甚长基线干涉测量技术在深空导航中的应用

甚长基线干涉测量技术(Very Long Baseline Inteferometry,VLBI)就是将几台分布在不同地点的射电望远镜联网同时工作,通过无线电波干涉的方法,综合成一个巨大口径的望远镜,以提高天文观测的角分辨率和测量精度.     

高分辨率成像空间射电天文台——突破分辨率极限的“空-地”观测网

<正>上海天文台提出的空间VLBI阵列(一期)的概念图,由两个空间射电望远镜与地面望远镜组网,实现几十微角秒的分辨率,能够对黑洞等极端致密天体成像一直以来,浩瀚的宇宙神秘而又令人向往,探索宇宙是人类永恒的追求目标。一代又一代科学家克服千辛万苦,锲而不舍,不断提高观测手段,为的就是更深入了解我们的宇宙,能够"看"得更远,"看"得更清楚。宇宙中高能的天文现象通常与极端致密的天体(如黑洞)密切相关,许多与黑洞相关的     

超导隧道结在事件视界望远镜黑洞成像及射电天文中的应用

<正>2019年4月10日,事件视界望远镜(Event Horizon Telescope,EHT)[1]发布了人类历史上第一张真实的黑洞照片.此次EHT观测集合了横跨四大洲的8台射电天文望远镜(包括JCMT(James Clerk Maxwell Telescope)等6台单天线望远镜和SMA(Submillimeter Array)与ALMA(Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array)两台干涉阵),观测波段在1.3 mm(即230 GHz频率).基于甚长基线干涉阵(very long baseline interferometer,VLBI)技术形成了一个口径相当于     

用于空间VLBI技术的Doppler频移计算模型

1引言VLBI技术的观测精度依赖于观测站所能获得的时间频率的精度。对于地面VLBI技术,每个观测站都配备有独立的氢钟作为观测和数据记录的时间频率标准。目前氢钟精度已达到10~(-15),能满足地面VLBI的要求。对于空间VLBI,由于技术实现上的困难,无法在空间站上配备氢钟并维持它的高精度运行。所以,目前国际上已在实施的两个空间VLBI计划(RADIOASTRON,VSOP),其空间站所需的时频标准都将由地面跟踪站来提供。由于     

利用1983年7月—1985年8月期间的激光测月资料测定地球自转参数

在国际地球自转联测期间,美国McDonMd天文台用76cm的激光测月系统(MLRS)代替了2.7m望远镜上的测月系统,因此所获得的观测数据不多.为此国际地球自转联测工作组又在1985年5—7月期间组织了一次VLBI,SLR,和LLR三种新技术的加强观测,以便相互     

VLBI 应用于GEO 导航卫星的测定轨

我国区域卫星导航定位系统的星座设计包括了5 颗或更多地球同步卫星, GEO 卫星相对于地面测站的运动较小, 且由于需要维持轨位而必须较频繁地机动轨道, 这两个特点对GEO 导航卫星的精密定轨都提出了新的挑战. 目前已有采用C 波段转发式测距和L 波段直发式伪距测量实现GEO 卫星精密定轨的成功实践. 本文将在探月工程“嫦娥一号”和“嫦娥二号”测定轨中发挥重要作用的VLBI 技术应用于GEO 卫星测定轨, 介绍了VLBI 的测定轨原理和系统差校正方法, VLBI 测量主要约束了GEO 卫星的南北和东西位置分量. 中国VLBI 网(CVN)对某GEO 导航卫星进行了24 h 观测试验, 本文综合利用VLBI 测轨数据和C 波段转发式测距数据进行定轨分析, VLBI 时延测量精度约3.6 ns, 时延率约0.4 ps/s. 分析表明, VLBI 数据提供了对测距数据系统差的标定, 而综合两种类型数据联合定轨可以显著提高卫星机动后轨道快速恢复定轨预报精度.     

欧洲南方天文台(ESO)发布首张黑洞照片

<正>2019年4月10日,欧洲南方天文台(ESO)召开全球新闻发布会,事件视界望远镜(Event Horizon Telescope,EHT)研究人员发布了世界首张黑洞照片。发布会通过英语、汉语、西班牙语和日语,在布鲁塞尔、圣地亚哥、上海、台北、东京和华盛顿6个城市同步举行。EHT合作涉及来自非洲、亚洲、欧洲、北美洲和南美洲的200多名研究人员。EHT观测使用了甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)     

追踪γ射线暴

机器人虽然还无法从事世俗的工作———如修剪草坪或者洗袜子———但它们却可以向你展现宇宙中的壮观景象。天文学家已经把程控望远镜用于巡天 ,借此来寻找来自深空的、短暂而巨大的高能爆发———γ射线暴 (以下简称γ暴 )。在经历了几年的努力之后 ,现在这些程控望远镜带来了惊人的结果。去年晚些时候 ,一颗X射线卫星向互联网预警系统发布了两个γ暴的位置。在几分钟内 ,地面上的程控望远镜就对准了这两个目标 ,并且拍摄到了低能光学波段的余辉照片。这两次观测向我们展示了惊人的结果 ,一个不同寻常的长时间爆发和一个极为短暂的爆发。…     

液体望远镜

望远镜能让人们的目光穿越浩瀚的天空,探索到宇宙的奥秘。世界上第一架望远镜是17世纪初由伽利略发明的,由一面凹透镜和一面凸透镜组成,当时只能把物体放大3倍,改进后也只能放大到30倍。后来,开普勒又发明了一种由两块凸透镜组成的望远镜。这两种望远镜都是利用光折射原理成像,经常会有不可避免的“失真”现象。为此,牛顿利用光反射原理,用凹面镜聚光,再使光线通过凸透镜成像,从而发明了反射式望远镜。     

邹伯奇的猜测——太阳系中哪几个行星有环?

三百六十多年前,伽利略用望远镜观察土星时,意外发现土星好象是三颗星并列着,中间的大,两边的小,象是两个“伴侣”。他在给刻卜勒的一封信中,把这种现象叫做“三重星”。但是,过几天再观察时,两个“伴侣”逐渐“消失”了,因此伽利略曾怀疑自己所见的真实性。过了半个世纪,到1659年,才由惠更斯揭开了这个谜。他用比伽利略望远镜放大倍率更高的望远镜终于查明:伽利略所看到的现象,不是什么“三重星”,而是在土星赤道外有个很宽又很薄的环带,由于土星赤道面和黄道面有倾     

Exceptionally preserved brachiopods from the Chengjiang Lagerst（a｜¨）tte（Yunnan,China）：Perspectives on the Cambrian explosion of metazoans

The Cambrian explosion was coined to describe the geologically sudden appearance of numerous bilaterian body plans（Phyla）around the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition,around 565-520million years ago.Many explanations and conjectures have been postulated in order to explain the pattern and duration of this explosive radiation of many different phyla of early metazoans.Here,we focus on the evolution of a phylum of marine suspension-feeding animals—the brachiopods,as exemplified by the exceptionally preserved taxa from the celebrated Chengjiang Konservat Lagerst（a｜¨）tte（Yunnan,China）.The abundant soft-bodied preservation at these fossil quarries gives us the only firm insights into what brachiopods looked like and how they functioned and lived when they first appeared on the Earth.Studies of Chengjiang brachiopods demonstrate that the early animals developed a remarkably varied organization of tissues and organs shortly after the onset of Cambrian explosion.In the marine suspension-feeding brachiopods,most importantly the tentaculate feeding structure of early brachiopods is already differentiated into two shapes of lophophore,anteriorly coiled（spiralled）and posteriorly arching tentacle crowns and the unique latter type was previously not documented from fossil and living brachiopods.Also unlike any known Recent brachiopod,all the known Cambrian brachiopods from Chengjiang have an open digestive tract that was disposed either as a Ushaped gut in linguliform and stem group brachiopods,or straight gut with a posterior anus in some calcareous-shelled stocks.Moreover,in contrast toliving lingulids,all the Cambrian brachiopods have an epibenthic lifestyle either cemented by a ventral valve or attached by variable pedicles to establish complex ecological community encompassing primary tierers and variable secondary tierers.It is therefore assumed that brachiopods were the first benthic metazoan that achieved their success in ecological stratification and tiering complexity by late Atdabanian.The setae are also important for the brachiopod suspension-feeding life style,and in the Chengjiang braehiopods they include two types cilia-like and spine-like setae.The mantle canals of different braehiopod species are also distinctly variable in arrangement,mainly disposed in pinnate,baeulate and peripheral conditions.Of these,the peripheral disposition of mantle canals is for the first time proposed here so as to differentiate from the bifurcate condition in recent lingulids in that the former is devoid of posteriorly extending main trunks of sinus,but possesses a diverging dorsal vascula media in dichotomy.     

Transport phenomena for a spherical particle in pure extensional and simple shear flows

Particles （including solid particles, liq- uid drops and gas bubbles） are ubiquitous in a large number of natural processes as well as in in- dustrial productions. Their behaviors are of funda- mental importance in multiphase systems since the existence of such dispersed particles influences the momentum, mass and heat transport behaviors in these systems. Up to now, a vast body of litera- ture has been published in dealing with the trans- port phenomena related to a particle surrounded by a fluid under various physical circumstances. In this paper, principal research results for the trans- port process of a single spherical particle in pure extensional and simple shear flows presented in the literature, including our recent work, are generally reviewed in order to give a comprehensive knowl- edge in this area.     

Metal oxide/graphene composite anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Metal oxides, such as SnO2, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoO, Co3O4, NiO, CuO, Cu2O, MnO, Mn3O4, MnO2. etc. , are promising anode materi- als for lithium-ion batteries （LIBs） due to their high capacity and safety characteristics. However, the commercial utility of metal oxide anodes has been hindered to date by their poor cycling per- formance. Recent study shows that metal oxide/ graphene composites show fascinating cycling per- formance as anode materials for lABs. In this re- view, we summarize the state of research on prepa- ration of metal oxide/graphene composites and their I.i storage performance. The prospects and future challenges of metal oxide/graphene compos- ites anode materials for lABs are also discussed.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林8个常见树种粗根生物量

森林粗根生物量是森林生态系统生物量的重要组成部分, 然而对其研究较少, 尤其在亚热带常绿阔叶林区, 这制约了我国森林生态系统碳储量的准确评估. 基于全挖法测定了中亚热带典型常绿阔叶林区8个常见树种175棵样木的粗根生物量. 这8个树种分别为丝栗栲(Castanopsis fargesii)、苦槠栲(Castanopsis sclerophylla)、木荷(Schima superba)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、檫木(Sassafras tzumu)和拟赤杨(Alniphyllum fortunei). 通过建立根系直径与根系生物量回归方程来估算断根后留在土中的根系生物量, 采用胸径和树高作为预测变量对这8个树种及所有样木混合分别构建粗根生物量异速生长方程. 结果表明, 8个树种的根系直径与根系生物量存在极显著的幂函数关系(P<0.001), 这为完整估算根生物量提供了依据. 采用胸径、树高及胸径与树高组合作为预测变量所建立的粗根生物量异速生长方程都达到了极显著水平(P<0.001), 但仅以胸径作为预测变量构建的方程较仅以树高构建的方程具有更高的拟合度. 在胸径的基础上引入树高作为预测变量并没有明显提高方程的拟合度.     

合并类综合大学中师范教育的现状及发展

文章主要对合并类综合大学办师范教育与传统师范大学办师范教育的优势、不足进行了比较，并就其进一步发展策略提出了自己的建议。     

白血病发病原理研究：“多次打击”学说

白血病是一种基因组发生动态变化的造血干/祖细胞疾病,染色体易位和/或基因突变是常见的遗传学异常。近来,研究提示白血病的发生多遵循“多次打击”模式。在慢性粒细胞白血病中,GATA-2突变可能与BCR-ABL共同作用导致“急变”;在M2b型急性髓性白血病中,C-KIT突变可能是在AML-ETO基础上的再次遗传学异常;在TEL-AML1相关的儿童急性淋病细胞白血病中,正常TEL基因丢失作为第二次打击而致病。作者以上述三种白血病为例,阐述其发病原理以及靶向治疗研究所取得的进展。     

Kaposi＇s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Towards better understanding of its latency and pathogenesis

Kaposi＇s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus （KSHV） is a double stranded DNA virus. It was found to be related to Kaposi＇s sarcoma （KS）, primary effusion lymphoma （PEL） and multicentric Castleman＇s disease （MCD）, which cause severe illness in AIDS patients. As a member of human herpesvirus family, KSHV displays two distinct phases in its life cycle, the default latent and lytic replication phase. Following primary infection, the virus can quickly establish latent infection in the host. However, it is still not fully understood up to date how KSHV establishes and maintains viral latency in the host cells. KSHV mainly infects endothelial cells in the host, promoting proliferation and angiogenesis. Abundant angiogenesis is the key feature of KS and is the critical factor for KS progression. The mechanism of KSHV mediated pathogenesis is also largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the mecha- nisms of KSHV latency and pathogenesis, with particular views from our work.     

Research and applications of novel jet techniques in well drilling,completion and fracturing

Oil and gas have long been regarded as key elements for any industrialized country. China＇s economy and social security are largely dependent on oil and gas exploration and development. Nowadays, a great deal of attention has been paid to various ways of efficiently developing oil and gas reserves. This paper presents an overview of research and applications of novel jet techniques in well-drilling, well-com- pletion and fracturing. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, through years of effort, significant achievements have been made in this area. Not only has the systematic theory of novel jetting been established, but also its application has been proved practical in petroleum engineering. This paper focuses on the topics of the self-resonating cavitating jet, the abrasive water jet, and the supercritical CO2 jet, in respect of theories, applications and prospects.