Solution for polarimetric radar cross section measurement and calibration

The exact radar cross-section （RCS） measurement is difficult when the scattering of targets is low. Ful polarimetric cali-bration is one technique that offers the potential for improving the accuracy of RCS measurements. There are numerous polarimetric calibration algorithms. Some complex expressions in these algo-rithms cannot be easily used in an engineering practice. A radar polarimetric coefficients matrix （RPCM） with a simpler expression is presented for the monostatic radar polarization scattering matrix （PSM） measurement. Using a rhombic dihedral corner reflector and a metal ic sphere, the RPCM can be obtained by solving a set of equations, which can be used to find the true PSM for any target. An example for the PSM of a metal ic dish shows that the proposed method obviously improves the accuracy of cross-polarized RCS measurements.     

双基地雷达系统中的高分辨距离像

采取宽带发射信号,双基地雷达系统获取的目标一维高分辨距离像与单基地雷达下的距离像存在很大差别。首先从回波信号的相位出发,建立了双基地雷达回波信号模型。分析了双基地雷达系统中距离像的特点,并给出了对运动目标双基地距离像的补偿因子。分析了对多散射中心目标的双基地距离像与单基地距离像之间的关系,最后对双基地距离像进行了仿真。所提出的结论为多基地雷达系统利用多站同时获取的双基地距离像构造目标散射点三维结构图奠定了基础。     

Hybrid micromotion-scattering center model for synthetic aperture radar micromotion target imaging

Micromotion is an important target feature, although the target micromotion has an unfavorable influence on the synthetic aperture radar （SAR） image interpretation due to defocusing. This paper introduces micromotion parameters into the scattering center model to obtain a hybrid micromotion-scattering center model, and then proposes an optimization algorithm based on the maximal likelihood estimation to solve the model for jointly obtaining target motion and scattering parameters. Initial value estimation methods using targets＇ ghost images are then presented to guarantee the global and fast convergence. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm especially in high precision estimation and multiple targets processing.     

Weighted joint calibration for interferometric SAR

Calibration is a processing procedure for across-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar （InSAR） to achieve an accurate three-dimensional location. A calibration technique, called weighted joint calibration, for the generation of wide-area geocoded digital elevation models （DEMs） is proposed. It cali- brates multiple InSAR scenes simultaneously, and allows reducing the number of required ground control points （GCPs） by using tie points （TPs）. This approach may ensure the continuity of three- dimensional location among adjacent scenes, which is necessary for mosaic and fusion of data coming from different scenes. In addition, it introduces weights to calibration to discriminate GCPs and TPs with different coherences and locations. This paper presents the principles and methodology of this weighted joint calibration technique and illustrates its successful application in airborne In- SAR data.     

Signal processing method of a novel polarized array radar seeker

This paper proposes a novel polarized radar seeker based on the polarized antenna array. A fully polarized signal processing method for the proposed radar seeker is studied under the environments with electromagnetic interferences. A dual polarized antenna array is employed to transmit and receive the radar signals. The instantaneous polarization signal processing technique is used to detect and recognize the targets. The direction of arrival （DOA） of the target is measured through the spatial spectrum with high resolution for the polarized array radar seeker system. The fully polarized signal model of the polarized array radar seeker is formulated and a specific signal processing algorithm is expounded. The theoretical research and numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed radar seeker has good performances in target detection and electronic warfare. The research results can provide an effective technical approach to develop and research the new generation radar seeker.     

双/多基地高频地波雷达飞行目标回波仿真

分析了双/多基地高频地波雷达回波信号的仿真过程。针对双/多基地高频地波雷达运动目标与基地相对距离和多变的特点,提出使用迭代方法来仿真双/多基地飞行目标,并给出了仿真过程和公式。仿真结果对比证明这种新方法能准确地仿真双/多基地目标回波,为后续的雷达信号处理方法的研究提供可靠的数据。     

空间相关多基地雷达分辨能力提高方法

针对雷达密集多目标探测问题,考虑一个单发多收多基地雷达系统,在分析空间相关多基地雷达模糊函数的基础上,通过传感器部署、波形选择这两种方法来改变模糊函数形状,达到改善目标分辨性能的目的。文中以模糊函数3-dB投影面积值为指标,对比空间非相关多基地雷达,分析了不同传感器部署和波形选择情况下的目标距离分辨性能,并给出了相应的仿真结果。研究成果不仅能用于对多基地雷达密集多目标探测性能的分析,还能为多基地雷达布站、波形设计等提供一定的理论参考。     

Azimuth resolution improvement for spaceborne SAR images with quasi-non-overlapped Doppler bandwidth

The azimuth resolution improvement problem is solved via a coherent combination of synthetic aperture radar （SAR） ima-ges with the quasi-non-overlapped Doppler bandwidth. Prior to the spectra combination, SAR images should be coregistered, while phase biases induced by topography, atmospheric propagation delays and baseline measurement errors should be calibrated. However, the coregistration accuracy suffers from large Doppler decorrelation caused by the quasi-non-overlapped Doppler band-width. Furthermore, the method used to estimate phase biases from interferogram of azimuth prefiltered SAR image pairs wil fail when there is no overlapped spectrum. The fringe simulation and maximum sharpness optimization are adopted to deal with the problems. Accordingly, a novel algorithm to coherently synthesize SAR images is presented. The experiment with the Terra SAR X-band （TerraSAR-X） satel ite data validates the performance of the presented method.     

Switching variability index based multiple strategy CFAR detector

A switching variability index （SVl） constant false alarm rate （CFAR） detector is proposed for improving the detection performance of VI-CFAR detectors in multiple targets backgrounds. When the presence of non-homogeneity in CFAR reference windows is indicated by a VI-CFAR detector, a switching- CFAR detector is introduced to optimize the performance of the VI-CFAR detector in homogeneous, multiple targets and clutter edge backgrounds. The structure and parameters selection method of the SVI-CFAR detector is presented. Comparisons with classic CFAR detectors and recently proposed detectors are also given. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that SVICFAR detector maintains the good performance of the VI-CFAR detector in homogeneous and clutter edge backgrounds, while greatly improving the capacity of anti-multi targets.     

Series expansion feasibility of singular integral in method of moments

When calculating electromagnetic scattering using method of moments （MoM）, integral of the singular term has a significant influence on the results. This paper transforms the singular surface integral to the contour integral. The integrand is expanded to Taylor series and the integral results in a closed form. The cut-off error is analyzed to show that the series converges fast and only about 2 terms can agree wel with the accurate result. The comparison of the perfect electric conductive （PEC） sphere＇s bi-static radar cross section （RCS） using MoM and the accurate method validates the feasibility in manipulating the singularity. The error due to the facet size and the cut-off terms of the series are analyzed in examples.     

Angular extent effect of micromotion target in SAR image by polar format algorithm

Target micromotion not only plays an important role in target recognition but also leads to esoteric characteristics in synthetic aperture radar （SAR） imaging. This paper finds out an interesting phenomenon, i.e. the angular extent effect, in micro-motion target images formulated by the polar format algorithm. A micromotion target takes on multiple pairs of paired echoes （PEs） around the true point, and each PE extends for an angle which is exactly equal to the angular extent of the synthetic aperture, regardless of the micromotion frequency. The effect is derived and interpreted by using the characteristics of Bessel functions. Then it is demonstrated by simulation experiments of a target with different micromotion frequencies. The revelation and interpretation of the effect is highly beneficial to micromotion-target SAR image understanding as wel as target recognition.     

New analytical imaging algorithm for general case airborne bistatic SAR

This paper focuses on the general case （GC） airborne bistatic synthetic aperture radar （SAR） data processing, and a new analytical imaging algorithm based on the extended Loffeld＇s bistatic formula （ELBF） is proposed. According to the bistatic SAR geometry, the track decoupling formulas that convert the bistatic geometry to the receiver-referenced geometry in a concise way are derived firstly. Then phase terms of ELBF are decomposed into two independent phase terms as the range phase term and the azimuth phase term in a new way. To get the focusing result, the bistatic deformation （BD） term is compensated in the two-dimensional （2- D） frequency domain, and the space-variances of the range phase term and the azimuth phase term are eliminated by chirp scaling （CS） and chirp z-transform （CZT）, respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation results.     

Modulation recognition of MIMO radar signal based on joint HOS and SNR algorithm

This paper presents a joint high order statistics （HOS） and signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） algorithm for the recognition of multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） radar signal without a priori knowledge of the signal parameters. This method is capable of recognizing the MIMO radar signal as well as discriminating it from single-carrier signal adopted by conventional radar. Meanwhile, the sub-carrier number of the none-coding MIMO radar signal is estimated. Extensive simulations are carried out in different operating conditions. Simulation results prove the feasibility and indicate that the recognition probability could reach over 90% when the value of SNR is above 0 dB.     

Multi-polarization reconstruction from compact polarimetry based on modified four-component scattering decomposition

An improved algorithm for multi-polarization reconstruction from compact polarimetry （CP） is proposed. According to two fundamental assumptions in compact polarimetric reconstruction, two improvements are proposed. Firstly, the four-component model-based decomposition algorithm is modified with a new volume scattering model. The decomposed helix scattering component is then used to deal with the non-reflection symmetry condition in compact polarimetric measurements. Using the decomposed power and considering the scattering mechanism of each component, an average relationship between copolarized and crosspolarized channels is developed over the original polarization state extrapolation model. E-SAR polarimetric data acquired over the Oberpfaffenhofen area and JPL/AIRSAR polarimetric data acquired over San Francisco are used for verification, and good reconstruction results are obtained, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Cramer-Rao bound of joint estimation of target location and velocity for coherent MIMO radar

The optimal estimation performance of target parameters is studied. First, the general form of Cramer-Rao bound （CRB） for joint estimation of target location and velocity is derived for coherent multiple input multiple output （MIMO） radars. To gain some insight into the behavior of the CRB, the CRB with a set of given orthogonal waveforms is studied as a specific case. Second, a maximum likelihood （ML） estimation algorithm is proposed. The mean square error （MSE） of the ML estimation of target location and velocity is obtained by Monte Carlo simulation and it approaches CRB in the high signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） region.     

Knowledge-based detection method for SAR targets

When the classical constant false-alarm rate （CFAR） combined with fuzzy C-means （FCM） algorithm is applied to target detection in synthetic aperture radar （SAR） images with complex background, CFAR requires block-by-block estimation of clutter models and FCM clustering converges to local optimum. To address these problems, this paper pro-poses a new detection algorithm： knowledge-based combined with improved genetic algorithm-fuzzy C-means （GA-FCM） algorithm. Firstly, the algorithm takes target region＇s maximum and average intensity, area, length of long axis and long-to-short axis ratio of the external ellipse as factors which influence the target appearing probabil- ity. The knowledge-based detection algorithm can produce preprocess results without the need of estimation of clutter models as CFAR does. Afterward the GA-FCM algorithm is improved to cluster pre-process results. It has advantages of incorporating global optimizing ability of GA and local optimizing ability of FCM, which will further eliminate false alarms and get better results. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is experimentally validated with real SAR images.     

基于多电视台的两种无源雷达成像算法

基于外辐射源的无源雷达成像是当前新体制雷达的研究热点,给出了利用多个电视台作为外辐射源的直接二维快速傅里叶变换成像算法和极坐标成像算法。建立了多基地无源雷达成像模型,通过理论推导得到目标散射函数和雷达接收信号之间的傅里叶变换对的关系。选取15个电视台信号作为外辐射源进行了仿真实验,分析和比较了两种算法的性能,证实了算法的可行性。     

多基地雷达传感器栅栏覆盖矩形区域的优化方法

为解决栅栏覆盖中多基地雷达传感器的优化布站问题,提出了一种基于最小化部署费用的优化布站方法。首先，针对多基地雷达覆盖区域的特点,通过理论证明提出了多基地雷达传感器栅栏覆盖的优化布站模式。接着，考虑到多基地雷达中发射器与接收器的费用差异,提出一种基于等分覆盖宽度的对称布站策略。然后，为求解优化布站问题,利用栅栏单位面积费用的特点降低算法计算量,进而确定最小布站费用以及对应的布站模式与数量。最后,通过仿真实验证明了所提优化布站方法的有效性。     

多基地雷达传感器栅栏覆盖矩形区域的优化方法

为解决栅栏覆盖中多基地雷达传感器的优化布站问题,提出了一种基于最小化部署费用的优化布站方法。首先，针对多基地雷达覆盖区域的特点,通过理论证明提出了多基地雷达传感器栅栏覆盖的优化布站模式。接着，考虑到多基地雷达中发射器与接收器的费用差异,提出一种基于等分覆盖宽度的对称布站策略。然后，为求解优化布站问题,利用栅栏单位面积费用的特点降低算法计算量,进而确定最小布站费用以及对应的布站模式与数量。最后,通过仿真实验证明了所提优化布站方法的有效性。     

Cramer-Rao bound and signal-to-noise ratio gain in distributed coherent aperture radar

This paper studies the estimation performance of the coherent processing parameter （CPP）, including time delay differences and phase synchronization errors among different apertures of the distributed coherent aperture radar （DCAR）. Firstly, three architectures of signal processing in the DCAR are introduced. Secondly, the closed-form Cramer-Rao bound （CRB） of the CPP estimation is derived and compared. Then, the closed-form CRB is verified by numerical simulations. Finally, when the next generation radar works in a fully coherent mode, the closed-form signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） gain of the three architectures is presented.