磁性掺杂三维拓扑绝缘体的自旋相关光电流研究

通过圆偏振光致电流及反常圆偏振光致电流的光学实验方法,研究磁性掺杂对三维拓扑绝缘体的影响.在圆偏振光激发下,相对于未掺杂三维拓扑绝缘体Bi2 Te3,其光电流方向不变,但幅值有所减小.这是由于磁性掺杂使得三维拓扑绝缘体狄拉克能带带隙打开,相同激发条件下,带间激发概率降低,光生自旋极化载流子浓度降低.对其光电导信号的分析...     

Designer Dirac fermions and topological phases in molecular graphene

The observation of massless Dirac fermions in monolayer graphene has generated a new area of science and technology seeking to harness charge carriers that behave relativistically within solid-state materials. Both massless and massive Dirac fermions have been studied and proposed in a growing class of Dirac materials that includes bilayer graphene, surface states of topological insulators and iron-based high-temperature superconductors. Because the accessibility of this physics is predicated on the synthesis of new materials, the quest for Dirac quasi-particles has expanded to artificial systems such as lattices comprising ultracold atoms. Here we report the emergence of Dirac fermions in a fully tunable condensed-matter system-molecular graphene-assembled by atomic manipulation of carbon monoxide molecules over a conventional two-dimensional electron system at a copper surface. Using low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, we embed the symmetries underlying the two-dimensional Dirac equation into electron lattices, and then visualize and shape the resulting ground states. These experiments show the existence within the system of linearly dispersing, massless quasi-particles accompanied by a density of states characteristic of graphene. We then tune the quantum tunnelling between lattice sites locally to adjust the phase accrual of propagating electrons. Spatial texturing of lattice distortions produces atomically sharp p-n and p-n-p junction devices with two-dimensional control of Dirac fermion density and the power to endow Dirac particles with mass. Moreover, we apply scalar and vector potentials locally and globally to engender topologically distinct ground states and, ultimately, embedded gauge fields, wherein Dirac electrons react to 'pseudo' electric and magnetic fields present in their reference frame but absent from the laboratory frame. We demonstrate that Landau levels created by these gauge fields can be taken to the relativistic magnetic quantum limit, which has so far been inaccessible in natural graphene. Molecular graphene provides a versatile means of synthesizing exotic topological electronic phases in condensed matter using tailored nanostructures.     

Cooper instability of composite fermions

When confined to two dimensions and exposed to a strong magnetic field, electrons screen the Coulomb interaction in a topological fashion; they capture an even number of quantum vortices and transform into particles called 'composite fermions' (refs 1-3). The fractional quantum Hall effect occurs in such a system when the ratio (or 'filling factor, nu) of the number of electrons and the degeneracy of their spin-split energy states (the Landau levels) takes on particular values. The Landau level filling nu = 1/2 corresponds to a metallic state in which the composite fermions form a gapless Fermi sea. But for nu = 5/2, a fractional quantum Hall effect is observed instead; this unexpected result is the subject of considerable debate and controversy. Here we investigate the difference between these states by considering the theoretical problem of two composite fermions on top of a fully polarized Fermi sea of composite fermions. We find that they undergo Cooper pairing to form a p-wave bound state at nu = 5/2, but not at nu = 1/2. In effect, the repulsive Coulomb interaction between electrons is overscreened in the nu = 5/2 state by the formation of composite fermions, resulting in a weak, attractive interaction.     

拓扑绝缘体量子点中的磁交换相互作用

从理论上研究了拓扑绝缘体量子点中的磁交换相互作用.在拓扑绝缘体量子点中,边缘态电子数可以通过量子点的尺寸和外加电场进行调控.当量子点中掺入单个磁离子并且边缘态填充奇数电子时,电子与单个磁离子之间的交换相互作用达到最大值;而边缘态填充偶数电子时,电子与单个磁离子之间的交换相互作用消失.当量子点中掺入2个磁离子时,电子与Mn离子的sp-d相互作用会出现奇偶振荡行为,Mn离子间的相互作用取决于Mn离子间距和量子点壳层中的电子数,表现出典型的Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida型间接交换机制.工作澄清了拓扑绝缘体量子点壳层结构对其磁性的影响,有助于人们设计基于拓扑绝缘体量子点的自旋电子学或量子信息器件.     

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals

Since the 1950s, Heisenberg and others have addressed the problem of how to explain the appearance of countable particles in continuous fields. Stable localized field configurations were searched for an ingredient for a general field theory of elementary particles, but the majority of nonlinear field models were unable to predict them. As an exception, Skyrme succeeded in describing nuclear particles as localized states, so-called 'skyrmions'. Skyrmions are a characteristic of nonlinear continuum models ranging from microscopic to cosmological scales. Skyrmionic states have been found under non-equilibrium conditions, or when stabilized by external fields or the proliferation of topological defects. Examples are Turing patterns in classical liquids, spin textures in quantum Hall magnets, or the blue phases in liquid crystals. However, it has generally been assumed that skyrmions cannot form spontaneous ground states, such as ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic order, in magnetic materials. Here, we show theoretically that this assumption is wrong and that skyrmion textures may form spontaneously in condensed-matter systems with chiral interactions without the assistance of external fields or the proliferation of defects. We show this within a phenomenological continuum model based on a few material-specific parameters that can be determined experimentally. Our model has a condition not considered before: we allow for softened amplitude variations of the magnetization, characteristic of, for instance, metallic magnets. Our model implies that spontaneous skyrmion lattice ground states may exist generally in a large number of materials, notably at surfaces and in thin films, as well as in bulk compounds, where a lack of space inversion symmetry leads to chiral interactions.     

半导体热电材料Bi1-xSbx薄膜的电化学制备

B I1-XSBX半导体合金是性能优异的热电和磁电功能材料,为制备固态电制冷器件、温差发电器件和磁电器件的重要材料。电化学沉积薄膜技术工艺设备简单成本低,在半导体薄膜制备方面有很好的应用前景。系统研究了高浓度盐酸(2.4 MOL/L)的B I和SB盐酸溶液,成份从纯铋逐步变化到纯锑的B I1-XSBX合金半导体薄膜电化学沉积特性。测试了沉积过程I-V循环曲线和和沉积电荷效率等电化学参数。结果表明在所有成份范围内都可以得到典型的B I1-XSBX固溶体结构的高质量薄膜。薄膜生长为典型的溶液扩散控制过程,具有高的沉积电荷效率。薄膜沉积和溶解之间的电位差随溶液中SB(Ⅲ)离子浓度增加而增大,生长的薄膜越来越稳定。在30%SB浓度附近,电化学过程、薄膜结构和性能发生明显的突变。应用X射线衍射和电子显微镜研究薄膜结构,发现薄膜具有明显的(012)择优取向,薄膜晶粒尺寸也随SB浓度的增加而变化。     

Quantum phase transition in a single-molecule quantum dot

Quantum criticality is the intriguing possibility offered by the laws of quantum mechanics when the wave function of a many-particle physical system is forced to evolve continuously between two distinct, competing ground states. This phenomenon, often related to a zero-temperature magnetic phase transition, is believed to govern many of the fascinating properties of strongly correlated systems such as heavy-fermion compounds or high-temperature superconductors. In contrast to bulk materials with very complex electronic structures, artificial nanoscale devices could offer a new and simpler means of understanding quantum phase transitions. Here we demonstrate this possibility in a single-molecule quantum dot, where a gate voltage induces a crossing of two different types of electron spin state (singlet and triplet) at zero magnetic field. The quantum dot is operated in the Kondo regime, where the electron spin on the quantum dot is partially screened by metallic electrodes. This strong electronic coupling between the quantum dot and the metallic contacts provides the strong electron correlations necessary to observe quantum critical behaviour. The quantum magnetic phase transition between two different Kondo regimes is achieved by tuning gate voltages and is fundamentally different from previously observed Kondo transitions in semiconductor and nanotube quantum dots. Our work may offer new directions in terms of control and tunability for molecular spintronics.     

Dy掺杂Bi1-xDyxFeO3多铁性材料微波电磁特性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Dy掺杂的Bi1-xDyxFeO3多铁性材料,利用XRD,SEM对材料物相、微结构及形貌进行表征分析;分别采用传输/反射法和弓形法,借助微波矢量网络分析仪测量系统,测量材料试样的微波电磁参量及吸波性能.在实验研究煅烧温度对材料微结构和形貌影响的基础上,确定最佳煅烧温度,进而探讨Dy掺杂量对Bi1-xDyxFeO3材料的微结构、复介电常数和复磁导率频谱特性、电磁损耗机制以及微波吸收性能的影响.结果表明:850oC的煅烧温度制备的Bi1-xDyxFeO3材料杂相基本消失,材料颗粒为亚微米尺寸的短纤维状;Dy掺杂能有效抑制材料中杂相形成和煅烧过程Bi3+挥发,有助于抑制螺旋形自旋磁结构,从而提高复介电常数实部和虚部,增强磁谱的弛豫特性;Bi1-xDyxFeO3材料中介电损耗和磁损耗两种机制共存且存在竞争与协同效应,Dy掺杂可以改善Bi1-xDyxFeO3材料微波高频段的吸波性能.     

微波水热法制备掺稀土铁氧体纳米粒子

用微波水热方法制备组成为Fe2M1-xRExO4(x=0～0．3，M=Co^2 ，Ni^2 ，RE=La^3 ，Ce^3 )的三元铁氧体纳米粒子：所得球形粒子粒度为10～20nm．分析了各产物的晶体结构并对其进行磁性能的测量和表征．结果表明产物为尖晶石结构，饱和磁化强度较块体样品有不同程度地减小，其中镍铁氧体粒子呈超顺磁态．钴铁氧体为亚铁磁性．     

Bi2O3氧化物掺杂对单畴YBCO超导块材磁悬浮力的影响

采用顶部籽晶熔渗工艺（TSIG）制备出了配比为Bi2O3：Y2BaCu05=x：（1吨）的系列单畴YBCO超导块材（其中x=0．1,0.3,0．5,0．7,0．9,2,单位为wt％）,并且研究了不同比例的氧化物Bi2O3掺杂对样品的生长形貌、磁悬浮力以及其微观结构的影响．实验结果表明了,Bi20,粒子的掺杂在样品中生成Y2Ba4CuBiOx（YBi2411）纳米粒子从而可以有效地提高样品的磁悬浮性能．当Bi203粒子掺杂量x从0．1wt％（质量分数,下同）增加到0．7wt％时,样品的磁悬浮力从7N增加到25N;当其掺杂量从0．7wt％增加到2wt％时,样品的磁悬浮力从25N降低到6N．该实验结果对于我们进一步研究氧化物掺杂对磁通钉扎作用的影响以及提高YBCO超导块材的性能有着重要的影响．     

动态Dilaton-Maxwell黑洞周围时空中Dirac粒子的量子能级

从Dilaton-Maxwell黑洞周围时空中旋量粒子的Dirac方程,经分离变量并退耦后的径向方程和角向方程出发,导出了Dirac粒子的能级方程,得到了粒子的能量分布不仅与粒子的质量、电荷、自旋量子数、角量子数、磁量子数有关,还与黑洞周围时空结构及视界变化率有关,给出了动态Dilaton-Maxwell黑洞自发辐射Dirac粒子的能量条件.     

Vaidya-Bonner 黑洞周围时空中Dirac粒子的量子能级

从Vaidya-Bonner黑洞周围时空中旋量粒子的Dirac方程经分离变量并退耦后的径向方程和角向方程出发，导出了Dirac粒子的能级方程．得到了粒子的能量分布不仅与粒子的质量、电荷、自旋量子数、角量子数、磁量子数有关，还与黑洞周围的时空结构及视界变化有关．给出了Vaidya-Bonner黑洞白发辐射Dirac粒子的能量条件．     

Charge-ordered ferromagnetic phase in La(0.5)Ca(0.5)MnO3

Mixed-valent manganites are noted for their unusual magnetic, electronic and structural phase transitions. For example, the La(1-x)Ca(x)MnO(3) phase diagram shows that below transition temperatures in the range 100-260 K, compounds with 0.2 < x < 0.5 are ferromagnetic and metallic, whereas those with 0.5 < x < 0.9 are antiferromagnetic and charge ordered. In a narrow region around x = 0.5, these totally dissimilar ground states are thought to coexist. It has been shown that charge order and charge disorder can coexist in the related compound, La(0.25)Pr(0.375)Ca(0.375)MnO(3). Here we present electron microscopy data for La(0.5)Ca(0.5)MnO(3) that shed light on the distribution of these coexisting phases, and uncover an additional, unexpected phase. Using electron holography and Fresnel imaging, we find micrometre-sized ferromagnetic regions spanning several grains coexisting with similar-sized regions with no local magnetization. Holography shows that the ferromagnetic regions have a local magnetization of 3.4 +/- 0.2 Bohr magnetons per Mn atom (the spin-aligned value is 3.5 micro (B) per Mn). We use electron diffraction and dark-field imaging to show that charge order exists in regions with no net magnetization and, surprisingly, can also occur in ferromagnetic regions.     

拓扑平带上的分数量子反常霍尔效应（一）

拓扑平带模型属于著名Haldane模型的扩展版本,至少有一个能带具有非平庸的拓扑性质,即有非零的陈数（Chernnumber）,而且该能带的带宽很窄,同时与其他能带间有较大能隙．最近通过对拓扑平带上强关联相互作用的费米子和玻色子品格体系的系统数值进行研究,发现了一类新奇的阿贝尔型和非阿贝尔型分数量子霍尔效应．新发现的分数量子霍尔效应不同于传统朗道能级上的连续型分数量子霍尔效应,无须外加强磁场,有较大特征能隙,可在较高温度下存在,无需单粒子朗道能级,不能用常规Laughlin波函数描述．这些无外加磁场、无朗道能级的分数化现象,定义了一类新的分数拓扑相,也称为分数陈绝缘体,其中的分数量子霍尔效应也称为分数量子反常霍尔效应．该新领域在近期引起了国际凝聚态物理学界的研究热情与广泛关注．对笔者与合作者在该领域的系列研究工作进行综述介绍,以期引起国内外同行的进一步研究兴趣．     

Improving thermoelectric properties of p-type Bi2Te3 -based alloys by spark plasma sintering

High-performance (Bi2Te3)x(Sb2Te3)1?x bulk materials were prepared by combining fusion technique with spark plasma sintering, and their thermoelectric properties were investigated. The electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient increase greatly and the thermal conductivity decreases signi ficantly with the increase of Bi2Te3 content, which leads to a great improvement in the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT. The maximum ZT value reaches 1.33 at 398 K for the composition of 20%Bi2Te3-80%Sb2Te3 with 3% (mass fraction) excess Te.     

硅烯上的克莱因隧穿

基于硅烯的四带低能有效哈密顿量,通过求解狄拉克方程研究了单层硅烯上的势垒隧穿,得出了硅烯中隧穿几率随入射角度的变化关系。当入射方向为正入射时,电子完全透射,隧穿几率不随隧穿势垒宽度和门电压改变而变化,表明在硅烯中可以观察到克莱因隧穿现象。进一步研究了硅烯在常规半导体相、拓扑绝缘体相以及半金属相等不同物相中的量子输运,发现不同的物相对于电子的隧穿影响不大。该研究有助于澄清硅烯上克莱因隧穿的特性,并为基于硅烯的强鲁棒性量子隧穿器件设计提供思路。     

A superconductor to superfluid phase transition in liquid metallic hydrogen

Although hydrogen is the simplest of atoms, it does not form the simplest of solids or liquids. Quantum effects in these phases are considerable (a consequence of the light proton mass) and they have a demonstrable and often puzzling influence on many physical properties, including spatial order. To date, the structure of dense hydrogen remains experimentally elusive. Recent studies of the melting curve of hydrogen indicate that at high (but experimentally accessible) pressures, compressed hydrogen will adopt a liquid state, even at low temperatures. In reaching this phase, hydrogen is also projected to pass through an insulator-to-metal transition. This raises the possibility of new state of matter: a near ground-state liquid metal, and its ordered states in the quantum domain. Ordered quantum fluids are traditionally categorized as superconductors or superfluids; these respective systems feature dissipationless electrical currents or mass flow. Here we report a topological analysis of the projected phase of liquid metallic hydrogen, finding that it may represent a new type of ordered quantum fluid. Specifically, we show that liquid metallic hydrogen cannot be categorized exclusively as a superconductor or superfluid. We predict that, in the presence of a magnetic field, liquid metallic hydrogen will exhibit several phase transitions to ordered states, ranging from superconductors to superfluids.     

Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene

Quantum electrodynamics (resulting from the merger of quantum mechanics and relativity theory) has provided a clear understanding of phenomena ranging from particle physics to cosmology and from astrophysics to quantum chemistry. The ideas underlying quantum electrodynamics also influence the theory of condensed matter, but quantum relativistic effects are usually minute in the known experimental systems that can be described accurately by the non-relativistic Schr?dinger equation. Here we report an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation. The charge carriers in graphene mimic relativistic particles with zero rest mass and have an effective 'speed of light' c* approximately 10(6) m s(-1). Our study reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. In particular we have observed the following: first, graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the quantum unit of conductance, even when concentrations of charge carriers tend to zero; second, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; and third, the cyclotron mass m(c) of massless carriers in graphene is described by E = m(c)c*2. This two-dimensional system is not only interesting in itself but also allows access to the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics in a bench-top experiment.     

拓扑平带上的分数量子反常霍尔效应(二)

拓扑平带模型属于著名Haldane模型的扩展版本,至少有一个能带具有非平庸的拓扑性质,即有非零的陈数(Chern number),另外,该能带的带宽很窄,且与其他能带间有较大能隙.通过对拓扑平带上强关联相互作用的费米子和玻色子晶格体系的系统数值研究,发现了一类新奇的阿贝尔型和非阿贝尔型分数量子霍尔效应.新发现的分数量子霍尔效应不同于传统朗道能级上的连续型分数量子霍尔效应,无须外加强磁场,有较大特征能隙,可在较高温度下存在,无需单粒子朗道能级,不能用常规Laughlin波函数来描述.这些无外加磁场、无朗道能级的分数化现象,定义了一类新的分数拓扑相,也称为分数陈绝缘体,其中的分数量子霍尔效应也称为分数量子反常霍尔效应.该新领域在近期引起了国际凝聚态物理学界的研究热情与广泛关注.对笔者与合作者在该领域的系列研究工作进行了综述介绍,以期引起国内外同行的进一步研究兴趣.