海南岛农林作物叶螨初记

本文记述了海南岛分属于叶螨科和细须螨科的9种叶螨的主要形态特征、分布范围及其寄主植物,其中有19种寄主植物是这9种叶螨所为害寄主的新记录。文末还列出了9种叶螨的分类检索表。     

Herbivory-induced volatiles elicit defence genes in lima bean leaves

In response to herbivore damage, several plant species emit volatiles that attract natural predators of the attacking herbivores. Using spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) and predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis), it has been shown that not only the attacked plant but also neighbouring plants are affected, becoming more attractive to predatory mites and less susceptible to spider mites. The mechanism involved in such interactions, however, remains elusive. Here we show that uninfested lima bean leaves activate five separate defence genes when exposed to volatiles from conspecific leaves infested with T. urticae, but not when exposed to volatiles from artificially wounded leaves. The expression pattern of these genes is similar to that produced by exposure to jasmonic acid. At least three terpenoids in the volatiles are responsible for this gene activation; they are released in response to herbivory but not artificial wounding. Expression of these genes requires calcium influx and protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.     

Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana

The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system for identifying genes and determining their functions. Here we report the analysis of the genomic sequence of Arabidopsis. The sequenced regions cover 115.4 megabases of the 125-megabase genome and extend into centromeric regions. The evolution of Arabidopsis involved a whole-genome duplication, followed by subsequent gene loss and extensive local gene duplications, giving rise to a dynamic genome enriched by lateral gene transfer from a cyanobacterial-like ancestor of the plastid. The genome contains 25,498 genes encoding proteins from 11,000 families, similar to the functional diversity of Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans--the other sequenced multicellular eukaryotes. Arabidopsis has many families of new proteins but also lacks several common protein families, indicating that the sets of common proteins have undergone differential expansion and contraction in the three multicellular eukaryotes. This is the first complete genome sequence of a plant and provides the foundations for more comprehensive comparison of conserved processes in all eukaryotes, identifying a wide range of plant-specific gene functions and establishing rapid systematic ways to identify genes for crop improvement.     

二种植绥螨对朱砂叶螨利他素定位反应的比较

利用嗅觉仪测定智利小植绥螨和拟长钝绥螨对其猎物朱砂叶螨所释放的利他素的定向行为并作了比较研究，阐明了与这二种植绥螨的定位反应有关的刺激源是除雄螨以外不同发育阶段的叶螨及其分泌物和排泄物，而与叶螨的寄主植物无关，不同植绥螨对同一种叶螨不同发育阶段产生的利他素源反应有着一定的种间特异性。     

玛河流域棉田叶螨天敌研究初报

为了配合棉田叶螨的综合治理,笔者于1986—1988年对本地区棉田叶螨的优势种土耳其斯坦叶螨(Tetranychus turkestani)的天敌种类进行了调查研究,从采到的标本中,鉴定出叶螨天敌14科21种。其中天敌昆虫11种,蜘蛛4种,捕食螨6种。并对天敌数量和重要天敌的捕食量进行了调查和接种观察,为叶螨的生防提供了重要理论数据。     

The genome of the simian and human malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi

Plasmodium knowlesi is an intracellular malaria parasite whose natural vertebrate host is Macaca fascicularis (the 'kra' monkey); however, it is now increasingly recognized as a significant cause of human malaria, particularly in southeast Asia. Plasmodium knowlesi was the first malaria parasite species in which antigenic variation was demonstrated, and it has a close phylogenetic relationship to Plasmodium vivax, the second most important species of human malaria parasite (reviewed in ref. 4). Despite their relatedness, there are important phenotypic differences between them, such as host blood cell preference, absence of a dormant liver stage or 'hypnozoite' in P. knowlesi, and length of the asexual cycle (reviewed in ref. 4). Here we present an analysis of the P. knowlesi (H strain, Pk1(A+) clone) nuclear genome sequence. This is the first monkey malaria parasite genome to be described, and it provides an opportunity for comparison with the recently completed P. vivax genome and other sequenced Plasmodium genomes. In contrast to other Plasmodium genomes, putative variant antigen families are dispersed throughout the genome and are associated with intrachromosomal telomere repeats. One of these families, the KIRs, contains sequences that collectively match over one-half of the host CD99 extracellular domain, which may represent an unusual form of molecular mimicry.     

The genome of a motile marine Synechococcus

Marine unicellular cyanobacteria are responsible for an estimated 20-40% of chlorophyll biomass and carbon fixation in the oceans. Here we have sequenced and analysed the 2.4-megabase genome of Synechococcus sp. strain WH8102, revealing some of the ways that these organisms have adapted to their largely oligotrophic environment. WH8102 uses organic nitrogen and phosphorus sources and more sodium-dependent transporters than a model freshwater cyanobacterium. Furthermore, it seems to have adopted strategies for conserving limited iron stores by using nickel and cobalt in some enzymes, has reduced its regulatory machinery (consistent with the fact that the open ocean constitutes a far more constant and buffered environment than fresh water), and has evolved a unique type of swimming motility. The genome of WH8102 seems to have been greatly influenced by horizontal gene transfer, partially through phages. The genetic material contributed by horizontal gene transfer includes genes involved in the modification of the cell surface and in swimming motility. On the basis of its genome, WH8102 is more of a generalist than two related marine cyanobacteria.     

赣北茶区蜘蛛群落结构及种群数量消长初步研究

对江西赣北茶园自然蜘蛛群落结构、多样性及其数量消长进行研究的结果表明；１．赣北茶园蜘蛛群落已定名的有１７科、５４属、８２种，主要是黑色蝇虎、日本管蛛、异角丘腹蛛、锥腹肖峭，其中以异角丘腹蛛的数量为最多。２．茶园蜘蛛群落多样性、均匀度以４月份、８月份较高，对茶园害虫控制作用较强。３．经过数据处理，建立了蜘蛛优势种数量消长预测模型，给出了茶园蜘蛛与气候因子的关联序，为茶园害虫综合防治提供参考。     

茄子田朱砂叶螨－天敌关系灰色关联分析

利用灰色关联序分析了茄子田自然天敌对朱砂叶螨的跟随效应．结果表明，主要天敌类群中，与叶螨关联度最大的是瓢虫、南方小花蝽和蜘蛛．它们是田间控制叶螨种群增长的主要因子．     

白骨壤新害虫柚木肖弄蝶夜蛾的生物特性及防治

【目的】柚木肖弄蝶叶蛾(Hyblaea puera Crame)是广西红树林区近年出现的新害虫,为了更好保护红树林,对该虫的生物特性及其防治方法进行相关研究。【方法】观察各虫态的形态特征、生活习性、生活史及其主要天敌;分析虫害的爆发原因及其对红树林生态系统所造成的影响,并进行灯诱防治试验。【结果】该虫的幼虫形态在不同龄期、不同世代间均存在显著差异;雌成虫产卵最多834粒,平均477粒;幼虫在红树林中仅取食危害白骨壤Avicennia marina,老熟幼虫会利用非寄主植物的枝叶来筑巢化蛹,成虫常见吸食白花鬼针草Bidens alba(L.)DC.花蜜;该虫在广西沿海发生11代,不同世代的害虫在陆地植被和红树林之间以及红树林不同斑块间转移危害;虫害爆发时会快速吃光树叶并啃食嫩枝表皮和幼果,对白骨壤生长造成较大影响,且取食危害期间的排泄物会造成滩涂土壤酸化;成虫具有较强的趋光性。【结论】柚木肖弄蝶叶蛾对红树林造成的危害极大,有必要对它的发生规律、监测和防治方法等进行更深入的研究;从害虫管控的角度从发,当务之急是监测和防治陆岸上柚木上的害虫,避免害虫向红树林区扩散。     

Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences

We report a high-quality draft of the genome sequence of the grey, short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). As the first metatherian ('marsupial') species to be sequenced, the opossum provides a unique perspective on the organization and evolution of mammalian genomes. Distinctive features of the opossum chromosomes provide support for recent theories about genome evolution and function, including a strong influence of biased gene conversion on nucleotide sequence composition, and a relationship between chromosomal characteristics and X chromosome inactivation. Comparison of opossum and eutherian genomes also reveals a sharp difference in evolutionary innovation between protein-coding and non-coding functional elements. True innovation in protein-coding genes seems to be relatively rare, with lineage-specific differences being largely due to diversification and rapid turnover in gene families involved in environmental interactions. In contrast, about 20% of eutherian conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) are recent inventions that postdate the divergence of Eutheria and Metatheria. A substantial proportion of these eutherian-specific CNEs arose from sequence inserted by transposable elements, pointing to transposons as a major creative force in the evolution of mammalian gene regulation.     

Human gamma-chain genes are rearranged in leukaemic T cells and map to the short arm of chromosome 7

Three gene families that rearrange during the somatic development of T cells have been identified in the murine genome. Two of these gene families (alpha and beta) encode subunits of the antigen-specific T-cell receptor and are also present in the human genome. The third gene family, designated here as the gamma-chain gene family, is rearranged in murine cytolytic T cells but not in most helper T cells. Here we present evidence that the human genome also contains gamma-chain genes that undergo somatic rearrangement in leukaemia-derived T cells. Murine gamma-chain genes appear to be encoded in gene segments that are analogous to the immunoglobulin gene variable, constant and joining segments. There are two closely related constant-region gene segments in the human genome. One of the constant-region genes is deleted in all three T-cell leukaemias that we have studied. The two constant-region gamma-chain genes reside on the short arm of chromosome 7 (7p15); this region is involved in chromosomal rearrangements identified in T cells from individuals with the immunodeficiency syndrome ataxia telangiectasia and observed only rarely in routine cytogenetic analyses of normal individuals. This region is also a secondary site of beta-chain gene hybridization.     

杨小舟蛾的发生规律

采用林间调查、灯诱成虫和室内饲养等方法,研究了杨小舟蛾的发生、发展与气候及环境因子的关系。结果表明:日平均气温的变化直接影响了杨小舟蛾卵、幼虫和蛹的生长、发育及越冬代成虫的日羽化量;此类害虫喜爱干燥的生长环境,降雨量偏多不利于害虫的生长、发育,但有利于颗粒体病毒病的发生,因此暖冬和干旱高温的气候极易导致此虫猖獗成灾;赤眼蜂、颗粒体病毒和黑棒啮小蜂等是此虫的重要天敌,对害虫具有一定的控制作用。     

叶螨染色体的制备与观察研究

叶螨Spider mites是各种农作物上的害螨,有关叶螨染色体的研究在我区尚未见报道,为了探索出叶螨染色体的制备技术,为准确分类和防治上的运用打基础,作者于1990—1992年对叶螨染色体作了研究,得到了朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)、土耳其斯坦叶螨(T.turkestani)和截形叶螨(T.truncatus)的核型图,并将三种叶螨的核型在数目和大小诸方面进行了对比研究。     

美国白蛾核型多角体病毒的研究进展

美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea(Drury))属鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)灯蛾科(Arctiidae),是一种重要的国际性检疫害虫,从1979年入侵以来,对我国林业和园林绿化造成重大危害。美国白蛾核型多角体病毒(Hyphantria cunea Nucleopolyhedrovirus,HcNPV)生物杀虫剂能有效控制寄主美国白蛾种群的数量,在生物防治中起到了重要的控害作用,具有重要的经济、生态和环保价值,应用前景十分广阔。从侵染特点、致病性、流行病毒学、基因组特点及应用前景等方面综述了美国白蛾核型多角体病毒的研究进展。     

Sequence and analysis of rice chromosome 4

Rice is the principal food for over half of the population of the world. With its genome size of 430 megabase pairs (Mb), the cultivated rice species Oryza sativa is a model plant for genome research. Here we report the sequence analysis of chromosome 4 of O. sativa, one of the first two rice chromosomes to be sequenced completely. The finished sequence spans 34.6 Mb and represents 97.3% of the chromosome. In addition, we report the longest known sequence for a plant centromere, a completely sequenced contig of 1.16 Mb corresponding to the centromeric region of chromosome 4. We predict 4,658 protein coding genes and 70 transfer RNA genes. A total of 1,681 predicted genes match available unique rice expressed sequence tags. Transposable elements have a pronounced bias towards the euchromatic regions, indicating a close correlation of their distributions to genes along the chromosome. Comparative genome analysis between cultivated rice subspecies shows that there is an overall syntenic relationship between the chromosomes and divergence at the level of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions and deletions. By contrast, there is little conservation in gene order between rice and Arabidopsis.     

The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum

Tribolium castaneum is a member of the most species-rich eukaryotic order, a powerful model organism for the study of generalized insect development, and an important pest of stored agricultural products. We describe its genome sequence here. This omnivorous beetle has evolved the ability to interact with a diverse chemical environment, as shown by large expansions in odorant and gustatory receptors, as well as P450 and other detoxification enzymes. Development in Tribolium is more representative of other insects than is Drosophila, a fact reflected in gene content and function. For example, Tribolium has retained more ancestral genes involved in cell-cell communication than Drosophila, some being expressed in the growth zone crucial for axial elongation in short-germ development. Systemic RNA interference in T. castaneum functions differently from that in Caenorhabditis elegans, but nevertheless offers similar power for the elucidation of gene function and identification of targets for selective insect control.     

珠海荔枝园节肢动物群落动态及其主要益害虫相关性研究

于2010—2011年系统调查了珠海凤凰山区荔枝园内节肢动物群落,分析了群落的结构组成、时空动态及主要益害虫相互作用关系,结果如下:1)共采集到节肢动物2个纲、16个目、48个科、79个种,其中害虫35种,捕食性节肢动物29种,中性昆虫9种,寄生性节肢动物6种.荔枝园节肢动物群落较丰富,益害虫优势种明显.2)随着温度变化,群落总体及个各类群的物种在5—11月份丰富度最大.3)害虫优势种为荔枝蝽(Tessaratoma papillosa)与荔枝瘿螨(Aceria litchii).其主要天敌为锥腹肖蛸(Tetragnatha maxillosa)、草间小黑蛛(Erigonidium graminicolum)和异色瓢虫(Leis axyridis).     

Gene transfer to the nucleus and the evolution of chloroplasts

Photosynthetic eukaryotes, particularly unicellular forms, possess a fossil record that is either wrought with gaps or difficult to interpret, or both. Attempts to reconstruct their evolution have focused on plastid phylogeny, but were limited by the amount and type of phylogenetic information contained within single genes. Among the 210 different protein-coding genes contained in the completely sequenced chloroplast genomes from a glaucocystophyte, a rhodophyte, a diatom, a euglenophyte and five land plants, we have now identified the set of 45 common to each and to a cyanobacterial outgroup genome. Phylogenetic inference with an alignment of 11,039 amino-acid positions per genome indicates that this information is sufficient--but just rarely so--to identify the rooted nine-taxon topology. We mapped the process of gene loss from chloroplast genomes across the inferred tree and found that, surprisingly, independent parallel gene losses in multiple lineages outnumber phylogenetically unique losses by more that 4:1. We identified homologues of 44 different plastid-encoded proteins as functional nuclear genes of chloroplast origin, providing evidence for endosymbiotic gene transfer to the nucleus in plants.