Astrocladistics: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Galaxy Evolution I. Character Evolutions and Galaxy Histories

This series of papers is intended to present astrocladistics in some detail and evaluate this methodology in reconstructing phylogenies of galaxies. Being based on the evolution of all the characters describing galaxies, it is an objective way of understanding galaxy diversity through evolutionary relationships. In this first paper, we present the basic steps of a cladistic analysis and show both theoretically and practically that it can be applied to galaxies. For illustration, we use a sample of 50 simulated galaxies taken from the GALICS database, which are described by 91 observables (dynamics, masses and luminosities). These 50 simulated galaxies are indeed 10 different galaxies taken at 5 cosmological epochs, and they are free of merger events. The astrocladistic analysis easily reconstructs the true chronology of evolution relationships within this sample. It also demonstrates that burst characters are not relevant for galaxy evolution as a whole. A companion paper is devoted to the formalization of the concepts of formation and diversification in galaxy evolution.     

企业创新网络的形成及其演化

随着知识经济时代的来临和信息技术革命的展开，创新网络的重要性日益突出，成为企业在技术创新中竞相采取的组织形态和战略选择。本文分析了企业创新网络的产生背景、结构状况和发展趋势，为我国企业技术创新提供了诸多可资借鉴的做法和经验。     

Complexity and Evolution: A Study of the Growth of Complexity in Organic and Cultural Evolution

In the present paper I develop a model of the evolutionary process associated to the widespread although controversial notion of a prevailing trend of increasing complexity over time. The model builds on a coupling of evolution to individual developmental programs and introduces an integrated view of evolution implying that human culture and science form a continuous extension of organic evolution. It is formed as a mathematical model that has made possible a quantitative estimation in relative terms of the growth of complexity. This estimation is accomplished by means of computer simulations the result of which indicates a strong acceleration of complexity all the way from the appearance of multicellular organisms up to modern man.     

"青藏高原形成演化及其环境资源效应"研究进展

青藏高原是我国地学、生物学、资源与环境科学有特色的优势研究领域和难得的天然实验室.青藏高原研究对解决岩石圈地球动力学和全球环境变化有重要意义,对高原区域可持续发展也有广阔的应用前景.本项目选择青藏高原的典型地区为重点,特别注意从高原与毗邻地区的联系,以至从全球尺度探讨高原的各种过程,目标集中在大陆碰撞过程和高原隆升过程,以过程为主线贯通碰撞机制、环境变化和资源分布规律的研究;时间上着重新生代以来,在不同精细时间尺度上定量地描述碰撞和隆升的动态过程及环境变化.主要研究内容包括以下4个方面大陆岩石圈碰撞过程及其成矿效应;高原隆升过程与东亚气候环境变化;青藏高原现代表生过程及相互作用机理;青藏高原区域系统相互作用的综合研究.项目的实施紧密围绕预期目标,深入分析,加强学科交叉和综合研究,取得了如下主要研究进展和创新成果印度大陆与欧亚大陆初始碰撞时限;青藏高原南北缘山盆岩石圈尺度的构造关系;新生代高原北部重大的构造变形隆升事件序列;高分辨率气候动态过程及变化趋势;高原隆升对亚洲季风发展变化的影响;高原不同生态系统类型温室气体吸收与排放.同时,本文也论述了项目的实施在青藏高原研究的科学前沿及区域发展的国家需求等方面产生的影响和作用,并展望了青藏高原研究重要的前沿领域.     

社会存在论:一种社会形成机制的分析

社会是聚集物(aggregate)还是由诸个体整合形成的具有自身属性的新的整体单元?作为整体单元的社会是自治的(autonomous)吗?作为整体单元的社会可以用某些心智概念(如意向性、记忆、情绪、意志等等)来刻画吗?社会是一个超级有机体吗?这些都是关于社会本质的讨论。过去20年,一些哲学家提出了若干有价值的概念来拓展社会存在论的研究。有的学者从个体优先的立场出发,探讨了多个体的共享意图和联合行动等集体或社会现象;有的学者则从社会优先的立场出发,探讨了将个体凝聚为社会的惯例、制度和文化的基础。通过这两种立场的互补,我们就能更全面地来理解集体或社会的组织-过程机理和存在形态。     

一种新视角:西方工程伦理的形态演变及其启示

运用形态学的方法将西方工程伦理作为一个有机整体进行理论分析和逻辑整合发现:西方工程伦理形态沿着三条螺旋式上升的主线演变,即"德性-规则-德性"、"道义-功利-道义"和"经验-理性-经验"。西方工程伦理形态的演变,实质是西方工程伦理在思想理念上的演变,在价值行为选择上的演变。伦理形态的演变规律,对于当下工程伦理的理论研究以及工程伦理的实践探索具有重要的启示意义。     

A Framework Linking Non-Living and Living Systems: Classification of Persistence, Survival and Evolution Transitions

We propose a framework for analyzing the development, operation and failure to survive of all things, living, non-living or organized groupings. This framework is a sequence of developments that improve survival capability. Framework processes range from origination of any entity/system, to the development of increased survival capability and development of life-forms and organizations that use intelligence. This work deals with a series of developmental changes that arise from the uncovering of emergent properties. The framework is intended to be general, but we see a potential to apply it to scientific topics such as the exploration of the origin of life or the search for life beyond Earth, and to understand some biological issues in evolution and symbiosis, and also to apply to social systems that do not seem to be operating well, to determine their problems and correct them.

Spin and Wind Directions II: A Bell State Quantum Model

In the first half of this two-part article (Aerts et al. in Found Sci. doi: 10.1007/s10699-017-9528-9, 2017b), we analyzed a cognitive psychology experiment where participants were asked to select pairs of directions that they considered to be the best example of Two Different Wind Directions, and showed that the data violate the CHSH version of Bell’s inequality, with same magnitude as in typical Bell-test experiments in physics. In this second part, we complete our analysis by presenting a symmetrized version of the experiment, still violating the CHSH inequality but now also obeying the marginal law, for which we provide a full quantum modeling in Hilbert space, using a singlet state and suitably chosen product measurements. We also address some of the criticisms that have been recently directed at experiments of this kind, according to which they would not highlight the presence of genuine forms of entanglement. We explain that these criticisms are based on a view of entanglement that is too restrictive, thus unable to capture all possible ways physical and conceptual entities can connect and form systems behaving as a whole. We also provide an example of a mechanical model showing that the violations of the marginal law and Bell inequalities are generally to be associated with different mechanisms.     

利己还是利他?--索伯-威尔逊的利他主义进化模型评介

20世纪60年代开始,一些社会生物学家开始试图从进化的角度来说明人类利他行为,但却不愿意复活达尔文自然选择的残酷涵义.因此在其基础上先后建立了群选择和亲选择理论,在群体和亲族的范围内解释了利他主义行为.艾利奥特·索伯和大卫·斯洛恩·威尔逊在他们<向着他人:非自私行为的进化论和心理学>一书中,从生物学和心理学上给我们一种新的视角,即将群选择理论精致化,细分为群内选择和群间选择.根据这一进化模型,尽管在群内选择中利己主义占有优势,但在群间选择中利他主义占有优势.从全球范围看,利他主义将得到进化.     

Covariance/Invariance: A Cognitive Heuristic in Einstein's Relativity Theory Formation

Relativity Theory by Albert Einstein has been so far littleconsidered by cognitive scientists, notwithstanding its undisputedscientific and philosophical moment. Unfortunately, we don't have adiary or notebook as cognitively useful as Faraday's. But physicshistorians and philosophers have done a great job that is relevant bothfor the study of the scientist's reasoning and the philosophy ofscience. I will try here to highlight the fertility of a `triangulation'using cognitive psychology, history of science and philosophy of sciencein starting answering a clearly very complex question:why did Einstein discover Relativity Theory? Here we arenot much concerned with the unending question of precisely whatEinstein discovered, that still remains unanswered, for we have noconsensus over the exact nature of the theory's foundations(Norton 1993). We are mainly interested in starting to answer the`how question', and especially the following sub-question: what(presumably) were his goals and strategies in hissearch? I will base my argument on fundamental publications ofEinstein, aiming at pointing out a theory-specific heuristic, settingboth a goal and a strategy: covariance/invariance.The result has significance in theory formation in science, especiallyin concept and model building. It also raises other questions that gobeyond the aim of this paper: why was he so confident in suchheuristic? Why didn't many other scientists use it? Where did he keep ? such a heuristic? Do we have any other examples ofsimilar heuristic search in other scientific problemsolving?     

建设有利于自主创新的科技风险投资组织

科技风险投资是一种支持创新的投资制度，对企业的技术创新活动，尤其是对国家发展拥有自主知识产权的创新技术具有至关重要的作用。在我国科技风险投资组织效率普遍不高的情况下，从促进国家科技发展的角度出发，合理借鉴发达国家经验，设计有利于自主创新的科技风险投资组织演进模式是十分必要的和有意义的。     

WTO视角下我国有效金融市场与企业经营多元化的研究

本文分析有效市场假说和企业多元化的经营动机，探求金融市场演变的不同形态及其有效程度。以及其对社会资源的分配功能的影响，揭示金融市场不同的有效程度与多元化企业经营的战略选择的内在关系。在此基础上，研究我国企业经营多元化的问题和对策，具有突出的理论和现实意义。     

人类文化思想史中的休闲--历史·文化·哲学的视角

休闲在人类文明进化的历史中具有重要的文化价值,是人类精神的一种境界。考察休闲研究兴起的社会背景和学术背景,我们可以看到人类“文化自觉”意识的觉醒。休闲研究（leisure studies)的兴起,其实质是对人类前途命运的一种思考,是对现代人类文化精神和价值体系发生断裂的现状做某些补救工作的一种努力,是试图通过对休闲与人生价值的思索,重新厘清人的文化精神坐标,进而促进人类的自省－未来的路如何走？人生的意义和价值究竟是什么？更多的意义是让我们学会思索－如何“成为人”,成长快乐、自由、富有创造力和具有追求真善美能力的人。休闲是人类先进文化的重要组成部分。     

A Physical Approach to the Construction of Cognition and to Cognitive Evolution

It is shown that the method of operationaldefinition of theoretical terms applied inphysics may well support constructivist ideasin cognitive sciences when extended toobservational terms. This leads to unexpectedresults for the notion of reality, inductionand for the problem why mathematics is sosuccessful in physics.A theory of cognitive operators is proposedwhich are implemented somewhere in our brainand which transform certain states of oursensory apparatus into what we call perceptionsin the same sense as measurement devicestransform the interaction with the object intomeasurement results. Then, perceivedregularities, as well as the laws of nature wewould derive from them can be seen asinvariants of the cognitive operators concernedand are by this human specific constructsrather than ontologically independent elements.(e.g., the law of energy conservation can bederived from the homogeneity of time and bythis depends on our mental time metricgenerator). So, reality in so far it isrepresented by the laws of nature has no longeran independent ontological status. This isopposed to Campbell's `natural selectionepistemology'. From this it is shown that thereholds an incompleteness theorem for physicallaws similar to Gödels incompletenesstheorem for mathematical axioms, i.e., there isno definitive or object `theory of everything'.This constructivist approaches to cognitionwill allow a coherent and consistent model ofboth cognitive and organic evolution. Whereasthe classical view sees the two evolutionrather dichotomously (for ex.: most scientistssee cognitive evolution converging towards adefinitive world picture, whereas organicevolution obviously has no specific focus (the`pride of creation').     

我国古代技术实践价值观形成的理论特征及解析

我国古代技术实践价值观表现出其独特时空条件下的特征。整体主义思维方式决定了技术实践主体能从整体上把握技术价值而不至于"顾此失彼"。天人合一自然观使我国古代技术实践具有朴素生态价值取向;贵义贱利观、"黜奢崇俭"观等传统经济伦理思想使我国古代技术实践表现出过于浓厚的伦理化倾向,并在某种程度上成为技术发展的负向激励因子。工具理性与价值理性的朴素统一使我国古代技术实践异质价值观之间能得以和谐共生。     

数学名词中文化意蕴的探析——以张量概念的演变为例

数学名词与日常用语相比,具有高度抽象性的特点.数学一般以逻辑的形式呈现,常常掩盖了其丰富的文化内涵.如果我们褪去这层外壳,数学名词的文化内涵就会呈现出来.本文以广义相对论的数学基础张量分析和黎曼几何为线索,重点考察了张量概念的词源理解、形成过程和物理学隐喻,发现“球形宇宙”的隐喻原来蕴含在张量隐喻之中,希望以此表明,数学是文化进化的认知变异体和延伸,具有深刻的文化意蕴.     

由花药主动运动导向直接完成的自花授粉机制——植物繁衍与生物进化的一种全新模式

多样性的生物种群与生态环境的相互作用、物种对环境演变的适应及其进化是恒久而常新的重大科学问题,而植物种群在其中扮演了举足轻重的角色。达尔文一百多年前曾对兰科等植物进行长期考察研究,发表了《兰花由昆虫授粉的各种巧妙方法》等许多著述,为生物进化论提供了重要依据。