Experimental and molecular dynamics study of gas flow characteristics in nanopores

Gas flow characteristics in nanopores were investigated experimentally and numerically using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with an emphasis on the friction factor and gas viscosity. The results show that the viscosity and the friction factor in nanopores are much lower than those in macroscale channels. The actual viscosities obtained from the MD studies showed that the gas viscosity in nanopores is less than the macroscale viscosity because collisions between gas molecules are less frequent in high Knudsen number flows and there are more collisions with the wall. The MD simulations show that the velocity profile is composed of two parts, with a much steeper velocity gradient near the wall.     

添加筛网对减阻流体湍流空间结构的影响

应用相位多普勒测速仪（PDA）和粒子图像测速仪（PIV）对添加筛网后的十六烷基三甲基氯化铵（CTAC）减阻流体湍流流场进行试验研究,得到了减阻流体的速度脉动分布以及在筛网后不同位置的减阻流体湍流速度分布和平均速度分布．结果表明：添加筛网后,减阻流体的速度脉动明显增强,随着离网格距离的增大,速度脉动逐渐减弱最后趋于稳定;在靠近筛网处,平均速度分布趋向于和水的速度平均分布相一致,而在远离筛网处,其平均速度分布趋向于减阻流体不加筛网时的平均速度分布;随着筛网层数的增多,靠近网格处减阻流体湍流核心区明显增大,同时在近壁面处出现强烈的漩涡波动,瞬间速度空间分布趋近于水的速度空间分布,在远离筛网处,CTAC减阻流体过渡层明显增厚,在湍流核心区和过渡层之间出现小漩涡,表明被金属筛网破坏的胶束重新缔合成棒状胶束,恢复了减阻性能．     

汽车后视镜流场的试验与数值研究

为了解后视镜的流场特性,以风洞试验与数值计算为手段,对后视镜的压力场与速度场进行测量和计算,并将测量结果与数值计算结果进行比较,评估两者的异同.数值计算结果与风洞试验结果的平均静压与速度、脉动速度的标准差以及自功率谱密度的一致性表明,所使用的数值计算方法具有可行性,能够较为真实地反映出后视镜的流场特性,数值计算结果与风洞试验结果能够相互验证.试验段近地面的平均静压变化反映出后视镜尾部的流动状态,能量耗散最为强烈的地方出现在远离后视镜约1.0倍后视镜直径的区域,回流区域影响范围可达3.0倍后视镜直径.后视镜尾部带有强烈的脉动速度,剪切层侧的速度脉动比其他区域大,个别测点脉动速度标准差数值可达来流速度的0.3倍,它们的主要能量集中在中低频区域.     

加速度不对称波浪作用下的底部边界层动力特性

为了研究加速度不对称波浪对底部边界层的影响,建立加速度不对称波浪作用下的底部边界层数学模型,复演物理模型试验中的流速剖面、紊动强度和床面剪切应力,在此基础上探讨加速度不对称波浪边界层的动力特性。结果表明,波峰半周期内正向加速阶段的加速度比较大,引起较快的边界层发育、较大的流速梯度和较大的紊动能量,产生了正向的周期平均床面剪切应力;这些现象随加速度不对称系数的增大而更加明显;在振荡水槽中,加速度不对称波浪边界层内存在底部反向和顶部正向的时均流动,加速度不对称系数的增大会增强底部反向流速;在开敞水域中,时均流速在整个边界层内都是正向的,底部出现"流速外突"的现象,顶部流速趋于均匀分布,加速度不对称系数的增大会减弱底部正向流速。     

旋转液膜反应器内流动机理研究

对旋转液膜反应器的不同设置情况进行了数值模拟。两种设置分别为：内圆台旋转而外圆台固定,外圆台旋转而内圆台固定。模拟结果显示：当Re=200，t>70s时，两种装置内的流动状态的动能均趋于大致稳定状态。通过对压力、速度和壁面剪应力分布的对比分析，发现在相同雷诺数下，与外圆台旋转的装置相比较，内圆台旋转的装置间隙中的流体更容易失稳，更容易产生湍流,表明内圆台旋转的反应器更优。     

Similarity solutions to a laminar boundary layer problem in power law fluids

A suitable similarity transformation is introduced to reduce the laminar boundary layer equations of power law fluids to a class of singular nonlinear two-point boundary value problems. The kin friction and shear stress distributions for boundary layer flow over amoving flat plate are investigated by utilizing the shooting technique. Results indicate that for each fixed value of the power law exponent n or the velocity ratio parameter xi, the skin frictionand shear stress decrease with the increasing of n or ξ respectively.     

应用激光流体应变率仪测量壁面阻力

激光流体应变率仪是能将流体边界层的近壁区线性速度分布与菲涅尔双棱镜分光形成的干涉条纹的间距线性特性结合起来的测量仪器,能够直接测量固体表面边界层的速度梯度,而且不干扰流场,并由速度梯度可推出壁面剪切应力。用这种仪器在二维流动管道中进行了测量层流和湍流的初步试验。试验表明,对层流的测量结果与理论分析基本一致。因此,该仪器可作为流体边界层的壁面阻力测量及监视工具。     

Study on flow characteristics of solid/liquid system in lysozyme crystal growth

During the process of lysozyme protein crystallization with batch method,the macroscopic flow field of solid/liquid system was observed by particle image velocimetry(PIV). Furthermore,a normal growth rate of(110) face and local flow field around a single protein crystal were obtained by a long work dis-tance microscope. The experimental results showed that the average velocity,the maximal velocity of macroscopic solid/liquid system and the velocity of local flow field around single protein crystal were fluctuant. The effective boundary layer thickness δeff,the concentration at the interface Ci and the characteristic velocity V were calculated using a convection-diffusion model. The results showed that the growth of lysozyme crystal in this experiment was dominated by interfacial kinetics rather than bulk transport,and the function of buoyancy-driven flow in bulk transport was small,however,the effect of bulk transport in crystal growth had a tendency to increase with the increase of lysozyme concentra-tion. The calculated results also showed that the order of magnitude of shear force was about 10-21 N,which was much less than the bond force between the lysozyme molecules. Therefore the shear force induced by buoyancy-driven flows cannot remove the protein molecules from the interface of crystal.     

接触摩擦对H型钢万能轧制影响的仿真分析

以大型H型钢生产线为基础,采用热力耦合弹塑性有限元方法建立万能轧制有限元仿真分析模型,并对不同摩擦系数下的多种工况进行了仿真分析.通过对计算结果的分析,得到不同接触摩擦系数对H型钢万能轧制过程中轧件金属流动和轧制力的影响结果.     

水平管道内冰浆流体阻力特性CFD模拟

以水平管道内冰浆流体无相变流动过程为研究对象,运用计算流体力学（CFD）为工具,采用两相流双流体模型,研究了管道内冰浆流体阻力特性.结果表明,沿管道流动方向冰粒子浓度场滞后于其流场的充分发展.当存在湍动时,颗粒动力学理论模型可以很好地描述冰粒子间的剪切作用.当流动为层流时,基于Thomas方程的反推黏度模型的模拟效果优于前者.若浆体输送速度进一步降低,需对冰粒子间的剪切效应进行分段考虑.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of atomic-scale friction in diamond-silver sliding system

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to explore the atomic-scale sliding friction, especially the stick-slip friction, in a system consisting of a diamond slider and a silver substrate. The mechanisms of the stick-slip behavior are investigated by considering sliding speeds between 10 m/s and 200 m/s.The analyses of the shear distance between the upmost layer and the downmost layer and displacements of a column of atoms in the slider show that shearing deformation of the slider is the main cause of the stick-slip phenomenon. Our simulations also present that a commensurate fit between the two contact surfaces is unimportant for the stick-slip friction.     

回转窑内二元颗粒物料的径向混合

研究了颗粒尺寸差异和密度差异对二元物料在回转窑内混合的影响. 采用离散单元法建立颗粒物料的运动模型,模拟滚落运动模式下二元物料在回转窑内的径向混合过程;通过颗粒接触数定义混合程度评价指数,结合Hong的渗流与凝聚竞争理论分析颗粒体积比σ和密度比η对二元物料混合程度的影响. 结果表明:增大体积比σ会增强渗流作用,增大密度比η会增强凝聚作用,无论渗流或凝聚占据主导作用,均会导致物料在混合过程中产生径向分离,使混合程度降低;对σ与η进行配置后,可以使渗流与凝聚两种机理彼此平衡,达到物料混合均匀的目的;物料的渗流-凝聚平衡曲线中,σ与η呈幂函数关系.     

角平分屈服准则解析热轧厚板展宽轧制力

根据厚板轧制变形特点,提出了适用于展宽轧制阶段的二维流函数速度场。利用角平分屈服准则对提出的速度场进行解析求得了内部变形功率表达式。采用共线矢量内积法与积分中值定理分别求得了摩擦功率与剪切功率表达式。经总功率泛函最小化获得了轧制力矩与轧制力的解析解。与国内某厂320 mm板坯的实际轧制数据比较表明,该解析解具有较高的预测精度,最大误差不超过10.45%。轧制工艺参数分析表明,随着压下率的增加或几何因子的减小,轧制力矩与轧制力增加;摩擦系数对轧制力矩和轧制力的影响较小。     

车身非光滑表面边界层流场特性分析

为了研究非光滑车身表面边界层流场特性,采用大涡模拟与Realizable k-ε湍流模型对车身外部瞬态和稳态流场进行数值模拟计算,对比分析了非光滑模型与光滑模型边界层内速度、粘性底层厚度、壁面剪切力、表面摩擦阻力因数、湍流强度和湍流耗散率等流场参数,解析了非光滑表面对车身流场流动特性的影响.研究结果表明,非光滑模型边界层内速度明显高于光滑模型,边界层厚度、壁面剪切力、表面摩擦阻力因数、湍流强度、湍流耗散率都比光滑模型有所减小.非光滑表面的引入加剧了车身尾迹气流的参混效应,防止外界的高速流对内部低速流的引射作用,从而减少了车身流场能量的损失.     

The program structure designing and optimizing tests of GRAPES physics

According to the modularization and standardization of program structure in Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System （GRAPES）, the plug-compatible and transplantable regional meso-scale and global middle-range physics software package is established. The package＇s component integrality is comparative with the other advanced models physics. A three-level structure of connecting GRAPES physics and dynamic frame has been constructed. The friendly interface is designed for users to plug in their own physics packages. Phenomenon of grid-point storm rainfall in numerical prediction is analyzed with the numerical tests. The scheme of air vertical velocity calculation is improved. Opti- mizing tests of physics schemes are performed with the correlative parameters adjusting. The results show that the false grid-point storm rainfall is removed by precipitation scheme improving. Then the score of precipitation forecast is enhanced.     

A numerical study of cavitating flows in high-pressure diesel injection nozzle holes using a two-fluid model

Cavitating flows inside a diesel injection nozzle hole were simulated using a two-fluid model. Attention was focused on the complex cavitation processes and flow characteristics under constant inlet pressure and fluctuant inlet pressure modes. To validate the two-fluid model, model predictions were compared with the experimental data available in the literatures, and good agreement was achieved. The numerical results show that the appearance of supercavitation in the diesel nozzle hole induces obvious changes of flow field structures and exit flow conditions. The distributions of liquid phase turbulent kinetic energy and exit velocity profiles corresponding to the supercavitation regime indicate the potential for promoting the primary breakup of a diesel jet. Furthermore, the upstream pressure fluctuations significantly influence the cavitation processes. Both partial cavitation and supercavitation show unsteady behaviors as the rapid rise or fall of upstream pressure. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Key Project Funding (Grant No. 50636040) and Major State Basic Research Development Program (Grant No. 2007CB210001)     

论乒乓球拧技术的原理及其价值分析

乒乓球拧技术是属于乒乓球运动的弧旋球技术，反手像拧麻花那样在球台内做多联杆万向节相向、相对旋扭滚动摩擦反弹携带复合运动在近网拉出弧旋球的被公称为“拧”的切撞原理及滚动摩擦反弹携带技术。且张继科以应用拧技术发动旋转进攻得分，取得进攻先机而获得奥运会、世锦赛、世界杯冠军成为大满贯得主，及樊振东等用拧技术在2013年全运会获得团体、双打冠军的成绩，已佐证拧技术的先进和合理性。     

新型滚动式球面包络点啮合环面蜗杆传动啮合方程与效率

提出了一种新型滚动式球面包络点啮合环面蜗杆传动;运用活动标架和回转运动群对其啮合方程和啮合效率进行了分析研究;推导了啮合效率的计算公式,计算了这种滚动式球面包络点啮合环面蜗杆传动的可实现性。     

粗砂直剪试验与离散元细观机理分析

为了研究了粗砂的临界状态及临界状态下颗粒的运动规律,利用室内大型单剪试验设备以及颗粒流软件PFC2D,对粗砂进行了等体积条件下的单剪试验与数值模拟。室内试验结果表明,粗砂的临界状态摩擦角为36.4°~37.4°,在本次试验条件下,初始正应力、初始相对密实度对临界状态摩擦角基本无影响;数值模拟结果显示,发生较大速度、位移、旋转量的颗粒均位于剪切带范围内,剪切过程接近临界状态时,剪切带内的颗粒累计旋转量分布趋于稳定即在临界状态下,剪切带内颗粒的旋转量非常小;剪切带的宽度约为45倍的平均粒径。