深部咸水层CO2地质封存对地层压力环境的影响

针对深部咸水层CO_2地质封存过程中流体的运移和压力的传递现象,利用美国Frio地区的CO_2咸水层封存试验实测数据,建立二维多岩相结构模型,模拟分析CO_2地质封存中CO_2注入阶段岩石孔渗性能的变化特征、岩层压力增加的变化特征以及CO_2羽流的演化规律。结果表明,超临界CO_2在驱替咸水溶液的过程中形成类似漏斗状的扩散晕,蒸发作用产生的盐沉淀主要位于井附近的单气相区,随着盐沉淀的增加,井周围的渗透率降低、压力积聚;盖层渗透性提高避免了储层内部出现过大压力,但却增加了泄漏的可能性。     

大倾角煤层综放开采中上覆岩层的运移特征

根据新疆焦煤集团艾维尔沟矿区25112工作面所采的5#煤层大倾角、硬顶、软底、软煤的实际情况,采用相似材料模拟实验,对综放开采时上覆岩层沿倾斜方向上的运移(破坏)特征进行研究。研究表明,在大倾角煤层综放开采过程中,工作面顶煤或顶板的运移是不对称的,且在破坏方式上也有区别。上覆岩层的运移是一个空间问题,包括了上覆岩层的垂直于岩层的弯曲下沉—破断—回转,还包括沿工作面倾斜方向和垂直于工作面倾斜方向的运移。顶煤和上覆岩层垮落后,会沿工作面倾斜方向向下滚(滑)动,堆积于工作面下部和中部,形成非对称的充填带。所得结果对现场开采具有一定的指导作用。     

辽河盆地桃园构造东营组砂岩的储集空间类型及成岩作用

桃园构造位于辽河盆地东部凹陷，其产层老第三系东营组砂岩主要属河流相砂体。砂岩孔隙发育，渗透率大，属高孔、高渗储层。其储集空间类型主要有粒间原生孔、粒内溶孔、粒间溶蚀扩大孔及粒间胶结物溶孔。对砂岩有影响的成岩作用主要有压实作用、胶结作用及溶蚀作用。东营组泥岩中有机质为半成熟阶段，属早成岩阶段Ｂ期。引起砂岩中矿物溶蚀的有机酸主要来自下伏地层。而构造上发育的张性正断层成为深部地层中流体向上运移的通道。有机酸随流体上升，进入砂体产生溶蚀，改善了砂岩储集物性。尔后，天然气沿断裂向上运移进入砂岩，并沿砂体运移到有利圈闭处聚集成气藏。     

咸水越流过程中水、盐运移机理的试验设备

浅层咸水在越流过程中,水一盐在粘性土中的运移过程和机理,是回答深层淡水开采安全性的关键.为研究土体在自然压力状态下,咸水沿越流途径的水质、土质的变化,改造设计了HBST-1型渗透仪,用于在试验室中测定土样在有侧限条件下固结一维渗透性能.该设备可在最大程度上恢复原状土状态,能提供连续的渗透压力,可进行多层渗透,也可进行单层渗透,在多个渗透装置间,可取水样化验水质,成功解决了粘土渗流过程的取样问题.     

开采扰动区断层采动活化诱发岩体动态变形模型实验

开采扰动区断层采动活化是诱发动力学灾害的典型难题之一。断层采动活化诱发岩体动态变形规律研究是揭示煤岩体结构、应力与力学行为对灾害控制作用的基础前提。通过对物理相似模型实验和声发射、应力与变形指标监测,揭示开采扰动区断层下盘、断层附近及断层上盘随工作面推进覆岩运移和矿压显现规律。实验研究表明:断层存在破坏了煤层顶板及上覆岩层的整体连续性,工作面矿压及上覆岩层垮落规律表现异常,断层极易活化,滑移现象明显;断层活化诱发上覆岩层发生整体切落,对工作面前方煤体产生很高的集中应力载荷,易诱发动力灾害。这为采动岩体动态断裂失稳和突水等灾害预报与调控提供理论依据。     

深部含水层二氧化碳运移的热流固耦合模型研究

应用混合物连续介质理论,考虑二氧化碳溶解建立了深部含水层二氧化碳运移的热流固耦合数学模型,利用该模型计算了深部含水层二氧化碳运移过程中二氧化碳饱和度、溶解质量分数和孔隙压力随时间的演化和扩散规律,对比了热流固耦合模型与传统渗流模型的计算精度。计算结果表明：二氧化碳在深部含水层运移过程中耦合效应十分明显且考虑二氧化碳溶解的热流固耦合数学模型具有较高的计算精度,可以满足实际工程需求。     

塔里木盆地不整合面石油运移散失量的实验研究

不整合面是斜坡背景下油气侧向运移的重要通道。对塔里木盆地斜坡背景下石油在不整合面的运移过程进行了模拟实验。模拟结果表明 ,最终油相散失量达 7.81%～ 11.5 1% ,平均为 9.6 6 % ,总体上反映出渗透率越高散失量越大及含油率越高散失量越大的特点 ,散失量不受层间非均质或层内非均质的影响。据模拟实验结果估算了石油在运载层中的散失量 ,认为塔中隆起的油气主要是沿断层作垂向和短距离侧向运移     

采动裂隙椭抛带内瓦斯运移理论基础

研究采动裂隙椭抛带的基本性质及其采空区瓦斯运移的规律,可以采取有效措施进行瓦斯治理。根据五阳煤矿7601综采工作面上覆岩层的特性与工作面在推进过程中的矿压显现特征,确定了采动裂隙带的高度、切眼上方椭抛带的高度、采动裂隙椭抛带内煤与岩碎胀系数,并计算出其渗透率。该研究为建立数值模拟的分析模型提供依据。     

辽东湾坳陷油田水化学特征与油气运聚的关系

基于实际测试资料,统计分析了辽东湾坳陷油田水的水型、矿化度和化学系数的纵、横向变化特征;并探讨了油田水化学特征与油气运聚的关系。研究表明,研究区油田水以NaHCO3型为主;矿化度随埋深先增大后减小,垂向上分为三个带:近地表蒸发浓缩带、越流压滤浓缩带、泥岩压实排水淡化带;常规离子组成中Na++K+和Cl-占绝对优势。在地层压实排水离心流过程中,地层水明显受泥岩压实排水淡化作用的影响,矿化度较低;地层水在离心流运移过程中不断越流浓缩,矿化度逐渐增大,油气垂向上沿油源断层向上运移,在低凸起、断裂带、砂体等近地表蒸发浓缩带聚集成藏。     

二氧化碳地质储存数值模拟中边界的影响分析和范围确定

在“无限大”深部咸水层的二氧化碳(CO2)地质储存数值模拟中,往往需要人为给定一个边界。边界范围大小和类型选取直接影响模拟结果,进而导致储存潜力评价误差。笔者基于典型深部咸水层的二维径向模型,采用TOUGH2-MP软件进行数值模拟,分析了不同边界范围和类型对深部咸水层中注入CO2后压力和CO2饱和度分布、最大压力和CO2运移距离及储存形式和储存效率的影响。为了说明边界的确定与深部咸水层参数有关,还进行了渗透率、孔隙度、压缩系数、温度、盐度和边界类型的敏感性分析。结果表明在隔水边界类型下,边界范围越大,压力增量和CO2饱和度越被“平均化”,从而最大压力增量越小,CO2饱和度分布形状越扁平,最大运移距离越大。但储存形式受边界影响不大,体积储存效率在“无限大”深部含水层中被高估。随着边界范围的扩大,边界引起的差异逐渐变小。另外,基于单相流和多相流解析解理论,得到了在已知注入速率下边界范围大小的简单近似确定方法。该方法考虑CO2的最大运移距离和水相的影响边界两个方面,适用于“无限大”深部咸水层单井或多井注入的边界确定。     

CO2在深部咸水层中的埋存机制研究进展

 目前,在深部咸水层中实施CO₂地质埋存的减排处理,是减缓温室效应最有效的现实选择.CO₂在咸水层中的埋存机制主要包括构造圈闭埋存、残余气埋存、溶解埋存和矿物埋存4种基本方式.构造圈闭埋存是CO₂向上运动到致密隔层受到遮挡后,在地质体中聚集,形成CO₂气相埋存,构造圈闭埋存埋存包括闭合构造和开放构造,闭合构造的优势是可以有效限制储层中自由CO₂的横向和纵向运移,缺点是气水接触面被限制在一个十分小的接触区域中,从而限制了CO₂溶解,开放构造的优势是CO₂和周围地层水大面积接触,有利于CO₂溶解,缺点是需要对一个很大的区域进行精细表征以确定可能的气体泄漏路径并进行区域监控;残余气埋存是由于驱替和吸吮相渗滞后,部分CO₂以残余气形式被埋存起来;溶解埋存是CO₂溶解在水中,与水中的钙、镁、铁等离子发生反应生成碳酸盐矿物,实现CO₂圈闭埋存;矿物埋存是CO₂与储层岩石发生缓慢的化学反应形成碳酸盐矿物或HCO₃^-,实现CO₂埋存.各种埋存方式随埋存时间不同,发挥的作用不同,埋存安全性级别也各不相同.本文对咸水层CO₂埋存机制进行深入研究,以期指导中国咸水层CO₂埋存工程顺利进行.     

多层土质边坡入渗的水流方向演变机理

为研究多层土边坡内入渗雨水方向演变规律,建立均质和多层土质边坡模型,依据VG模型的多土层边坡含水率与基质吸力的控制方程,结合饱和区成形,研究了入渗雨水方向的时空演变特征及影响因素,以及水流方向与有效应力的联系.分析表明:水平方向的基质吸力差决定了水流方向,基质吸力沿水平方向的变化率决定了水流水平方向增速;饱和区成形是垂直流产生的必要条件;降雨停止坡面浅层0~1.3m内迅速产生下坡向水流,深层下坡向水流产生滞后;渗透性差异大的土层交界面上极易产生剧烈的水平渗流;上坡向水流的产生伴随着有效应力降低.     

地层各向异性对CO2在含水层中迁移转化的影响

在CO2驱油封存过程中,封存的CO2可能通过盖层泄漏到浅层含水层.以延长油田杏子川化子坪试验区白垩系洛河组砂岩含水层为例,采用数值模拟软件TOUGHREACT研究地层各向异性对CO2在浅层含水层中迁移转化的影响.结果表明:溶解矿物为方解石、钾长石、绿泥石、奥长石、赤铁矿和伊利石,其中伊利石从第10年开始沉淀,沉淀矿物为...     

商都坳陷浅层CO_2气藏成因与典型气藏分析

商都地区CO2气藏的气体组分主要为CO2,体积分数为87.0%～99.9%,碳同位素δ13C值分布在-5.2‰～-6.5‰之间,氦同位素3He/4He体积比分布在(1.69～3.35)×10-6之间,为典型幔源CO2气.乌兰哈达-高勿素断裂是一条长期活动的超深断裂,不仅控制着盆地沉积和演化,而且输导了多期次岩浆活动,提供了幔源CO2运移通道.商都坳陷新生代沉积演化有利于储盖组合的发育,具有良好的CO2气藏形成条件.通过对典型CO2气藏解剖,其具有气藏浅、产量高的特点.SZ5井累计产气量是容积法计算储量的2.23倍,认为存在幔源CO2的不断补充.     

音频大地电磁三维反演在江西丰城地热勘查中的应用

江西省丰城市圳头地区地热资源丰富、储量大,现已发现4处出露地表的温泉,但仅有2处得到开发,温泉资源开发利用率较低。为了探明控制研究区地热产出的深部断裂构造,在该地区部署了4条音频大地电磁(audio-frequency magnetotelluric,AMT)测深剖面,采用非线性共轭梯度(nonlinear conjugate gradient,NLCG)法对经过去噪处理后的AMT数据进行三维反演,获得研究区的深部三维电性结构。在综合已有钻井和地质地球物理资料的基础上,划分了热储层结构和热流通道,查明该区地热系统的地质、构造控热以及地下水运移特征。区内地热活动沿断裂活动带分布,并作为水热资源在断裂带的交叉复合部位形成温泉点。断裂既是该区域的导热构造又是导水构造,控制地下水的温度变化,在地下水的形成和分布中起主导作用。研究结果为研究该地区地热系统的形成和演化提供了电磁证据。     

Flow characteristics and reaction properties of carbon dioxide in microtubules and porous media

Carbon dioxide reacts with porous media while flowing through them enhancing their permeability. Its flow behavior as well as the permeability enhancement effects were studied in synthetic cores, natural cores and microtubes with an inner diameter of 5 μm. The results show that the permeability of H2O-saturated cores （containing carbonate ingredients） was enhanced by increasing the injection volume of a CO2-H2O solution. This enhancement is attributable to carbon dioxide＇s corrosion, which is justified by SEM scanning. The same phenomenon occurs with a CO2-H2O solution in microtubes, but for a different reason. The gas flow velocity of carbon dioxide in microtubes was approximately 100% faster than that of nitrogen because of the scale and the squeezing effects. Carbon dioxide molecules dissolved in water accelerate the diffusion rate of water molecules within the boundary layer, which in turn diminishes the thickness of the water film and enlarges the effective pore size. This flow behavior facilitates the injection of carbon dioxide into low-permeability reservoirs for oil-displacement and formation energy buildup purposes. This behavior also increases the potential for carbon dioxide channeling or release from the formation.     

Hydrocarbon accumulation in deep fluid modified carbonate rock in the Tarim Basin

The activities of deep fluid are regionalized in the Tarim Basin. By analyzing the REE in core samples and crude oil, carbon isotope of carbon dioxide and inclusion temperature measurement in the west of the Tazhong Uplift in the western Tarim Basin, all the evidence confirms the existence of deep fluid. The deep fluid below the basin floor moved up into the basin through discordogenic fauit and volcanicity to cause corrosion and metaaomatosis of carbonate rock by exchange of matter and energy. The pore structure and permeability of the carbonate reservoirs were improved, making the carbonate reservoirs an excellent type of deeply buried modification. The fluorite ore belts discovered along the large fault and the volcanic area in the west of the Tazhong Uplift are the outcome of deep fluid action. Such carbonate reservoirs are the main type of reservoirs in the Tazhong 45 oilfield. The carbonate reservoirs in well YM 7 are improved obviously by thermal fluid dolomitization. The origin and territory of deep fluid are associated with the discordogenic fault and volcanicity in the basin. The discordogenic fault and volcanic area may be the pointer of looking for the deep fluid modified reservoirs. The primary characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation in deep fluid reconstructed carbonate rock are summarized as accumulation near the large fault and volcano passage, late-period hydrocarbon accumulation after volcanic activity, and subtle trap reservoirs controlled by lithology.     

Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific abyss during the last deglaciation

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were significantly lower during glacial periods than during intervening interglacial periods, but the mechanisms responsible for this difference remain uncertain. Many recent explanations call on greater carbon storage in a poorly ventilated deep ocean during glacial periods, but direct evidence regarding the ventilation and respired carbon content of the glacial deep ocean is sparse and often equivocal. Here we present sedimentary geochemical records from sites spanning the deep subarctic Pacific that--together with previously published results--show that a poorly ventilated water mass containing a high concentration of respired carbon dioxide occupied the North Pacific abyss during the Last Glacial Maximum. Despite an inferred increase in deep Southern Ocean ventilation during the first step of the deglaciation (18,000-15,000 years ago), we find no evidence for improved ventilation in the abyssal subarctic Pacific until a rapid transition approximately 14,600 years ago: this change was accompanied by an acceleration of export production from the surface waters above but only a small increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. We speculate that these changes were mechanistically linked to a roughly coeval increase in deep water formation in the North Atlantic, which flushed respired carbon dioxide from northern abyssal waters, but also increased the supply of nutrients to the upper ocean, leading to greater carbon dioxide sequestration at mid-depths and stalling the rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Our findings are qualitatively consistent with hypotheses invoking a deglacial flushing of respired carbon dioxide from an isolated, deep ocean reservoir, but suggest that the reservoir may have been released in stages, as vigorous deep water ventilation switched between North Atlantic and Southern Ocean source regions.