Plasmon-assisted transmission of entangled photons

The state of a two-particle system is said to be entangled when its quantum-mechanical wavefunction cannot be factorized into two single-particle wavefunctions. This leads to one of the strongest counter-intuitive features of quantum mechanics, namely non-locality. Experimental realization of quantum entanglement is relatively easy for photons; a starting photon can spontaneously split into a pair of entangled photons inside a nonlinear crystal. Here we investigate the effects of nanostructured metal optical elements on the properties of entangled photons. To this end, we place optically thick metal films perforated with a periodic array of subwavelength holes in the paths of the two entangled photons. Such arrays convert photons into surface-plasmon waves--optically excited compressive charge density waves--which tunnel through the holes before reradiating as photons at the far side. We address the question of whether the entanglement survives such a conversion process. Our coincidence counting measurements show that it does, so demonstrating that the surface plasmons have a true quantum nature. Focusing one of the photon beams on its array reduces the quality of the entanglement. The propagation of the surface plasmons makes the array effectively act as a 'which way' detector.     

Generation of ultraviolet entangled photons in a semiconductor

Entanglement is one of the key features of quantum information and communications technology. The method that has been used most frequently to generate highly entangled pairs of photons is parametric down-conversion. Short-wavelength entangled photons are desirable for generating further entanglement between three or four photons, but it is difficult to use parametric down-conversion to generate suitably energetic entangled photon pairs. One method that is expected to be applicable for the generation of such photons is resonant hyper-parametric scattering (RHPS): a pair of entangled photons is generated in a semiconductor via an electronically resonant third-order nonlinear optical process. Semiconductor-based sources of entangled photons would also be advantageous for practical quantum technologies, but attempts to generate entangled photons in semiconductors have not yet been successful. Here we report experimental evidence for the generation of ultraviolet entangled photon pairs by means of biexciton resonant RHPS in a single crystal of the semiconductor CuCl. We anticipate that our results will open the way to the generation of entangled photons by current injection, analogous to current-driven single photon sources.     

采用偏心铁氧体的宽带E面T结波导环行器

为展宽E面波导结环行器的带宽,同时实现设备的小型化,提出在E面T结波导环行器中非对称放置铁氧体圆盘的方法,同时给出近似计算.利用HFSS9进行仿真,研制了3cm宽带波导环行器.测试结果表明,与以前的E面T结环行器相比,能够在更宽的带宽(9.15~9.85 GHz)内满足实际需求(驻波比<1.2,隔离度>20dB,插入损耗<0.3 dB).     

An efficient scheme for multi-party quantum state sharing via non-maximally entangled states

We present a new scheme for investigating the usefulness of non-maximally entangled states for multi-party quantum state shar-ing in a simple and elegant manner.In our scheme,the sender,Alice shares n various probabilistic channels composed of non-maximally entangled states with n agents in a network.Our protocol involves only Bell-basis measurements,single qubit measurements,and a two-qubit unitary transformation operated by free optional agents.Our scheme is a more convenient realiza-tion because no other multipartite joint measurements are needed.Furthermore,in our scheme various probabilistic channels lessen the requirement for quantum channels,which makes it more practical for physical implementation.     

Experimental demonstration of quantum memory for light

The information carrier of today's communications, a weak pulse of light, is an intrinsically quantum object. As a consequence, complete information about the pulse cannot be perfectly recorded in a classical memory, even in principle. In the field of quantum information, this has led to the long-standing challenge of how to achieve a high-fidelity transfer of an independently prepared quantum state of light onto an atomic quantum state. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a protocol for such a quantum memory based on atomic ensembles. Recording of an externally provided quantum state of light onto the atomic quantum memory is achieved with 70 per cent fidelity, significantly higher than the limit for classical recording. Quantum storage of light is achieved in three steps: first, interaction of the input pulse and an entangling field with spin-polarized caesium atoms; second, subsequent measurement of the transmitted light; and third, feedback onto the atoms using a radio-frequency magnetic pulse conditioned on the measurement result. The density of recorded states is 33 per cent higher than the best classical recording of light onto atoms, with a quantum memory lifetime of up to 4 milliseconds.     

利用部分纠缠的量子信道确定性地实现N→1和1→N的受控量子远程旋转

提出利用部分纠缠的量子信道确定性地实现多个发送者1个接受者和1个发送者多个接受者的受控量子远程旋转方案.首先考虑利用两个(N?M?1)粒子部分纠缠的Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger(GHZ)态确定性地实现N个发送者在M个监控者的控制下确定性地将她们的旋转分别传给远处接受者的操作(N→1).然后考虑在一个(2K?M?1)粒子部分纠缠的Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR)-GHZ态或K个(M+2)粒子部分纠缠的GHZ态辅助下,发送者随意地将她的旋转分为N份(NK)并在M个监控者的控制下确定性地将它们分别传给远处N个接受者的操作(1→N).方案中,量子旋转的发送者或接受者或监控者的正定算符值测量(POVM)起着关键作用,我们给出了它们的数学表式.值得注意的是,用非理想的量子信道可确定性地实现N→1或1→N的量子远程旋转.这些方案可用于量子秘密共享,量子选举等,它们具极强的保密性.     

A single-atom quantum memory

The faithful storage of a quantum bit (qubit) of light is essential for long-distance quantum communication, quantum networking and distributed quantum computing. The required optical quantum memory must be able to receive and recreate the photonic qubit; additionally, it must store an unknown quantum state of light better than any classical device. So far, these two requirements have been met only by ensembles of material particles that store the information in collective excitations. Recent developments, however, have paved the way for an approach in which the information exchange occurs between single quanta of light and matter. This single-particle approach allows the material qubit to be addressed, which has fundamental advantages for realistic implementations. First, it enables a heralding mechanism that signals the successful storage of a photon by means of state detection; this can be used to combat inevitable losses and finite efficiencies. Second, it allows for individual qubit manipulations, opening up avenues for in situ processing of the stored quantum information. Here we demonstrate the most fundamental implementation of such a quantum memory, by mapping arbitrary polarization states of light into and out of a single atom trapped inside an optical cavity. The memory performance is tested with weak coherent pulses and analysed using full quantum process tomography. The average fidelity is measured to be 93%, and low decoherence rates result in qubit coherence times exceeding 180 microseconds. This makes our system a versatile quantum node with excellent prospects for applications in optical quantum gates and quantum repeaters.     

Storage and retrieval of single photons transmitted between remote quantum memories

An elementary quantum network operation involves storing a qubit state in an atomic quantum memory node, and then retrieving and transporting the information through a single photon excitation to a remote quantum memory node for further storage or analysis. Implementations of quantum network operations are thus conditioned on the ability to realize matter-to-light and/or light-to-matter quantum state mappings. Here we report the generation, transmission, storage and retrieval of single quanta using two remote atomic ensembles. A single photon is generated from a cold atomic ensemble at one site , and is directed to another site through 100 metres of optical fibre. The photon is then converted into a single collective atomic excitation using a dark-state polariton approach. After a programmable storage time, the atomic excitation is converted back into a single photon. This is demonstrated experimentally, for a storage time of 0.5 microseconds, by measurement of an anti-correlation parameter. Storage times exceeding ten microseconds are observed by intensity cross-correlation measurements. This storage period is two orders of magnitude longer than the time required to achieve conversion between photonic and atomic quanta. The controlled transfer of single quanta between remote quantum memories constitutes an important step towards distributed quantum networks.     

使用非最大纠缠态远程执行部分未知量子操作

建议一个使用非最大纠缠态通道远程执行部分未知量子操作的协议,并且显示,当采用非最大纠缠粒子对作为量子通道时,由引进一个集中的幺正变换使得部分未知的量子操作能够被概率地远程执行.讨论了在这种情况下,部分未知的量子操作远程执行的成功概率以及所需要的资源.     

量子隐形传态中纠缠态制备的研究进展

量子隐形传态是量子力学和信息科学等形成的交叉课题,同时也是近些年来人们研究的热点之一。文章首先回顾了Bennett等人所提出的量子隐形传态的基本思想和基本原理,然后着重介绍了量子隐形传态中的重要步骤,即量子纠缠态的制备及其在传统上和近年来的一些具有代表性的实验实现方案。     

噪声环境下纠缠相干态的量子关联特性

着重研究了在振幅噪声环境下两体纠缠相干态(Entangled Coherent State,ECS)与贝尔态的量子关联演化.用形成纠缠熵(Entanglement of Formation,E)、量子失协(Quantum Discord,QD)、测量诱导扰动(Measurement-Induced Disturbance,MID)及几何量子失协(Geometric Measure of Quantum Discord,GQD)来计算纠缠相干态在噪声环境下的量子关联演化,发现纠缠相干态的量子失协随着r先减小再增长,然后又逐渐衰减至0,其测量诱导扰动则随着r单调衰减到0,而量子失协以及测量诱导的扰动在振幅衰减影响下比形成纠缠熵演化更加持久.通过对比分析,发现对称与非对称噪声通道下贝尔(Bell)态不一定比纠缠相干态的纠缠度更高,纠缠相干态以及贝尔态的量子关联影响区别不是很明显.     

Quantum correlation among photons from a single quantum dot at room temperature

Maxwell's equations successfully describe the statistical properties of fluorescence from an ensemble of atoms or semiconductors in one or more dimensions. But quantization of the radiation field is required to explain the correlations of light generated by a single two-level quantum emitter, such as an atom, ion or single molecule. The observation of photon antibunching in resonance fluorescence from a single atom unequivocally demonstrated the non-classical nature of radiation. Here we report the experimental observation of photon antibunching from an artificial system--a single cadmium selenide quantum dot at room temperature. Apart from providing direct evidence for a solid-state non-classical light source, this result proves that a single quantum dot acts like an artificial atom, with a discrete anharmonic spectrum. In contrast, we find the photon-emission events from a cluster of several dots to be uncorrelated.     

Optically programmable electron spin memory using semiconductor quantum dots

The spin of a single electron subject to a static magnetic field provides a natural two-level system that is suitable for use as a quantum bit, the fundamental logical unit in a quantum computer. Semiconductor quantum dots fabricated by strain driven self-assembly are particularly attractive for the realization of spin quantum bits, as they can be controllably positioned, electronically coupled and embedded into active devices. It has been predicted that the atomic-like electronic structure of such quantum dots suppresses coupling of the spin to the solid-state quantum dot environment, thus protecting the 'spin' quantum information against decoherence. Here we demonstrate a single electron spin memory device in which the electron spin can be programmed by frequency selective optical excitation. We use the device to prepare single electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots with a well defined orientation, and directly measure the intrinsic spin flip time and its dependence on magnetic field. A very long spin lifetime is obtained, with a lower limit of about 20 milliseconds at a magnetic field of 4 tesla and at 1 kelvin.     

Mapping photonic entanglement into and out of a quantum memory

Developments in quantum information science rely critically on entanglement-a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics that causes parts of a composite system to show correlations stronger than can be explained classically. In particular, scalable quantum networks require the capability to create, store and distribute entanglement among distant matter nodes by means of photonic channels. Atomic ensembles can play the role of such nodes. So far, in the photon-counting regime, heralded entanglement between atomic ensembles has been successfully demonstrated through probabilistic protocols. But an inherent drawback of this approach is the compromise between the amount of entanglement and its preparation probability, leading to intrinsically low count rates for high entanglement. Here we report a protocol where entanglement between two atomic ensembles is created by coherent mapping of an entangled state of light. By splitting a single photon and performing subsequent state transfer, we separate the generation of entanglement and its storage. After a programmable delay, the stored entanglement is mapped back into photonic modes with overall efficiency of 17%. Together with improvements in single-photon sources, our protocol will allow 'on-demand' entanglement of atomic ensembles, a powerful resource for quantum information science.     

一种实用宽带路由器的实现

传统的基于硬件的路由器价格往往较高，不为一般的单位所接受，而基于软件的路由器，功能上肯定不如基于硬件的专用路由器，但成本很低．笔者介绍了一种利用旧的低档电脑组建成宽带路由器的方法，用这种方法组建的路由器经过内蒙古民族大学网络中心一年多的使用证明，该路由器功能齐全，运行稳定，管理方便，对于中小企事业单位的局域网接入互联网是比较理想的．     

一种CDMA—时隙ALOHA系统及其性能分析

本文提出了一种CDMA-时隙ALOHA系统。其中,所有用户使用相同的伪随机序列,但发送时加入不同的随机时延,接收端利用伪随机序列的自相关特性捕获并接收各用户的信号,文中分析了当基站中采用的接收机数不同时,系统的信道吞吐率,并进行了计算仿真。分析和仿真结果表明系统的最大吞吐率比一般时隙ALOHA系统大大提高。     

实现量子远程控制的可编程处理器

利用共享的EPR纠缠和单个qubit量子态对量子动力学进行编程,提出一个可编程的量子处理器方案,实现对远程量子态的有限的系列操作. 进而讨论了利用线性光学元器件对该可编程门的物理实现方案.