extracting meaningful weathering geochronological information by analyzing supergene manganese oxides minerals.     

Global distribution of peroxyacetyl nitrate

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have a central role in the chemistry of the atmosphere, especially in key processes relating to ozone, hydroxyl-radical (OH) and acid formation. High reactivity of NOx (lifetime of 0.5-2 days) precludes hemispheric-scale transport and it has been proposed that non-methane hydrocarbons present in the troposphere can transform NOx into its organic forms principally as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). PAN is highly stable in the colder regions of the middle and upper troposphere and can provide a mechanism for NOx storage and transport. Once transported, PAN and its homologues can easily release free NOx in warmer atmospheric conditions. PAN is probably ubiquitous and its concentrations could exceed those of NOx in clean tropospheric conditions. Here we present the first view of the global distribution of PAN based on extensive shipboard and aircraft measurements. PAN is more abundant in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere and in the continental than in the marine troposphere. In contrast to its behaviour in polluted atmospheres, PAN mixing ratios in winter greatly exceed those in summer. These measurements provide a basis for assessing the significance of PAN as a reservoir of NOx and for extending and validating reactive nitrogen chemistry theory in the troposphere.     

高炉处理烧结烟气脱硫脱硝理论分析

对利用高炉处理烧结烟气同时脱硫脱硝脱二噁英技术的可行性进行了理论探讨,分析高炉内部还原二氧化硫和氮氧化物,以及分解二噁英的热力学条件,探讨烧结烟气代替空气鼓风对理论燃烧温度、风量、炉缸煤气、炉顶煤气和铁水硫含量的影响.结果表明：二氧化硫、一氧化氮和二氧化氮的最低平衡体积分数分别为1.84×10-13%、3.08×10-11%和3.72×10-21%,高炉内部还原二氧化硫和氮氧化物是可行的;高炉具有分解二噁英的有利热力学条件;烟气中二氧化硫和一氧化碳对理论燃烧温度的影响可忽略,氮氧化物能略微提高理论燃烧温度,二氧化碳体积分数增加1%,理论燃烧温度降低大约40.5℃,但通过降低鼓风湿度和提高富氧率等措施,能达到高炉正常生产时的炉缸热状态水平;随着烟气中二氧化碳含量的增加,风量、炉缸和炉顶煤气量都逐渐降低,炉缸煤气一氧化碳和氢气含量增加,炉顶煤气中一氧化碳、氢气、二氧化碳和水含量都增加,氮气含量显著降低;铁水硫含量与烟气二氧化硫含量成正比,但当二氧化硫质量浓度达到2000 mg·m-3,铁水中硫质量分数仅为0.025%,铁水质量仍合格.通过综合调节高炉操作参数,也可以实现烧结烟气代替空气鼓风进行高炉炼铁生产,达到脱硫脱硝脱二恶英的目的.