Bt/CpTI抗虫转基因水稻及其非转基因亲本与普通野生稻杂种F2群体的等位基因偏态分离

了解水稻转基因是否影响野生稻基因传递的频率,对于评价转基因逃逸及其生态影响有重要意义.本研究构建了不含转基因和含转基因的栽培稻与普通野生稻杂种F2群体,利用分子标记检测了F2群体各位点的基因型和基因频率.以连续卡方分析了F2群体相关位点的基因型和基因频率观察值是否符合理论分离比,同时对各位点进行了连锁不平衡分析,并对实验群体所需的最小样本量进行理论探索.结果表明两个F2群体分别有25.93%与33.33%的位点出现了显著的非随机分离,非转基因与转基因F2群体分别在偏态分离位点数与偏离亲本方向上出现一定差异,并观察到连锁不平衡位点.实验个体数应不少于280个才能保证实验结果准确.外源转基因在杂种后代群体中会因为选择而影响基因分离,进而影响杂种群体的进化潜力.     

青藏高原东部高寒草甸十字花科植物种子的休眠

实验以青藏高原东部高寒草甸19种十字花科植物种子作为材料,研究温度、生境、海拔对种子休眠的影响.结果表明:双果荠属休眠率最高,为97.3%;芝麻菜属休眠率最低且萌发开始时间和达到50%萌发率所需时间最短,均为2.6d.各温度下种子休眠率差异不明显,10℃下所有种子的平均休眠率略高,为64.9%;25℃下平均休眠率略低,为49.0%.温度对种子萌发时间影响极显著,相对高温下种子萌发开始时间和达到50%萌发率所需时间较短;海拔显著影响种子的休眠率,平均休眠率随海拔升高而增加,采自相对高海拔下的种子平均休眠率为低海拔下种子的7.1倍,但各海拔梯度下的萌发时间差异不显著;生境对种子平均休眠率的影响显著,采自滩地的物种休眠率相对较高、萌发开始时间和达到50%萌发率所需时间较长.     

枳椇种子休眠原因及解除方法

从枳椇种子的种皮结构和透性、离体胚萌发等方面开展种子休眠原因的研究,同时采取低温层积、浓硫酸处理、机械处理等方法研究枳椇种子休眠解除技术。结果表明:枳椇种子种皮结构致密,透水性差是抑制种子萌发的主要原因,种子休眠类型为物理休眠(PY)。低温层积75 d枳椇种子的发芽率达到72%,层积90 d种子发芽率达到76%,且发芽速度更快; 浓硫酸处理5～25 min,种子发芽率在76%～81%,各处理种子的发芽率没有差异,但浓硫酸处理30 min对种子明显产生伤害,发芽率仅为64%; 切除部分种皮的种子在置床后4 d开始萌发,发芽速度与层积90 d的发芽速度一致,置床16 d后萌发结束,发芽率为80%; 擦伤种子表面的种子置床后6 d开始萌发,发芽率为73%。     

钟萼木种子贮藏与休眠解除技术的研究

通过对新采集的钟萼木种子进行各种处理后进行发芽试验,结果表明,钟萼木种胚、内种皮及胚乳内均含抑制物质且可引起种子休眠,但引起种子休眠的主要原因是种子内缺乏萌发促进物质和酶活性低所致。用ABT生根粉溶液浸种24h或低温(5℃)层积60d,可解除种子休眠,萌发率由28%可提高到80—90%。低温层积后适宜的萌发温度为30℃、25℃和20℃,其次是变量条件(昼30℃,夜20℃),将种子置于聚乙烯薄膜袋内低温(5℃)干藏85d,也可解除休眠,低温干藏85d后再层积20d,解除休眠的效果最佳,如此处理置床后第5d即开始发芽,15d完成萌发过程,萌发率达85%。     

复羽叶栾树植冠种子库种子活力变化机制

【目的】探明植冠种子库中种子活力变化的生理生态机制，准确认识植冠种子库的生态意义。【方法】以复羽叶栾树(Koelreuteria bipinnata)植冠种子库为研究对象，在果实进入成熟期后每隔一定时间从植冠种子库中采集种子，分别进行萌发测试，种子干质量、含水量、浸出液电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量测定，以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)等4种主要抗氧化酶活性的测定，并对种子萌发率和各生理指标进行相关性分析。【结果】在研究期内，复羽叶栾树植冠种子库中的种子先后经历了生理成熟、成熟脱水、休眠诱导和休眠解除4个生理时期；各生理时期的种子总体上在模拟的秋季变温条件下萌发最好，其次为春季变温，再次为夏季变温；完成成熟脱水的种子在植冠种子库中宿存期间始终保持着高活力水平；4种抗氧化酶的活性与模拟的春、夏、秋季节变温条件下的萌发率间具有显著或极显著的正相关性，且均随着种子休眠的诱导而下降，随着种子休眠的解除而升高，表明抗氧化酶在植冠种子库中种子活力的获得和保持中起着重要的积极作用，并证实了种子休眠与萌发的“胚胁迫学说”。【...     

温度、PEG处理和盐胁迫对小车前种子萌发的影响

本研究旨在探讨短命植物小车前(Plantago minuta Pall.)种子的休眠特性及其对温度、干旱和盐胁迫等因子的响应特点.在10、15、20、25和30℃的不同恒温条件以及每日15、25℃各12h的变温条件下,新鲜的小车前种子萌发率较低,其最高萌发率为15％.在经60d的干藏后,种子休眠被解除;已解除休眠的种子...     

美国桂花种子休眠原因的分析

通过对美国桂花种子的形态解剖、种皮结构电镜观察、种子透水性的测定及种子各组成部分抑制物的生物鉴定等试验,分析了美国桂花种子的休眠原因。结果表明:(1)美国桂花种子木质化种壳对种子的吸水透性有一定的阻碍作用,但不是引起种子休眠的主要原因;(2)美国桂花种子的胚没有休眠,离体胚在光照培养7 d开始萌动;(3)胚乳被严密包裹的机械作用使胚无法获得萌发所必需的水分和氧气,这可能是导致种子休眠的最主要的原因。     

铁核桃Juglanssigillata种子萌发的影响因素研究

以铁核桃自然授粉的种子为试材,研究了贮藏方式、浸种时间、发芽床、基因型及坚果质量对种子萌发的影 响.结果表明:铁核桃种子具有休眠特性,种子经脱水贮藏,4℃低温、层积沙藏、冬季室温贮藏均可满足铁核桃种 子萌发的低温需求,6-BA可代替低温打破铁核桃种子休眠.铁核桃种子播后17d左右露白,50d为其发芽高峰 期;种子的形态结构及内含物差异对种子的最终发芽率及幼苗生长影响不大.播种基质和浸种时间对铁核桃种子 萌发均有显著影响,铁核桃种子最佳浸种时间为7d~11d,浸种后催芽或播种基质以细沙为宜,珍稀材料或种子 量少的品种可采用培养基播种.该研究结果为铁核桃育苗技术体系的建立奠定了基础.     

黄山花楸种子休眠解除技术及其解剖学观察

采用赤霉素、浓硫酸、氢氧化钠、低温层积、机械划伤种皮等处理方法进行解除黄山花楸种子休眠试验,并对种子休眠解除过程中超微结构变化进行电镜观察与分析。结果表明:种皮划伤处理和低温层积75～90 d种子萌发率均可达90 ％以上,是打破黄山花楸种子休眠的有效途径;赤霉素浸种后低温层积处理也可打破种子休眠,但赤霉素各种浓度处理效果均不如直接层积的处理效果;其他处理未能解除黄山花楸种子休眠。层积处理过程中种子表皮扫描电镜和子叶细胞透射电镜观察显示,黄山花楸种子萌发率和休眠解除效果与种皮角质层破裂解体、子叶细胞结构变化及储藏物质降解程度密切相关。     

‘博采’(F_1)番茄杂种优势的早期生理预测研究

观测了新育成番茄组合‘博采’F1代及其亲本种子活力等生理指标,并以此作杂种优势的早期预测,同时研究了种子萌发过程中吸水量和呼吸速率的动态变化.结果表明:‘博采’F1代在室内的简化活力指数和活力指数等重要指标有明显超亲优势,而反交 F1代 (JD02×JD01) 杂种优势不明显,此结果与田间生产性能表现一致,故运用种子活力测定可作番茄杂种优势的早期预测.在采种和贮藏条件一致的条件下种子活力差异主要反映了基因型的差异,活力优势品种种子吸水较快、呼吸代谢强度较高、种胚生长旺盛.     

野栽杂交花培育种探讨

采用花药培养技术对普通野生稻白叶枯病广谱抗源RBB16与水稻品种垦系3号等一批杂交后代进行花培育种。接种花药79080个,平均愈伤组织诱导率7.94％,绿苗分化率15.08％,从获得一批野栽杂交后代的花培绿苗中选育出T209-1、14-5两个高产、或高抗白叶枯病的稳定新品系。研究表明野栽杂交花培育种技术是克服野栽杂交后代稳定难,育种周期长与加速野生稻资源利用的有效途径。     

Identification and mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling cold-tolerance of Chinese common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.) at booting to flowering stages

Cold injury is an important limitation of rice production. Therefore, screening for cold-tolerant genetic resources and the development of highly cold-tolerant cultivars is crucial for higher yield potential and stable yield of rice. There have been several reports on the genetic analysis and QTL mapping of the cold-tolerance at the booting stage. Toriyama et al.[1,2] and Futsuhara et al.[3,4] reported that 4 or more genes were involved in the cold-tolerance. Several QTLs at the booting sta…     

Identification and mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling cold-tolerance of Chinese common with rice （O.rufipogon Griff.） at booting to flowering stages

An advanced backcross population of rice was used to identify the quantitative trait locus(QTL) controlling the cold-tolerance at booting to flowering stages.The recipient,Guichao 2(GC2),was a commercial Indica rice;the donor Dongxiang common wild rice,was an accession of common wild rice(DXCWR,Oryza rufipogon Griff.).Three QTLs for cold-tolerance were detected on chromosomes 1,6 and 11.Two of them coming from DXCWR could enhance the cold-tolerance of the backcross progenies.Moreover,one sterility QTL that could reduce the seed set rate of the backcross progenies by 78% was mapped on chromosome5.     

外源植酸酶对杂交水稻种子萌发的影响

以杂交水稻两优288为材料,用外源植酸酶处理种子,测定萌发后种子中α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量、植酸酶活性.结果表明,种子由休眠转入萌发状态的过程中,经过植酸酶处理后的种子较对照组,α-淀粉酶活性增强,可溶性糖含量剧增,新陈代谢活跃,但随着萌发时间的延续,α-淀粉酶活性减弱,可溶性糖含量有所降低,而外源植酸酶处理过的种子α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量以及内源植酸酶活性高峰期较对照的早,且持续时间长.说明植酸酶在杂交水稻种子萌发过程中起着重要作用.     

Limited ecological risk of insect-resistance transgene flow from cultivated rice to its wild ancestor based on life-cycle fitness assessment

Ecological impact caused by transgene flow from genetically engineered (GE) crops to their wild relatives is largely determined by the fitness effect brought by a transgene. To estimate such impact is critical for the ecological risk assessment prior to the commercialization of GE crops. We produced F₁ and F₂ hybrid descendants from crosses of two insect-resistant GE rice lines (Bt, Bt/CpTI) and their non-GE rice parent with a wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) population to estimate the transgenic fitness. Insect damages and life-cycle fitness of GE and non-GE crop–wild hybrid descendants as well as their wild parent were examined in a common-garden experiment. No significant differences in insect damages were observed between the wild rice parent and GE hybrid descendants under high-insect pressure. The wild parent showed significantly greater relative survival-regeneration ratios than its GE and non-GE hybrid descendants under both high- and low-insect pressure. However, more seeds were produced in GE hybrid descendants than their non-GE counterparts under high-insect pressure. Given that the introduction of Bt and Bt/CpTI transgenes did not provide greater insect resistance to crop–wild hybrid descendants than their wild parent, we predict that transgene flow from GE insect-resistant rice to wild rice populations may not cause considerable ecological risks.

     

外源基因（bar）在转基因燕麦（AvenasativaL.）后代中的遗传与表达

通过微弹轰击获得的含有ｂａｒ基因的转基因燕麦植株自交产生转基因后代。利用ＰＣＲ方法检测ｂａｒ基因在后代中的传递情况。     

Efficient selection of homozygous lines of hybrid rice restorer with the transgeneXa21 using test cross and PCR

The homozygous restorer lines with a single copy of the transgene Xa21 have been obtained from the progenies of transgenic Minghui63 and Yanhui559 plants through PCR marker-assisted selection and test cross. These homozygous transgenic restorer lines can be used to breed hybrid rice with high resistance to bacterial leaf blight.     

脱落酸、赤霉素和乙烯对种子休眠的萌发和调控

种子是种子植物所特有的延存器官，其休眠和萌发是植物体重要的生命活动之一．近年来在理解种子成熟、休眠和萌发的遗传学基础和生理方面已经取得了较大的进步．植物激素作为植物体内的痕量信号分子，通过激素间的相互作用和激素对环境的应答共同调控种子的休眠和萌发、本文主要综述脱落酸、赤霉素、乙烯在种子休眠和萌发中的作用及它们之间的相互作用对种子休眠和萌发的调控．     

Production of bacterial blight resistant lines from somatic hybridization between Oryza sativa L. and Oryza meyeriana L

Novel bacterial blight (BB) resistance gene(s) for rice was (were) introduced into a cultivated japonica rice variety Oryza sativa (cv. 8411), via somatic hybridization using the wild rice Oryza meyeriana as the donor of the resistance gene(s). Twenty-nine progenies of somatically hybridized plants were obtained. Seven somatically hybridized plants and their parents were used for AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis using 8 primer pairs. Results confirmed that these plants were somatic hybrids containing the characteristic bands of both parents. The morphology of the regenerated rice showed characters of both O.sativa and O.meyeriana. Two somatic hybrids showed highest BB resistance and the other 8 plants showed moderate resistance. The new germplasms with highest resistance have been used in the rice breeding program for the improvement of bacterial blight resistance.