新型在线光谱测量方法在环境排放中的应用

 新型在线光谱测量方法, 如宽带腔增强吸收光谱及可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术, 由于其高灵敏度、原位实时以及较好的时间空间分辨率, 被广泛应用于环境排放监测。本文结合实际测量案例, 对腔增强吸收光谱技术在气态亚硝酸、气溶胶消光及可调谐激光在选择性催化还原脱硝中的液膜多参数测量中的应用研究做了总结回顾, 并认为两种测量技术的发展结合, 将为大气化学反应的核心活性物种测量、气溶胶消光参数的准确定量及非均相大气反应动力学测量提供有效的方法。     

振铃光谱技术中腔内光场的涨落计算

采用系统平均理论,计算了脉冲激作为激发光源时,激光振铃吸收光谱技术中振铃腔内每个脉冲引起的光场涨落,并对计算结果进行了讨论。     

200 W高光束质量全固态Nd:YVO4板条激光器研究

为了获得高光束质量的中功率激光,利用激光二极管阵列双端抽运Nd:YVO4,采用折叠混合腔结构的板条结构,获得激光的最大输出功率为202W,光-光转换效率为47.5%;光束质量M2因子在水平方向和垂直方向分别为1.72和2.25.     

磁光盘存储器光学系统的研究

本文研究了可擦除磁光记录读出光学系统,分析了激光二极管整型系统,建立了扩束棱镜优化设计条件,推导出了最优偏振分光镜的物理模型。     

Extinction efficiencies of mixed aerosols measured by aerosol cavity ring down spectrometry

A cavity ring down spectroscopy instrument was introduced and designed for measuring extinction efficiencies of pure and mixing aerosols in this paper.Through averaging 500 individual waveforms,the minimal detectable aerosol extinction coefficient of 8.4 × 10-7 m-1 was achieved.By the test results using the NaCl particles,we concluded that this system could measure the extinction efficiencies of an aerosol with an uncertainty less than 3% under laboratory controlled experimental conditions.The refractive indices of different aerosols were retrieved through comparing the measured extinction efficiencies of each aerosol type with which predicted by Mie theory.Aerosols composed of ammonium sulphate and succinic acid with different weight ratios were used to create a model of mixed aerosols using these two materials,whose extinction efficiencies and complex refractive indices were derived.The refractive indices of the mixed aerosols were also calculated by various optical mixing rules.We found that all the molar refraction/absorption mixing rule,the volume ratio linear rule,and Maxwell-Garnett rule did provide comparable results,of which the volume ratio linear rule gave a slightly worse fit than the others.     

基于OPAC的典型环境中气溶胶组分的光学特性分析

利用基于Mie散射理论的云和气溶胶粒子的光学特性软件(OPAC)在不同激光雷达探测波段对一般大陆(典型气溶胶组分:水溶性、不溶性和烟尘气溶胶)、沙漠(典型气溶胶组分:水溶性、核模态矿物、积聚模态矿物和粗模态矿物气溶胶)和洁净海洋(典型气溶胶组分:水溶性、积聚模态海盐和粗模态海盐)3种环境下的气溶胶光学参数(散射系数、光学厚度和激光雷达比)进行了仿真研究,分析了各环境中光学参数随气溶胶组分数浓度的变化规律以及各组分对光学特性的影响.结果表明消光系数和光学厚度在不同激光波段、不同环境下均随组分数浓度线性递增,在上述环境中对消光系数和光学厚度影响最大的组分依次为水溶性气溶胶、积聚模态矿物气溶胶和积聚模态海盐气溶胶.激光雷达比变化规律十分复杂,受探测波长及气溶胶组分的双重影响,一般大陆环境中非水溶性气溶胶在2个波段上的影响占主导地位;沙漠环境中,不同波段上积聚模态矿物气溶胶对激光雷达比的影响最大;洁净海洋环境中,积聚模态海盐气溶胶对激光雷达比的影响最强.     

用零维能量平衡气候模型分析大气气溶胶的气候效应

将大气短波吸收系数的增加量假设为晴空大气反照率的增加量的线性函数,综合考虑云对能量传输的调节及其与地气系统之间复杂的非线性相互作用,利用零维能量平衡模型分析了气溶胶的气候效应。分析计算结果发现,大气气溶胶含量增加可能引发的气候变化主要是：(1) 大气温度升高,地表感热输送和蒸发潜热减少,这会引起全球干旱; (2) 气溶胶使地面升温还是降温,主要依赖于大气对太阳辐射的吸收能力和晴空大气的反照率,地表反照率反馈机制使气溶胶的气候效应得到加强。     

Frequency stabilization and linewidth narrowing with modulation transfer spectroscopy

We report laser frequency stabilization with modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) on ⁸⁵Rb atoms. With both PZT (piezo-electric transducer) slow-loop feedback and current fastloop feedback to the laser head, we get a linewidth narrowing less than 5 kHz simultaneously. Laser injection to a laser diode and frequency beating with another polarization spectroscopy based stabilization setup are also employed to check the narrow linewidth property. With the help of the technique, a linewidth around kHz-level laser is obtained and pave the way for the locking of the lattice laser of ytterbium clock with transfer cavity technique. The setup can be used as a frequency reference for precise frequency control of atomic clock system.     

可调谐半导体激光光谱技术在工业控制监测氧气浓度中的应用

采用分布反馈式（Distributed feedback,DFB）半导体激光器作为光源,通过检测760nm附近氧气的一条转动吸收线对排放的气体中氧气的浓度进行实时监测．采用开放式双光程设计,并通过背景信号拟合的方法消除消光系数对检测的影响．实验结果证明,该方法是可以对氧气的实时在线浓度进行检测的一种比较简单的方法．     

ADIABATIC APPROXIMATION IN A MULTIMODE LASER THEORY

The adiabatic approximation developed for stochastic differential equations is generalized, to a rnultimode laser theory. A general formula of the multimade laser equation is derived. The single-mode and two-mode laser equations investigated in most theoretical analyses and experimental measurements are the first order approximation of the theory.     

The Siberian Traps and the End-Permian mass extinction: a critical review

The association between the Siberian Traps, the largest continental flood basalt province, and the largest-known mass extinction event at the end of the Permian period, has been strengthened by recently-published high-precision ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates from widespread localities across the Siberian province^[1]. We argue that the impact of the volcanism was amplified by the prevailing late Permian environmental conditions―in particular, the hothouse climate, with sluggish oceanic circulation, that was leading to widespread oceanic anoxia. Volcanism released large masses of sulphate aerosols and carbon dioxide, the former triggering short-duration volcanic winters, the latter leading to long-term warming. Whilst the mass of CO₂ released from individual eruptions was small compared with the total mass of carbon in the atmosphere-ocean system, the long ‘mean lifetime’ of atmospheric CO₂, compared with the eruption flux and duration, meant that significant accumulation could occur over periods of 105 years. Compromise of the carbon sequestration systems (by curtailment of photosynthesis, destruction of biomass, and warming and acidification of the oceans) probably led to rapid atmospheric CO₂ build-up, warming, and shallow-water anoxia, leading ultimately to mass extinction.     

Attenuation of ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface due to atmospheric aerosols in Guangzhou

The UV attenuation due to atmospheric aerosols in Guangzhou was quantitatively assessed using surface ultraviolet radiation (UV,295-385 nm) observation,sun photometer and radiation models.Observations showed that the annual average value of aerosol optical depth (AOD) was 1.19 in UV spectral region of 340 nm,the annual average occurrence frequency of aerosol optical depth AOD 340 nm >1.0 was 55%,and the annual average attenuation rate of surface UV direct radiation of 340 nm was 68%.It was proven in the observation of surface UV radiation and model evaluation that annual average attenuation of UV due to atmosphere was 75%,and that reached 72% in the dry season (October,November,December and January);while average attenuation of UV due to atmospheric aerosols reached 62% in the dry season.It was indicated that very significant UV attenuations due to atmospheric aerosols existed in Guangzhou urban agglomeration,and at least half of UV radiation was attenuated due to atmospheric aerosols.Such large-amplitude attenuation will have a significant impact on urban ecosystem and species chemical cycles,especially photochemical reaction processes.     

泵浦功率变化对连续YAG激光器的影响

本文指出当连续YAG器件的泵浦功率变化时,不仅是器件增益发生变化,而且器件的损耗也同样发生变化。因而引起振荡模式的变化,腔的失稳,激光输出功率变化的复杂化。文中以大量的理论计算和实验证明:在多模运转时以平行平面腔为好。在单模运转时以平—凸或凹—凸腔为好。     

小型气溶胶激光雷达水平大气回波信号分析

介绍了一台用于大气气溶胶和云层测量的小型激光雷达系统,阐述了其系统结构和工作原理.对该激光雷达的水平大气回波信号进行了分析处理,得到了此系统的几何重叠因子及一段时间内的水平大气消光系数和对应的水平大气能见度等数据.     

激光二极管准直光源光学机械系统设计与调试

在数字音频唱机(CD)的开发方面,激光二极管(LD)由于具有一系列独特的优点,在科学与工程应用领域获得越来越广泛的应用.值得指出的是,LD激光器其光学和电气特性方面存在一些特别的问题,LD输出光束是:a.发散的;b.椭圆的;C.存在固有像散.环境温度的变化不仅影响其使用寿命,还会影响到其波长漂移和量子效率的变化.因此在实用时,必须对LD光束进行高质量准直,同时还应考虑系统的光能利用效率问题.为此,在研制高性能LD准直光源时,必须解决好以下四个问题:a.设计好准直物镜使其与激光二极管特性相匹配;b.设计合适的机械机构使LD与准直物镜集于一体,同时能够方便地进行精密光学对准,而且要具有一定的机械强度,使其能够承受一定的振动与冲击;C.研制有效的质量测试系统,以确保获得高质量的准直光束;d.研制安全可靠的LD驱动电源,以确保使用安全,延长寿命.     

Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator

Optical frequency combs provide equidistant frequency markers in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet, and can be used to link an unknown optical frequency to a radio or microwave frequency reference. Since their inception, frequency combs have triggered substantial advances in optical frequency metrology and precision measurements and in applications such as broadband laser-based gas sensing and molecular fingerprinting. Early work generated frequency combs by intra-cavity phase modulation; subsequently, frequency combs have been generated using the comb-like mode structure of mode-locked lasers, whose repetition rate and carrier envelope phase can be stabilized. Here we report a substantially different approach to comb generation, in which equally spaced frequency markers are produced by the interaction between a continuous-wave pump laser of a known frequency with the modes of a monolithic ultra-high-Q microresonator via the Kerr nonlinearity. The intrinsically broadband nature of parametric gain makes it possible to generate discrete comb modes over a 500-nm-wide span (approximately 70 THz) around 1,550 nm without relying on any external spectral broadening. Optical-heterodyne-based measurements reveal that cascaded parametric interactions give rise to an optical frequency comb, overcoming passive cavity dispersion. The uniformity of the mode spacing has been verified to within a relative experimental precision of 7.3 x 10(-18). In contrast to femtosecond mode-locked lasers, this work represents a step towards a monolithic optical frequency comb generator, allowing considerable reduction in size, complexity and power consumption. Moreover, the approach can operate at previously unattainable repetition rates, exceeding 100 GHz, which are useful in applications where access to individual comb modes is required, such as optical waveform synthesis, high capacity telecommunications or astrophysical spectrometer calibration.     

利用激光雷达和卫星遥感获得城市地面大气悬浮颗粒物浓度分布

使用香港元朗地区2008年MODIS卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品、激光雷达气溶胶消光系数垂直分布、地面相对湿度和地面气溶胶浓度观测资料等数据, 通过激光雷达数据建立地面消光系数和激光雷达AOD与气溶胶标高的关系, 利用这一关系和卫星AOD进行地面消光系数的反演估计, 并进行湿度订正; 通过建立地面气溶胶浓度和地面消光系数的关系, 进行卫星AOD产品和激光雷达气溶胶探测反演地面大气颗粒物质量浓度的研究及应用。结果表明, 卫星估计的地面消光系数与小时平均的颗粒物质量浓度观测值的相关系数为0.57~0.86 (PM2.5)和0.59~0.78 (PM10), 估计的质量浓度与小时平均的观测值对比的均方根偏差分别为11.64~25.34 g/m³ (PM2.5)和24.64~91.64 g/m³ (PM10), 表明可以通过卫星遥感进行大气悬浮颗粒物污染的监测应用。其中1 km分辨率的AOD产品, 因其更高的空间分辨率, 更适合反映具有复杂地形的城市地区大气悬浮颗粒物污染。     

调频激光二极管的相干特性及应用

提出了调频单模激光二极管的相干长度理论计算公式，并用由特种光纤构成的全光纤Ｍａｃｈ－Ｚｅｈｎｄｅｒ干涉仪进行了实验验证。     

WDMA-EPON上行信道精确波长光发射模块的研究

介绍波分多址以太网无源光网络的系统结构以及相关光电子器件,报道了用于该系统上行传输信道的一种新型低成本的光发射模块。该模块采用新型外腔式精确波长激光器,具有波长自锁定功能。     

Active optical clock based on four-level quantum system

Active optical clock,a new conception of atomic clock,has been proposed recently.In this work,we propose a scheme of active optical clock based on four-level quantum system.The final accuracy and stability of two-level quantum system are limited by second-order Doppler shift of thermal atomic beam.To three-level quantum system,they are mainly limited by light shift of pumping laser field.These limitations can be avoided effectively by applying the scheme proposed here.Rubidium atom four-level quantum system,as a typical example,is discussed.The population inversion between 6S 1/2 and 5P 3/2 states can be built up at a time scale of 10-6 s.With the mechanism of active optical clock,in which the cavity mode linewidth is much wider than that of the laser gain profile,it can output a laser with quantum-limited linewidth narrower than 1 Hz in theory.An experimental configuration is designed to realize this active optical clock.