中国稻种资源中新抗白叶枯病基因的发掘

为防治水稻白叶枯病这种严重的细菌性病害,充分利用中国丰富的水稻遗传资源,以求发掘出新的抗性强且广谱的抗病基因.通过抗谱鉴定和抗病基因的功能性分子标记分析,对100份中国地方稻种进行了白叶枯病抗性鉴定.结果显示:筛选到1个抗性强、抗谱广的抗病品种水原300粒,其对强毒性小种PXO99表现抗病,其抗谱与分子标记检测与已知的抗白叶枯病基因不同.这些结果表明,水原300粒含有新的抗病基因,具有重要的育种应用潜力.     

黑子南瓜中STK类抗病基因同源序列的克隆及序列分析

 黑子南瓜是一种具有较强抗病性的葫芦科植物,依据所克隆的植物丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶类抗病基因中的保守氨基酸序列合成相应的简并引物,从黑子南瓜基因组DNA中通过PCR克隆到了一些STK类的R-片段,经相关软件分析发现其中之一可以编码完整的氨基酸序列,可能来源于黑子南瓜中某个抗病或抗病相关基因.该基因片段与来源于其他已知基因的相应序列比较发现同源性都比较低,属于一个新的STK类R-片段家族成员.从黑子南瓜中克隆STK类片段,将为进一步从该植物材料中获得STK类抗病基因提供新线索.     

水稻白叶枯病菌致病相关基因筛选系统的建立

水稻白叶枯病菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae是水稻生产中最严重的细菌性病害之一。本研究采用Tn5转座子随机插入突变的方法构建水稻白叶枯病菌广西菌株K74的突变体库,Southern杂交显示Tn5随机单拷贝插入基因组。通过水稻致病性检测试验,目前获得15个致病力降低50%以上的突变体,为定位Tn5插入突变基因,经质粒拯救、测序、序列分析后发现:4个突变基因为gum基因簇基因,5个为LPS基因簇基因,2个为metB基因,1个为hrpB1基因,2个是与糖合成转移酶相关基因,1个为编码假定蛋白的基因。其中14个突变基因是已知的与致病相关的基因。实验结果表明本研究成功建立了一个筛选水稻白叶枯病菌致病相关基因的系统,为进一步研究水稻白叶枯病致病相关基因,阐明该病的致病机理奠定基础。     

水稻全基因组磷脂酶家族蛋白筛选及其生物信息学分析

利用已鉴定磷脂酶基因同源筛选的方法对水稻全基因组范围的磷脂酶基因进行鉴定与筛选,有助于研究其家族基因的各种功能.通过对水稻全基因组进行分析,筛选鉴定磷脂酶家族成员,并对编码蛋白的跨膜区、等电点、分子量等理化性质以及进化、基因组定位、表达特征进行生物信息分析.结果表明：水稻磷脂酶家族基因分为3个亚组,亚组内基因表现出明显相似的结构及进化特征,且磷脂酶家族基因编码蛋白具有相同的3个保守基序,染色体上的磷脂酶家族基因表现出了明显的不均衡性,磷脂酶家族大部分基因表达量偏低,部分表现出了组织表达偏好性,少部分基因在水稻各个组织或生育阶段表达量比较高,可能同水稻发育相关.     

水稻白叶枯病菌hrp调节基因hrpG的鉴定及其变异分析

根据水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xooc)hrp基因的序列设计引物,通过PCR方法从水稻白叶枯病菌JXOⅢ和PXO99A菌株中扩增得到核苷酸序列完全一致的hrpG基因.以该基因为探针与JXOⅢ/pUFR034基因组文库中含有hrpX克隆pUHRX245(36.8 kb)的4个亚克隆进行southern blot分子杂交,确定在亚克隆pB1中1.3 kb大小的片段和AE4(3.0 kb)片段中存在hrpG同源序列.测序结果表明,在pB1中有586个碱基序列,在AE4中有206个碱基,共同构成完整的hrpG基因,且与已知的hrpX基因是毗邻的.以同样方法从水稻白叶枯病菌PXO99A菌株的hrp-突变体M16中扩增得到hrpG基因对应位置的同源突变序列.序列分析表明其有意义突变为541位的C→T的突变,从而导致亮氨酸变为苯丙氨酸(Leu→Phe).将hrpG基因和突变序列分别导入突变体M16中,转移结合子M16/hrpG(PXO99A)恢复了其在烟草上的过敏反应和在水稻上的致病性,而突变序列的结合子M16/hrpG(M16)则不能使其恢复功能,从而确定M16是由于单个碱基的突变所引起的功能突变.经过对基因及其产物的比对发现,对于第Ⅱ组hrp调节基因hrpG的变异,种间变化明显高于种内不同致病变种的变化.     

用RT-PCR技术研究水稻中抗病基因同源序列DFR-1、OsMlo-1所在基因的功能

DFR-1、OsMlo-1分别是最近从水稻中克隆的玉米Hml和大麦中Mlo抗病基因同源序列，这两个序列与两个已报道的水稻抗稻瘟病数量性状位点（QTLs）有较好的对应关系，表明它们所在的基因可能参与抗病反应，为了进一步研究水稻DFR-1、OsMlo-1所在基因的功能，在DFR-1、OsMlo-1假定的外显子上设计引物，通过RT-PCR技术，研究在接种白叶枯病（Xanthomanas oryza pv oryzae）菌株PX099以及接种稻瘟病（Magnoparthe grisea）菌株V86013前后，水稻品种IRBB13和水稻品种明恢63中DFR-1、OsMlo-1所在基因的表达．结果表明：在接种白叶枯病菌株PX099的水稻品种IRBBl3中与DFR-1对应的基因是诱导增强的；在接种稻瘟病菌株V86013的水稻品种明恢63中与DFR-1、OsMlo-1对应的基因是诱导增强的，进一步表明DFR-1、OsMlo-1所在的基因可能参与水稻抗病反应。     

稻瘟病抗性基因 Pi63 启动子4 个构建体的表达及抗性分析

利用农杆菌介导法获得带有不同长度启动子区域的稻瘟病抗性基因Pi63全长基因的转基因水稻,并采用实时荧光定量PCR方法鉴定了T1代阳性植株的基因拷贝数,进一步测定了单拷贝转基因植株在接种稻瘟病菌前后Pi63基因的表达量变化.结果表明:接种后4个分别带有不同长度启动子的Pi63转基因植物T1代中Pi63基因的表达量均升高,其抗病相关的顺式作用元件处于P1与P2中间的区域,P0到P1的区域存在负调控元件.此结果可为进一步揭示水稻稻瘟病抗性基因Pi63的分子机理奠定基础.     

转Bt/CpTI基因水稻知识产权调查报告

水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一.自1988年首次获得转基因水稻以来,水稻转基因技术已获得突飞猛进的发展,在抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、抗逆和改良稻米品质转基因等研究方面皆有长足进步.转基因水稻研发中涉及许多专利问题.本文以转Bt基因水稻、转CpTI基因水稻和转Bt/CpTI双价基因水稻为研究对象,对研究中所涉及的知识产权问题进行了调查.结果表明,我国在转基因水稻研究中的大多数材料和技术含有国外机构所持有的专利.本文对产生的原因和可能存在的问题进行了讨论,并对解决方式提出了建议.     

SO2对大鼠肺基因组表达谱的影响——环境表达不稳定基因组存在的证据

采用A ffym etrix的基因芯片(RAE 230A)研究了SO2短期(56 m g/m3,6 h/day,for 7 days)及长期(14 m g/m3,1 h/day,for 30 days)吸入后对大鼠肺基因表达谱改变的影响.结果表明,与其相应的对照组相比,SO2短期吸入后表达上调的基因有31个,其中包括18个已知基因和13个新基因,而表达下调的基因有30个,其中包括19个已知基因和11个新基因;SO2长期吸入后表达上调的基因有173个,其中包括79个已知基因和94个新基因,而表达下调的基因有85个,其中包括46个已知基因和39个新基因.由此结论:1)高剂量短期吸入与低剂量长期吸入SO2在体内的作用机理不同;2)短期吸入SO2的大鼠肺基因表达谱与其对照组相比,氧化磷酸化相关的一些基因发生了变化,这表明高剂量短期吸入SO2可能导致线粒体功能的恶化;3)长期吸入SO2的大鼠肺基因表达谱与其对照组相比,表达有差异的基因涉及到脂肪酸代谢、免疫、炎症、氧化应激、原癌基因、肿瘤抑制基因和细胞外基质等,表明低剂量长期吸入SO2在体内的机理要更为复杂.本研究证明,在基因组中存在一些基因,它们的表达对环境污染物很敏感,可被称为环境表达不稳定基因组.     

水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi-ta与Pi-ta2之间的关系

该研究以含抗稻瘟病基因pi-ta和pi-ta2的水稻品种Katy和Kaybonnet为供体亲本的4个F2群体(含2516个单株)为材料,利用已建立的pi-ta显性标记与pi-ta2微卫星标记进行分子检测,结果发现,所有含pi-ta基因的单株都具有pi-ta2,不含pi-ta基因的单株也无pi-ta2,这表明,这两个基因紧密连锁或等位;稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)人工接种试验发现所有抗病单株都含pi-ta基因,而感病单株则无.由此表明,在含2516个单株的F2群体中没有发生抗病基因的重组,这进一步验证这两个抗病基因等位或紧密连锁.     

Genome-wide identification of R genes and exploitation of candidate RGA markers in rice

By scanning the whole genomic sequence of japonica rice using 45 known plant disease resistance (R) genes, we identified 2119 resistance gene homologs or analogs (RGAs) and verified that RGAs are not randomly distributed but tend to cluster in the rice genome. The RGAs were classified into 21 families according to their functional domain based on Hidden Markov model (HMM). By comparing the RGAs of japonica rice with the whole genomlc sequence of indica rice, we found 702 RGAs allelic between the two subspecies and revealed that 671 (95.6%) of them have length difference (InDels) in their genomic sequences (including coding and non-coding regions) between the two subspecies, suggesting that RGAs are highly polymorphic between the two subspecies in rice. We also exploited 402 PCR-based and co-dominant candidate RGA markers by designing primer pairs on the regions flanking the lnDels and validating them via e-PCR. The length differences of the candidate RGA markers between the two subspecies are from 1 to 742 hp, with an average of 10.26 hp. All related information of the RGAs is available from our web site(http://ibi.zju.edu.cn/RGAs/index.html).     

Analysis of rice blast resistance genes by QTL mapping

Resistance to rice blast pathogen mostly shows a quantitative trait controlled by several minor genes. Its complexity and the mutable characteristic of rice blast isolates both hinder the development of the blast resistance research. The article here tried to explore the resistance gene distribution on rice chromosomes and the way of function. Totally 124 QTLs have been identified against 20 isolates using Cartographer software with a ZYQ8/JX17 DH population, which separately are at 100 loci of 72 marker intervals on 12 rice chromosomes. Of them, 16 QTLs were determined by the isolate HB-97-36-1. 82 QTLs (66.13%) are from the resistant parent alleles, ZYQ8, while 42 QTLs (33.87%) are from the susceptible parent alleles, JX17. In comparison of their positions on chromosome, most QTLs are clustered together and distributed nearby the major genes especially the regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 10 and 12. Each QTL could account for the resistance variation between 3~2%-68.64%. And, a positional QTL might display the resistance to several different isolates with different contributions.     

水稻抗条纹叶枯病分子标记在不同品种中的扩增比较

以感水稻条纹叶枯病品种＂日本晴＂、高抗品种＂kasalath＂以及14个目前在我国长三角地区水稻生产中被认为在抵抗条纹叶枯病方面具有较好效果的水稻品种为材料,分析比较了14对分子标记引物扩增16个水稻品种基因组获得的DNA产物.结果显示：在14对分子标记引物中,有8对在扩增感病品种＂日本晴＂和高抗品种＂Kasalath＂水稻基因组时可获得多态性条带.因此推断这8个标记可在以这两个品种为亲本的抗条纹叶枯病选育中使用;并且,本研究结果还将为利用本试验收集的14个水稻品种为亲本的分子标记辅助育种提供重要的背景信息.     

Genome-wide analysis of nucleotide-binding site disease resistance genes in Medicago truncatula

The class of nucleotide-binding site （NBS）- Leucine-rich repeat （LRR） disease resistance genes play an important role in defending plants from a variety of pathogens and insect pests. Consequently, many NBS-LRR genes have been identified in various plant species. In this study, we identified 617 NBS-encoding genes in the Medicago truncatula genome （Mt3.5v5） and divided them into two groups, regular （490） and non-regular （127） NBS- LRR genes. The regular NBS-LRR genes were character- ized on the bases of structural diversity, chromosomal location, gene duplication, conserved protein motifs, and EST expression profiling. According to N-terminal motifs and LRR motifs, the 490 regular NBS-LRR genes were then classified into 10 types： CC-NBS （4）, CC-NBS-LRR （212）, TIR-NBS （20）, TIR-NBS-LRR （160）, TIR-NBS-TIR （1）, TIR-NBS-TIR-LRR （2）, NBS-TIR （7）, NBS-TIR-LRR （1）, NBS （10）, and NBS-LRR （73）. Analysis of the phys- ical location and duplications of the regular NBS-LRR genes revealed that the M. truncatula genome is similar to rice. Interestingly, we found that TIR-type genes are more frequently expressed than non-TIR-type genes in M. trun- catula, whereas the number of non-TIR-type regular NBS- LRR genes was greater than TIR-type genes, suggesting the gene expression was not associated with the total number of NBS-LRR genes. Moreover, we found that the phylogenetic tree supported our division of the regular NBS-LRR genes into two distinct clades （TIR-type and non-TIR-type）, but some of the non-TIR-type lineages contain TIR-type genes. These analyses provide a robust database of NBS-LRR genes in M. truncatula that will facilitate the isolation of new resistance genes and breeding strategies to engineer disease resistance in leguminous crop     

Isolation and characterization of rice lesion mimic mutants from a T-DNA tagged population

A rice ( Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare) T-DNA tagged population consisting of about 7000 individual lines was generated and screened for rice lesion mimic mutants in the T1 generation. Ten lines were found to develop spontaneous lesions in the absence of pathogen infection and displayed distinct lesion phenotypes. These mutants were tentatively designated as lm1 -lm10 (for lesion mimic), respectively. Lesion formation of lm mutants was developmentally regulated, and all the mutants showed stunted growth and reduced fertility. Genetic analysis demonstrated that all the mutations were recessive, and five partially fertile mutants (lm4-lm8) were derived from different loci. Mimic lesions occurring on the leaves of lm mutants resulted from cell death as revealed by trypan blue staining. Six of them ( lm3 -lm8 ) exhibited enhanced resistance to five bacterial blight isolates, indicating their wide-spectrum resistance to this pathogen. These results imply that some lesion mimic mutations of rice might be involved in disease resistance signaling pathways,and that isolation of these mutated genes may be useful for elucidating molecular mechanisms of plant disease resistance. Among the mutants, only one mutant, lm6, was preliminarily shown to cosegregate with the inserted T-DNA in its T1 generation, making it feasible to isolate the gene responsible for the phenotype of this mutant.     

Cytogenetic Mapping of Disease Resistance Genes and Analysis of Their Distribution Features on Chromosomes in Maize

0　IntroductionMaizeisamongthemostintensivelystudiedspeciesingeneticsandoneofagronomicallythemostimportantplants.Therearemanydis easemicrobesandpeststoattackmaize,whichre sultsinlowproductionandbadquality .Withthedevelopmentofverydensegeneticmapconstruc tion ,avarietyoftheimportantdiseaseresistancegenesofmaizeincludingHelminthosporiumtur ciumPassresistancegenesHt1,Htn1andHt2 ,HelminthosporiummaydisNisikresistancegenesRhm1andRhm2 ,maizedwarfmosaicvirusresis tancegeneMdm1,wheatstreakmosaicvi…     

Enhancing rice resistance to fungal pathogens by transformation with cell wall degrading enzyme genes from Trichoderma atroviride

Three genes encoding for fungal cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), ech42, nag70 and gluc78 from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride were inserted into the binary vector pCAMBIA1305.2 singly and in all possible combinations and transformed to rice plants. More than 1800 independently regenerated plantlets in seven different populations (for each of the three genes and each of the four gene combinations) were obtained. The ech42 gene encoding for an endochitinase increased resistance to sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, while the exochitinase-encoding gene, nag70, had lesser effect. The expression level of endochitinase but exochitinase was correlated with disease resistance. Nevertheless, exochitinase enhanced the effect of endochitinase on disease resistance when the two genes co-expressed in transgenics. Resistance to Magnaporthe grisea was found in all kinds of regenerated plants including that with single gluc78. A few lines expressing either ech42 or nag70 gene were immune to the disease. Transgenic plants are being tested to further evaluate disease resistance at field level. This is the first report of multiple of expression of genes encoding CWDEs from Trichoderma atroviride that result in resistance to blast and sheath blight in rice.     

Molecular cloning, chromosomal mapping and expression analysis of disease resistance gene homologues in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Resistance-like sequences have been amplified from first strand cDNA and genomic DNA of rice by PCR using oligonucleotide primers designed from sequence motifs conserved between resistance genes of tobacco andArabidopsis thaliana. 3 PCR clones, designatedOsr1, Osr2 andOsr3 which were 98% identical in nucleotide sequence level, have been found to be significantly homologous to known plant resistance genes and all contained the conserved motifs of NBS-LRR type resistance genes, such as P-loop, kinase2a, kinase3a and transmembrane domain.Southern hybridization revealed that rice resistance gene hornologueswere organized as a cluster in the genome. RFLP mapping using a DH population derived from anindica/japonka cross (Zhaiyeqing 8/Jingxi 17) and an RFLP linkage map assigned two copies ofOsrl and one copy ofOsr3 to the distal position of chromosome 12 where a blast resistance QTL has been mapped previously. Northern blot analysis showed thatOsrl gene was constitutively transcribed in rice leaves, shoots and roots. Further study concerning isolation of full-length cDNAs would be conducive to elucidating the functions of these genes.