Accretion of the Earth and segregation of its core

The Earth took 30-40 million years to accrete from smaller 'planetesimals'. Many of these planetesimals had metallic iron cores and during growth of the Earth this metal re-equilibrated with the Earth's silicate mantle, extracting siderophile ('iron-loving') elements into the Earth's iron-rich core. The current composition of the mantle indicates that much of the re-equilibration took place in a deep (> 400 km) molten silicate layer, or 'magma ocean', and that conditions became more oxidizing with time as the Earth grew. The high-pressure nature of the core-forming process led to the Earth's core being richer in low-atomic-number elements, notably silicon and possibly oxygen, than the cores of the smaller planetesimal building blocks.     

Cooling of the Earth and core formation after the giant impact

Kelvin calculated the age of the Earth to be about 24 million years by assuming conductive cooling from being fully molten to its current state. Although simplistic, his result is interesting in the context of the dramatic cooling that took place after the putative Moon-forming giant impact, which contributed the final approximately 10 per cent of the Earth's mass. The rate of accretion and core segregation on Earth as deduced from the U-Pb system is much slower than that obtained from Hf-W systematics, and implies substantial accretion after the Moon-forming impact, which occurred 45 +/- 5 Myr after the beginning of the Solar System. Here we propose an explanation for the two timescales. We suggest that the Hf-W timescale reflects the principal phase of core-formation before the giant impact. Crystallization of silicate perovskite in the lower mantle during this phase produced Fe(3+), which was released during the giant impact, and this oxidation resulted in late segregation of sulphur-rich metal into which Pb dissolved readily, setting the younger U-Pb age of the Earth. Separation of the latter metal then occurred 30 +/- 10 Myr after the Moon-forming impact. Over this time span, in surprising agreement with Kelvin's result, the Earth cooled by about 4,000 K in returning from a fully molten to a partially crystalline state.     

Partitioning of oxygen during core formation on the Earth and Mars

Core formation on the Earth and Mars involved the physical separation of metal and silicate, most probably in deep magma oceans. Although core-formation models explain many aspects of mantle geochemistry, they have not accounted for the large differences observed between the compositions of the mantles of the Earth (approximately 8 wt% FeO) and Mars (approximately 18 wt% FeO) or the smaller mass fraction of the martian core. Here we explain these differences as a consequence of the solubility of oxygen in liquid iron-alloy increasing with increasing temperature. We assume that the Earth and Mars both accreted from oxidized chondritic material. In a terrestrial magma ocean, 1,200-2,000 km deep, high temperatures resulted in the extraction of FeO from the silicate magma ocean owing to high solubility of oxygen in the metal. Lower temperatures of a martian magma ocean resulted in little or no extraction of FeO from the mantle, which thus remains FeO-rich. The FeO extracted from the Earth's magma ocean may have contributed to chemical heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle, a FeO-rich D" layer and the light element budget of the core.     

液核地球CIP轴的极移和岁差章动

基于经典的液核地球自转动力学理论,通过引入章动参考系相对惯性空间的运动,建立了液核地球极移和章动的联合动力学方程,由此对CIP轴进行了理论定义,并给出了其极移、岁差和章动的动力学方程,在顾及到5阶岁差章动力矩的情况下,给出了岁差章动的解析表达式,通过推导发现,即使没有核幔边界的耗散耦合,奇数阶岁差章动力矩也使得黄经章动和交角章动出现了异向项,即黄经章动出现了cos项,交角章动出现了sin项,同时还证明了岁差表达式与地球模型无关,本的理论可为动力大地测量学和天地球动力学的研究提供理论参考和依据。     

Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago

No crustal rocks are known to have survived since the time of the intense meteor bombardment that affected Earth between its formation about 4,550 Myr ago and 4,030 Myr, the age of the oldest known components in the Acasta Gneiss of northwestern Canada. But evidence of an even older crust is provided by detrital zircons in metamorphosed sediments at Mt Narryer and Jack Hills in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, where grains as old as approximately 4,276 Myr have been found. Here we report, based on a detailed micro-analytical study of Jack Hills zircons, the discovery of a detrital zircon with an age as old as 4,404+/-8 Myr--about 130 million years older than any previously identified on Earth. We found that the zircon is zoned with respect to rare earth elements and oxygen isotope ratios (delta18O values from 7.4 to 5.0%), indicating that it formed from an evolving magmatic source. The evolved chemistry, high delta18O value and micro-inclusions of SiO2 are consistent with growth from a granitic melt with a delta18O value from 8.5 to 9.5%. Magmatic oxygen isotope ratios in this range point toward the involvement of supracrustal material that has undergone low-temperature interaction with a liquid hydrosphere. This zircon thus represents the earliest evidence for continental crust and oceans on the Earth.     

非能动安全壳外部冷却相似模拟

为了应对具有被动安全特征之先进反应堆设计中模拟验证需要,针对具有双层壳体和非能动冷却特性的安全壳结构中两壳体之间冷却流道的传热特性模拟问题,该文采用不同于常见局部现象模拟中归纳式模拟逻辑或者系统模拟中演绎式模拟逻辑的双层次构架式体系建立了模拟模型,分别在系统及局部传热传质过程的不同分析层次建立了守恒方程组。通过推导得到的表征流场状态之特征参数群,确定了流道冷却模拟的关键影响参数为功率体积比以及流体的Stanton数,并给出了相应结构参数的相似比例关系。本方法为模拟流道设计提供了理论依据和基本比例化设计参数。     

连铸坯液固相分数检测及液芯末端位置定位新方法

为了准确测量二冷区内铸坯的液固相分数,精确预报铸坯的凝固终点,在理论解析、物理模拟和实验验证研究的基础上,提出了振动法检测连铸坯液固相分数和液芯末端位置的新方法,总结了激振力和受迫振动位移等信号的反馈规律,比较了振频和激振力对相位差的影响,并对检测方案总体思路的可行性进行了论证.研究结果为板坯凝固过程中液固相分数及凝固终点的在线检测提供了指导和参考.     

核供热堆燃料组件均匀化参数的计算

组件均匀化参数的计算是核供热堆物理设计及堆芯燃料管理计算的基础。本文介绍的组件均匀化参数计算的处理方法是以先进的燃料组件软件包ＴＰＦＡＰ为基本工具，对于堆内各种类型组件计算少群截面，按Ｇｄ２Ｏ３不同重量百分比、比燃耗、能群等顺序组成参数截面表，再用函数插值法求得全堆燃耗计算所需的截面。实践表明，用该方法处理的参数计算燃耗的结果可满足工程设计精度要求，它对燃料管理及优化设计计算是极为有效的方法。     

Evidence for an ancient martian ocean in the topography of deformed shorelines

A suite of observations suggests that the northern plains of Mars, which cover nearly one third of the planet's surface, may once have contained an ocean. Perhaps the most provocative evidence for an ancient ocean is a set of surface features that ring the plains for thousands of kilometres and that have been interpreted as a series of palaeoshorelines of different age. It has been shown, however, that topographic profiles along the putative shorelines contain long-wavelength trends with amplitudes of up to several kilometres, and these trends have been taken as an argument against the martian shoreline (and ocean) hypothesis. Here we show that the long-wavelength topography of the shorelines is consistent with deformation caused by true polar wander--a change in the orientation of a planet with respect to its rotation pole--and that the inferred pole path has the geometry expected for a true polar wander event that postdates the formation of the massive Tharsis volcanic rise.     

连铸坯液芯轧制的模拟实验与计算

对连铸方坯带液芯轧制的工艺进行了计算机模拟实验的分析，指出了方坯带液芯轧制时的变形特点、应力、应变的变化趋势，以及液芯率的大小对轧制能耗和应力、应变及变形规律的影响．在有液芯存在时，轧件的上下表面向内凹陷，侧面易于形成单鼓变形，并且随液芯率的增大而增大；同时由于静不定的作用引起轧件角部的旋转．加上变形的作用，将导致边部应力大大增加，其表现出来的变化是先减小而后增大的趋势．     

Evidence for superfluidity of ultracold fermions in an optical lattice

The study of superfluid fermion pairs in a periodic potential has important ramifications for understanding superconductivity in crystalline materials. By using cold atomic gases, various models of condensed matter can be studied in a highly controllable environment. Weakly repulsive fermions in an optical lattice could undergo d-wave pairing at low temperatures, a possible mechanism for high temperature superconductivity in the copper oxides. The lattice potential could also strongly increase the critical temperature for s-wave superfluidity. Recent experimental advances in bulk atomic gases include the observation of fermion-pair condensates and high-temperature superfluidity. Experiments with fermions and bosonic bound pairs in optical lattices have been reported but have not yet addressed superfluid behaviour. Here we report the observation of distinct interference peaks when a condensate of fermionic atom pairs is released from an optical lattice, implying long-range order (a property of a superfluid). Conceptually, this means that s-wave pairing and coherence of fermion pairs have now been established in a lattice potential, in which the transport of atoms occurs by quantum mechanical tunnelling and not by simple propagation. These observations were made for interactions on both sides of a Feshbach resonance. For larger lattice depths, the coherence was lost in a reversible manner, possibly as a result of a transition from superfluid to insulator. Such strongly interacting fermions in an optical lattice can be used to study a new class of hamiltonians with interband and atom-molecule couplings.     

Experimental earth tidal models in considering nearly diurnal free wobble of the Earth''''s liquid core

Based on the 28 series of the high precision and high minute sampling tidal gravity observations at 20 stations in Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) network, the resonant parameters of the Earth's nearly diurnal free wobble (including the eigenperiods, resonant strengths and quality factots) are precisely determined. The discrepancy of the eigenperiod between observed and theoretical values is studied, the important conclusion that the real dynamic ellipticity of the liquid core is about 5% larger than the one under the static equilibrium assumption is approved by using our gravity technique. The experimental Earth's tidal gravity models with considering the nearly diurnal free wobble of the Earth's liquid core are constructed in this study. The numerical results show that the difference among three experimental models is less than 0.1%, and the largest discrepancy compared to those widely used nowdays given by Dehant (1999) and Mathews (2001) is only about 0.4%. It can provide with the most recent real     

基于液芯光纤的水中甲烷拉曼检测技术

根据经典电磁理论和量子理论分析了拉曼光谱技术,探讨了共振拉曼效应对提高散射光强所起的作用．采用LRS—III型激光拉曼光谱仪对甲烷水溶液进行了拉曼检测实验,实验结果验证了水中甲烷拉曼检测的可行性．根据液芯光纤传光原理分析了输出拉曼光功率与损耗系数和光纤长度的关系,利用LabVIEW软件对液芯光纤的拉曼增益作用进行了仿真,仿真结果表明液芯光纤可提高拉曼光强达10^3倍．针对水中甲烷含量比较低的特点,提出基于液芯光纤并共振拉曼效应的方法,可提高拉曼光强接近10^9倍．     

连铸坯液芯轧制的模拟实验与计算

对连铸方坯带液芯轧制的工艺进行了计算机模拟实验的分析,指出了方坯带液芯轧制时的变形特点、应力、应变的变化趋势,以及液芯率的大小对轧制能耗和应力、应变及变形规律的影响.在有液芯存在时,轧件的上下表面向内凹陷,侧面易于形成单鼓变形,并且随液芯率的增大而增大;同时由于静不定的作用引起轧件角部的旋转.加上变形的作用,将导致边部应力大大增加,其表现出来的变化是先减小而后增大的趋势.