A common function for polyoma virus large-T and papillomavirus E1 proteins?

Nucleotide sequencing has revealed a common genetic organization for three papillomaviruses: BPV-1 (bovine papillomavirus type 1), HPV-1 (human papillomavirus type 1a) and HPV-6 (human papillomavirus type 6b). Several open reading frames, corresponding to as yet uncharacterized proteins, were observed in these genomes in the region that is required for oncogenic transformation by BPV-1 and for plasmidial maintenance of its genome. The longest of these frames, E1, is also the most conserved between the three viruses; we have compared the amino acid sequence of its putative product ('E1 protein') with those of the large-T proteins of three polyoma viruses and report here significant homologies in their carboxy-terminal halves, extending for over 200 amino acids. Moreover, similar secondary structures were predicted in this region, especially in two blocks of homologous residues, which correspond in the large-T proteins of polyoma and simian virus 40 (SV40) viruses to sites involved in the ATPase and nucleotide-binding activities. These observations suggest that the papillomavirus E1 proteins might have a function in common with the polyoma virus large-T proteins (which are required for the initiation of viral DNA replication). As it was suggested recently that the E1 gene product is involved in maintaining the BPV-1 genome as a plasmid in transformed cells, we speculate that the structural features conserved in these otherwise very different viruses are general characteristics of eukaryotic proteins involved in the control of DNA replication.     

A chromatin remodelling complex that loads cohesin onto human chromosomes

Nucleosomal DNA is arranged in a higher-order structure that presents a barrier to most cellular processes involving protein DNA interactions. The cellular machinery involved in sister chromatid cohesion, the cohesin complex, also requires access to the nucleosomal DNA to perform its function in chromosome segregation. The machineries that provide this accessibility are termed chromatin remodelling factors. Here, we report the isolation of a human ISWI (SNF2h)-containing chromatin remodelling complex that encompasses components of the cohesin and NuRD complexes. We show that the hRAD21 subunit of the cohesin complex directly interacts with the ATPase subunit SNF2h. Mapping of hRAD21, SNF2h and Mi2 binding sites by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments reveals the specific association of these three proteins with human DNA elements containing Alu sequences. We find a correlation between modification of histone tails and association of the SNF2h/cohesin complex with chromatin. Moreover, we show that the association of the cohesin complex with chromatin can be regulated by the state of DNA methylation. Finally, we present evidence pointing to a role for the ATPase activity of SNF2h in the loading of hRAD21 on chromatin.     

Reciprocal regulation of CD4/CD8 expression by SWI/SNF-like BAF complexes

Thymic development produces two sub-lineages of T cells expressing either CD4 or CD8 co-receptors that assist antibody production and mediate cell killing, respectively. The mechanisms for mutually exclusive co-receptor expression remain poorly defined. We find that mutations in the high mobility group (HMG) domain of BAF57--a DNA-binding subunit of the mammalian SWI/SNF-like chromatin-remodelling BAF complexes--or in the BAF complex ATPase subunit Brg, impair both CD4 silencing and CD8 activation. Brg is haploinsufficient for CD8 activation, but not for CD4 silencing, whereas BAF57 mutations preferentially impair CD4 silencing, pointing to target- and subunit-specific mechanisms of chromatin remodelling. BAF complexes directly bind the CD4 silencer, but the BAF57 HMG domain is dispensable for tethering BAF complexes to the CD4 silencer or other chromatin loci in vivo, or for remodelling reconstituted templates in vitro, suggesting that chromatin remodelling in vivo requires HMG-dependent DNA bending. These results indicate that BAF complexes contribute to lineage bifurcation by reciprocally regulating lineage-specific genes, reminiscent of the role of the yeast SWI/SNF complex in mediating mating-type switching.     

人乳头瘤病毒16和52型双荧光等温多自配引发扩增的

应用等温多自配引发扩增（IMSA）技术, 分别针对人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)16型的E7和52型的E6基因序列设计6条特异性引物, 并在检测体系中加入羟基萘酚蓝（HNB）和SYBR GreenⅠ的混合双荧光指示剂, 建立快速检测人乳头瘤病毒的双荧光IMSA方法. 结果表明： 340 μmol/L HNB与1∶10 000 SYBR GreenⅠ混合构建的双荧光指示剂在IMSA反应体系中具有明确的指示效果, 455 nm蓝光激发下阳性反应管双荧光显色为黄绿色, 阴性反应管双荧光显色为橘红色; 该方法对HPV16和HPV52型检测限分别达60,600拷贝/μL, 可特异性检出样品中HPV16和HPV52, 与临床检测结果比对无差异.     

Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in anogenital neoplasias

The presence of papillomaviruses in epithelial-derived cancers from several animal species has led to the speculation that these viruses may also have a pathogenic role in the development of certain human carcinomas, particularly those associated with the anogenital tract. Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA has been detected in epithelial-derived cancers, both cutaneous and metastatic, from patients exhibiting the rare, chronic flat wart disease, epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Except for patients exhibiting this chronic wart syndrome, the association of HPV genomes with human epithelial cancers has not been demonstrated. In an attempt to delineate the association and possible involvement of papillomaviruses with human anogenital carcinomas, we have begun an analysis of these cancers for the presence of HPV-specific nucleotide sequences by using highly sensitive hybridization procedures capable of detecting distantly related papillomaviruses at low copy number. Here we demonstrate the presence of HPV DNA in several types of anogenital tumours: Bowenoid papulosis, carcinoma in situ, and verrucous carcinoma. These data indicate that HPV can be detected in several types of premalignant and malignant tumours, supporting the contention that this group of viruses may be involved in the development of certain types of human epithelial-derived cancers.     

人乳头瘤病毒HPV16E6的表达促进角质生成细胞凋亡的发生

为探讨HPV16早期基因E6的表达对角质生成细胞NIKS凋亡表型的影响及可能的机制,经培养稳定表达HPV16E6的角质生成细胞NIKS;使用不同的DNA损伤剂处理转染后细胞,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况;建立表达HPV16E6突变体Y54D及F2V的p53降解缺陷型NIKS细胞系并用DNA损伤剂处理,流式细胞术检测凋亡情况.研究显示,流式细胞术结果显示稳定表达E6的细胞系在足叶乙甙、丝裂霉素及紫衫醇处理后发生明显的细胞凋亡;表达Y54D或F2V的NIKS细胞经DNA损伤剂处理后凋亡明显低于正常E6表达细胞.研究表明,人乳头瘤病毒E6的表达能够促进角质生成细胞凋亡的发生,这种促凋亡作用与细胞内p53的表达相关.     

子宫颈液基薄层细胞中挖空细胞与HPV感染的研究

目的研究在子宫颈液基细胞中挖空细胞和HPV感染之间的关系,从单纯的细胞形态学以评价挖空细胞诊断子宫颈HPV感染的诊断价值。方法从2006年1月至2008年8月间TCT检查中选取200例具有挖空样变性细胞,TCT提示有HPV感染或疑似HPV感染的标本,做PCR-HPV-DNA检测进行对照分析。结果典型挖空细胞与PCR-HPV-DNA检测对照,准确率81.65%（89/109）。结论TCT中的挖空细胞是可以作为诊断HPV感染的重要的形态学依据。随着挖空细胞的核的增生和非典型程度的加大,HPV阳性反应越高。     

人乳头瘤病毒11型E7 DNA疫苗质粒的构建和鉴定

目的 构建人乳头瘤病毒11型(HPV11)E7 DNA疫苗质粒．方法 从尖锐湿疣病变组织中提取DNA制备模板，采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术扩增HPV11-E7基因，将E7基因经双酶切后定向克隆到pcDNA3．1( )中，测序鉴定．结果从病变组织中扩增出了全长HPV11-E7基因，并正向插入载体pcDNA3．1( )中，经酶切和测序鉴定无误．结论 HPV11-E7 DNA疫苗质粒构建成功，为今后进行防治尖锐湿疣的动物实验和临床实验奠定了基础．     

Adenovirus oncoproteins inactivate the Mre11-Rad50-NBS1 DNA repair complex

In mammalian cells, a conserved multiprotein complex of Mre11, Rad50 and NBS1 (also known as nibrin and p95) is important for double-strand break repair, meiotic recombination and telomere maintenance. This complex forms nuclear foci and may be a sensor of double-strand breaks. In the absence of the early region E4, the double-stranded DNA genome of adenovirus is joined into concatemers too large to be packaged. We have investigated the cellular proteins involved in this concatemer formation and how they are inactivated by E4 products during a wild-type infection. Here we show that concatemerization requires functional Mre11 and NBS1, and that these proteins are found at foci adjacent to viral replication centres. Infection with wild-type virus results in both reorganization and degradation of members of the Mre11-Rad50-NBS1 complex. These activities are mediated by three viral oncoproteins that prevent concatemerization. This targeting of cellular proteins involved in genomic stability suggests a mechanism for 'hit-and-run' transformation observed for these viral oncoproteins.     

新疆汉族乳腺癌及乳腺良性病变组织中HPV16E6的半巢式PCR检测

了解新疆地区汉族乳腺癌及乳腺良性病变组织中人类乳头状瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus,HPV)感染的情况,探讨乳腺癌及乳腺良性病变是否存在HPV16感染及HPV16感染与乳腺癌发病之间的关系.采用半巢式PCR(semi-nested polymerase chain reaction)技术检测80例乳腺癌及60例乳腺良性病变组织中HPV16感染的情况.结果 80例乳腺癌病例中,有22例(27.5%)检测到HPV16的DNA片断;60例乳腺良性病变中,有2例(3.3%)检测到HPV16的DNA序列,检测结果作χ2检验,χ2=14.10,P<0.001,差异有统计学意义.新疆汉族乳腺癌及乳腺良性病变存在HPV16感染,HPV16在乳腺癌的发病中发挥着一定的作用.