浅地层步进变频探地雷达合成孔径算法研究

合成孔径成像是一种常用的改善方位分辨率的方法。连续波步进变频雷达平均发射功率较高而且可以实现较大的相对带宽,所以在探地应用中可以获得较高的分辨率和较深的探测深度。针对浅地层步进变频探地雷达回波信噪比很低的特点,利用时域回波图像所呈现的双曲线,提出了一种曲线适配的合成孔径成像算法。通过对实测数据处理,证明所提算法在步进变频探地雷达中比传统的合成孔径算法能得到更好的方位分辨率,而且明显增强了目标图像的信噪比。     

基于去斜的步进频合成高分辨距离像新方法

研究了一种基于子脉冲去斜的高分辨距离像合成新方法。首先,用本地参考信号对接收的步进频脉冲串信号进行去斜处理,然后把去斜之后的信号按顺序在时域上拼接起来得到宽带回波,最后按传统的处理方法得到目标的一维距离像和二维逆合成孔径雷达像。这种方法避免了传统时域拼接法的上采样、频移和相位补偿运算,减小了处理复杂度,易于工程应用。     

Weighted joint calibration for interferometric SAR

Calibration is a processing procedure for across-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar （InSAR） to achieve an accurate three-dimensional location. A calibration technique, called weighted joint calibration, for the generation of wide-area geocoded digital elevation models （DEMs） is proposed. It cali- brates multiple InSAR scenes simultaneously, and allows reducing the number of required ground control points （GCPs） by using tie points （TPs）. This approach may ensure the continuity of three- dimensional location among adjacent scenes, which is necessary for mosaic and fusion of data coming from different scenes. In addition, it introduces weights to calibration to discriminate GCPs and TPs with different coherences and locations. This paper presents the principles and methodology of this weighted joint calibration technique and illustrates its successful application in airborne In- SAR data.     

New analytical imaging algorithm for general case airborne bistatic SAR

This paper focuses on the general case （GC） airborne bistatic synthetic aperture radar （SAR） data processing, and a new analytical imaging algorithm based on the extended Loffeld＇s bistatic formula （ELBF） is proposed. According to the bistatic SAR geometry, the track decoupling formulas that convert the bistatic geometry to the receiver-referenced geometry in a concise way are derived firstly. Then phase terms of ELBF are decomposed into two independent phase terms as the range phase term and the azimuth phase term in a new way. To get the focusing result, the bistatic deformation （BD） term is compensated in the two-dimensional （2- D） frequency domain, and the space-variances of the range phase term and the azimuth phase term are eliminated by chirp scaling （CS） and chirp z-transform （CZT）, respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation results.     

Multi-polarization reconstruction from compact polarimetry based on modified four-component scattering decomposition

An improved algorithm for multi-polarization reconstruction from compact polarimetry （CP） is proposed. According to two fundamental assumptions in compact polarimetric reconstruction, two improvements are proposed. Firstly, the four-component model-based decomposition algorithm is modified with a new volume scattering model. The decomposed helix scattering component is then used to deal with the non-reflection symmetry condition in compact polarimetric measurements. Using the decomposed power and considering the scattering mechanism of each component, an average relationship between copolarized and crosspolarized channels is developed over the original polarization state extrapolation model. E-SAR polarimetric data acquired over the Oberpfaffenhofen area and JPL/AIRSAR polarimetric data acquired over San Francisco are used for verification, and good reconstruction results are obtained, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Azimuth resolution improvement for spaceborne SAR images with quasi-non-overlapped Doppler bandwidth

The azimuth resolution improvement problem is solved via a coherent combination of synthetic aperture radar （SAR） ima-ges with the quasi-non-overlapped Doppler bandwidth. Prior to the spectra combination, SAR images should be coregistered, while phase biases induced by topography, atmospheric propagation delays and baseline measurement errors should be calibrated. However, the coregistration accuracy suffers from large Doppler decorrelation caused by the quasi-non-overlapped Doppler band-width. Furthermore, the method used to estimate phase biases from interferogram of azimuth prefiltered SAR image pairs wil fail when there is no overlapped spectrum. The fringe simulation and maximum sharpness optimization are adopted to deal with the problems. Accordingly, a novel algorithm to coherently synthesize SAR images is presented. The experiment with the Terra SAR X-band （TerraSAR-X） satel ite data validates the performance of the presented method.     

Knowledge-based detection method for SAR targets

When the classical constant false-alarm rate （CFAR） combined with fuzzy C-means （FCM） algorithm is applied to target detection in synthetic aperture radar （SAR） images with complex background, CFAR requires block-by-block estimation of clutter models and FCM clustering converges to local optimum. To address these problems, this paper pro-poses a new detection algorithm： knowledge-based combined with improved genetic algorithm-fuzzy C-means （GA-FCM） algorithm. Firstly, the algorithm takes target region＇s maximum and average intensity, area, length of long axis and long-to-short axis ratio of the external ellipse as factors which influence the target appearing probabil- ity. The knowledge-based detection algorithm can produce preprocess results without the need of estimation of clutter models as CFAR does. Afterward the GA-FCM algorithm is improved to cluster pre-process results. It has advantages of incorporating global optimizing ability of GA and local optimizing ability of FCM, which will further eliminate false alarms and get better results. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is experimentally validated with real SAR images.     

Angular extent effect of micromotion target in SAR image by polar format algorithm

Target micromotion not only plays an important role in target recognition but also leads to esoteric characteristics in synthetic aperture radar （SAR） imaging. This paper finds out an interesting phenomenon, i.e. the angular extent effect, in micro-motion target images formulated by the polar format algorithm. A micromotion target takes on multiple pairs of paired echoes （PEs） around the true point, and each PE extends for an angle which is exactly equal to the angular extent of the synthetic aperture, regardless of the micromotion frequency. The effect is derived and interpreted by using the characteristics of Bessel functions. Then it is demonstrated by simulation experiments of a target with different micromotion frequencies. The revelation and interpretation of the effect is highly beneficial to micromotion-target SAR image understanding as wel as target recognition.     

Hybrid micromotion-scattering center model for synthetic aperture radar micromotion target imaging

Micromotion is an important target feature, although the target micromotion has an unfavorable influence on the synthetic aperture radar （SAR） image interpretation due to defocusing. This paper introduces micromotion parameters into the scattering center model to obtain a hybrid micromotion-scattering center model, and then proposes an optimization algorithm based on the maximal likelihood estimation to solve the model for jointly obtaining target motion and scattering parameters. Initial value estimation methods using targets＇ ghost images are then presented to guarantee the global and fast convergence. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm especially in high precision estimation and multiple targets processing.     

多载频MIMO雷达距离栅瓣抑制方法

多载频多输入多输出 (multiple-input multiple-output,MIMO）雷达采用稀布阵发射多载频调频连续波（frequency modulated continuous wave,FMCW）信号,阵列接收目标回波。分析了多载频MIMO雷达的信号模型,给出了发射接收综合处理过程,分析了距离栅瓣产生机理,讨论了子带宽和天线频差取不同值时距离栅瓣的分布情况,提出了基于加权和离散傅里叶变换 (discrete Fourier transform,DFT)的距离栅瓣抑制方法。加权法是在综合的同时完成距离栅瓣抑制,DFT法则是在脉压时完成。仿真结果表明,两种方法均能实现距离栅瓣的有效抑制。     

Novel imaging methods of stepped frequency radar based on compressed sensing

The theory of compressed sensing (CS) provides a new chance to reduce the data acquisition time and improve the data usage factor of the stepped frequency radar system. In light of the sparsity of radar target reflectivity, two imaging methods based on CS, termed the CS-based 2D joint imaging algorithm and the CS-based 2D decoupled imaging algorithm, are proposed. These methods incorporate the coherent mixing operation into the sparse dictionary, and take random measurements in both range and azimuth directions to get high resolution radar images, thus can remarkably reduce the data rate and simplify the hardware design of the radar system while maintaining imaging quality. Experiments from both simulated data and measured data in the anechoic chamber show that the proposed imaging methods can get more focused images than the traditional fast Fourier transform method. Wherein the joint algorithm has stronger robustness and can provide clearer inverse synthetic aperture radar images, while the decoupled algorithm is computationally more efficient but has slightly degraded imaging quality, which can be improved by increasing measurements or using a robuster recovery algorithm nevertheless.     

Cramer-Rao bound and signal-to-noise ratio gain in distributed coherent aperture radar

This paper studies the estimation performance of the coherent processing parameter （CPP）, including time delay differences and phase synchronization errors among different apertures of the distributed coherent aperture radar （DCAR）. Firstly, three architectures of signal processing in the DCAR are introduced. Secondly, the closed-form Cramer-Rao bound （CRB） of the CPP estimation is derived and compared. Then, the closed-form CRB is verified by numerical simulations. Finally, when the next generation radar works in a fully coherent mode, the closed-form signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） gain of the three architectures is presented.     

地物背景下的运动目标频域带宽合成方法

在频率步进雷达中,利用带宽合成技术进行距离成像,具有距离像不模糊范围大、栅瓣电平低等优点。但对地物杂波下的运动目标成像时,距离像信杂比低,并且栅瓣电平对多普勒频移很敏感。提出一种改进的频域带宽合成方案。首先研究了多普勒域抗杂波的参数设计问题,然后设计了二维杂波滤波器实现了抗杂波,最后利用脉间相参处理后的信号特性提出了一种运动补偿方法,有效抑制了距离像的栅瓣电平。外场试验结果验证了方案的优势。     

非均匀圆阵天线模型解模糊误差研究

基于干涉仪的立体基线法与传统测向解模糊方法相比,天线摆放方式更为灵活。针对这一优点,建立了非均匀圆阵天线阵列模型,给出了该模型理论测向误差的表达式。通过分析解算过程中影响测向误差的因素,提出了一种减小天线阵列实际测向误差的方法。为保证系统具有一定的解模糊能力,给出了该方法中天线孔径对系统解模糊频段的限制条件。基于建立的天线模型,通过Matlab仿真,验证了方法及理论分析的正确性,对合理选择天线盘孔径、减小测向系统的误差具有可行性。     

全极化SAR半实物仿真系统

在微波暗室内构建了一种全极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar, SAR)半实物仿真系统。系统利用可移动的取样架模拟SAR的飞行轨迹,矢量网络分析仪作为核心仪表放置于取样架上一起运动。矢量网络分析仪的双通道经过扩展端口分别连接到两路垂直和两路水平极化的天线上,在取样架移动的过程中,可一次性获取目标的全极化散射矩阵测试数据。通过改进的滤波〖CD*2〗逆投影算法进行信号处理,获得了目标全极化二维图像。实验给出了L波段和C波段的场景测量及成像结果,通过处理得到的图像分辨率优于0.2 m,并且成像结果与场景的物理特征相一致,验证了该系统的可行性。     

基于OI-AGCD的含旋转部件目标ISAR成像

旋转部件(如直升机的螺旋桨)严重影响逆合成孔径雷达(inverse synthetic aperture radar, ISAR)的成像特性,基于优化初值选择的自适应高斯包络线性调频基分解(optimized initial-adaptive Gaussian chirplet decomposition,OI-AGCD)设计了一种自适应旋转部件回波分离算法。建立了含旋转部件目标步进频率雷达ISAR成像模型,分析了旋转部件与目标主体回波特性差别。基于距离多普勒成像理论、主体和旋转部件回波在高斯基上投影的差异,设计了基于OI-AGCD的旋转部件回波分离算法。仿真数据验证结果表明了该算法去除旋转部件回波的可行性,含旋转部件类目标ISAR成像质量得到了有效提高。     

多接收阵合成孔径声纳线频调变标成像算法

目前,多接收阵合成孔径声纳快速成像算法一般都需要将各接收阵的回波融合成适于传统收发合置合成孔径声纳处理的数据,因此避免不了耗时的插值和空变的相位误差补偿。根据多接收阵合成孔径声纳的实际模型,将各接收阵和发射阵作为一个子系统,并采用驻相原理将其二维频域点扩展函数表示为距离向空变项和非空变项的乘积。在此基础上,运用线频调变标成像算法先完成各子系统数据的成像,然后再实现各子图像的相干叠加,以获得所需的高分辨合成孔径声纳复图像。最后,仿真实验和湖试结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

ISAR成像系统的二维资源自适应调度算法

现有认知雷达成像系统的资源调度策略只从距离向(或波形设计)或者方位向一个维度进行资源调度,没有充分分配和利用雷达系统资源,为此提出了一种针对步进频率逆合成孔径雷达成像系统的二维资源自适应调度算法,来进一步提高雷达系统的工作效率。该算法在对目标特征认知的基础上,根据压缩感知原理,计算对目标二维稀疏观测所需脉冲资源,依据二维资源调度模型,自适应分配二维脉冲资源,实现对多目标的交替稀疏观测成像。最后通过仿真验证了算法的可行性并与常规算法相比在资源饱和的情况下,可以执行更多的成像任务。     

正交小波基在SAR的多普勒参数求取中的应用

在合成孔径雷达技术中 ,对于多普勒参数的估计 ,即多普勒质心 fdc 和多普勒频率变化率fdr 的估计是非常重要的。提出了一种采用频谱支集紧小波基的计算信号瞬时参数的快速局部算法 ,且这种方法有良好的抗噪能力 ,在求取多普勒质心和多普勒频率变化率中取得了较为满意的效果。     

Study on the long-distance target apperception techniques for underwater vehicles

The limited physical size for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV)or unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV)makes it difficult to acquire enough space gain for localizing long-distance targets.A new technique about long-distance target apperception with passive synthetic aperture array for underwater vehicles is presented.First,a synthetic aperture-processing algorithm based on the FFT transform in the beam space(BSSAP)is introduced.Then,the study on the flank array passive long-distance apperception techniques in the frequency scope of 11-18 kHz is implemented from the view of improving array gains,detection probability and augmenting detected range under a certain sea environment.The results show that the BSSAP algorithm can extend the aperture effectively and improve detection probability.Because of the augment of the transmission loss,the detected range has the trend of decline with the increase of frequency under the same target source level.The synthesized array could improve the space gain by nearly 7 dB and SNR is increased by about 5 dB.The detected range is enhanced to nearly 2 km under the condition of 108-118 dB of the target source level for AUV system in measurement interval of nearly 1 s.