Nodal antagonists regulate formation of the anteroposterior axis of the mouse embryo

Patterning of the mouse embryo along the anteroposterior axis during body plan development requires migration of the distal visceral endoderm (DVE) towards the future anterior side by a mechanism that has remained unknown. Here we show that Nodal signalling and the regionalization of its antagonists are required for normal migration of the DVE. Whereas Nodal signalling provides the driving force for DVE migration by stimulating the proliferation of visceral endoderm cells, the antagonists Lefty1 and Cerl determine the direction of migration by asymmetrically inhibiting Nodal activity on the future anterior side.     

Regulation of mouse blastocyst adhesion,outgrowth and matrix metalloproteinase—2 by focal adhesion kinase

The interaction of extracellular matrix-integrin markedly influences the adhesion,outgrowth,differentiation and expression of serine proteinases by the blastocyst,so it is regarded as a vital factor in blastocyst implantation.Although the mechanism of extracellular interactions between extracellular matrix and integrins has been well elucidated,the roles of the signaling molecules in the extracellular matrix-integrin signal transduction pathway in blastocyst implantation are unknown.This limits the understanding of blastocyst implantation and ECM-integrin signal transduction pathway.In the present study,in vitro blastocyst culture and indirect immunocytochemistry,matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) zymography and antisense oligodeoxynucleotide(ODN) were used to investigate the expression of a fundamental molecule of integrin-dependent signal transduction pathways,focal adhesion kinase(FAK),in mouse blastocysts and its influence on mouse blastocyst adhesion,outgrowth and MMP-2.The results showed that mouse blastocysts expressed FAK.FAK protein was clustered in the peripheral migrating trophoblast cells and dispersed in the central area of blastocyst outgrowth.Fibronectin triggered pro-MMP-2 and 64kD MMP-2 activities.The antisense ODN to FAK attnuated pro-MMP-2 and 64kD MMP-2 activites which decreased abruptly and tended to disappear with increasting concentrations of the antisense ODN.Both mouse blastocyst adhesion and outgrowth on fibronectin were also influenced by the antisense ODN.Up to 20μg/mL of the antisense ODN concentration,the adhesion and out-growth rates were decreased in a dose-dependent manner.The results indicated that FAK influenced mouse blastocyst adhesion,outgrowth and MMP-2 activity by intracellular signal transduction.In other words,FAK regulates mouse implantation in terms of blastocyst adhesive and invasive abilities.     

Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -2 activity in mouse blastocyst by fibronectin-integrin interaction

Fibronectin, a major extracellular matrix, plays an important role in embryo implantation by mediating embryo adhesion and outgrowth. In this work, mouse blastocysts produced pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9, pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 64 ku matrix metalloproteinase-2 when they were co-cultured with fibronectin. In contrast, mouse blastocysts did not produce these proteinases without fibronectin. Focal adhesion kinase is a fundamental molecule of integrin signaling pathway and its antisense oligodeoxynucleiotide inhibited blastocyst matrix metalloproteinases expression induced by fibronectin. The results indicated that fibronectin triggered matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -2 expression in mouse blastocyst through its integrin receptors and subsequent signaling pathway, which enhanced the synchronization of blastocyst invasiveness and uterine receptivity and ensured the accuracy of events relative to implantation in timing and spatiality.     

First cleavage plane of the mouse egg is not predetermined but defined by the topology of the two apposing pronuclei

Studies of experimentally manipulated embryos have led to the long-held conclusion that the polarity of the mouse embryo remains undetermined until the blastocyst stage. However, recent studies reporting that the embryonic-abembryonic axis of the blastocyst arises perpendicular to the first cleavage plane, and hence to the animal-vegetal axis of the zygote, have led to the claim that the axis of the mouse embryo is already specified in the egg. Here we show that there is no specification of the axis in the egg. Time-lapse recordings show that the second polar body does not mark a stationary animal pole, but instead, in half of the embryos, moves towards a first cleavage plane. The first cleavage plane coincides with the plane defined by the two apposing pronuclei once they have moved to the centre of the egg. Pronuclear transfer experiments confirm that the first cleavage plane is not determined in early interphase but rather is specified by the newly formed topology of the two pronuclei. The microtubule networks that allow mixing of parental chromosomes before dividing into two may be involved in these processes.     

载流螺绕环轴线上磁场为零的条件

用毕奥-萨伐尔定律计算出非密绕螺绕环轴线上的磁场分布，然后给出了载流螺绕环轴线上磁感应强度为零的条件，并定性导出了螺绕环外部磁场为零的条件．     

The evolutionary context of the first hominins

The relationships among the living apes and modern humans have effectively been resolved, but it is much more difficult to locate fossil apes on the tree of life because shared skeletal morphology does not always mean shared recent evolutionary history. Sorting fossil taxa into those that belong on the branch of the tree of life that leads to modern humans from those that belong on other closely related branches is a considerable challenge.     

PSGO-BP在股票预测中的应用研究

反向传播算法有容易陷入局部最小点、收敛速度慢的问题,为了克服这些缺点,在粒子群优化算法中,引入遗传算法中的克隆算子和变异算子,得到一种改进的粒子群遗传优化算法(PSGO),建立一种PSGO优化BP神经网络模型.利用该模型通过matlab编程仿真对证券市场指数和股票收盘价进行预测研究,试验结果证明了该方法的有效性和可行性.     

有限长均匀带电圆柱体轴线上的场强

本文针对均匀带电直线端点场强的不确定性 ,提出了均匀带电圆柱体轴线上的场强计算 ,结果表明 ,在不同条件下 ,均匀带电圆柱体的场强表达式将变成均匀带电直线、均匀带电圆面的场强。并证明了均匀带电圆柱体端点的场强连续     

移动通信中V2．5．1流失预测模型的建立

V2.5.1流失预测模型是移动公司进行客户流失预测的模型.采用数据挖掘技术,从数据理解、数据准备、建立模型、模型评估和模型发布等五个阶段,详细介绍了移动通信企业中客户流失预测模型的建立过程和方法.     

The first hominin of Europe

The earliest hominin occupation of Europe is one of the most debated topics in palaeoanthropology. However, the purportedly oldest of the Early Pleistocene sites in Eurasia lack precise age control and contain stone tools rather than human fossil remains. Here we report the discovery of a human mandible associated with an assemblage of Mode 1 lithic tools and faunal remains bearing traces of hominin processing, in stratigraphic level TE9 at the site of the Sima del Elefante, Atapuerca, Spain. Level TE9 has been dated to the Early Pleistocene (approximately 1.2-1.1 Myr), based on a combination of palaeomagnetism, cosmogenic nuclides and biostratigraphy. The Sima del Elefante site thus emerges as the oldest, most accurately dated record of human occupation in Europe, to our knowledge. The study of the human mandible suggests that the first settlement of Western Europe could be related to an early demographic expansion out of Africa. The new evidence, with previous findings in other Atapuerca sites (level TD6 from Gran Dolina), also suggests that a speciation event occurred in this extreme area of the Eurasian continent during the Early Pleistocene, initiating the hominin lineage represented by the TE9 and TD6 hominins.     

科技期刊稿件的初审

科技期刊审稿是保证刊物学术质量的重要措施,为提高稿件的评审质量,通常采用三审制,其中专家的评审是核心,但编辑的初审是专家评审和主编终审的基础,是对科技期刊稿件的首次把关。这样既可减少复审的数量,又可提高复审的质量。     

鼠胚肝和全胚细胞悬液对荷瘤小鼠的影响

目的：试验鼠细胞悬液和全胚细胞悬液对荷瘤小鼠的影响。方法：本试验用TA2系小鼠孕中期和孕末期胚肝细胞,悬液及全胚细胞悬液,经尾静脉注射于荷瘤小鼠（乳腺癌、纤维肉瘤、艾氏腹水痛）。观测移植瘤生长情况和支持机体存活时间的作用。结果：经实验观察及统计学处理、全胚细胞悬液及胚肝细胞悬液输注荷瘤小鼠均未见到抑瘤作用及支持机体延长寿命的作用。结论：我们的试验结果可能预示着细胞疗法对肿瘤的治疗是有限的,需进一步研究以便做出客观的评估。