基于Google Earth高分影像的北海榄根村红海榄种群数量和分布的研究

本研究建立一种基于Google Earth高分影像的红海榄（Rhizophora stylosa）单株精准识别的方法,并利用这种方法开展红海榄的资源调查和生态研究。研究以广西北海铁山港东岸榄根村外围天然红树林中的红海榄种群为对象,利用高分辨率Google Earth影像精准识别红海榄的个体,进而获取种群数量、冠幅、高程等重要数据,并在影像上设置89个100 m×100 m的样方,运用聚集度指标法,分析红海榄种群的空间分布格局。结果表明：影像中可识别红海榄植株数量共有848株;在高程1-2 m滩涂有红海榄615株,占全部数量的72.5%,在适生滩涂高程下呈现一定的正态分布特征;冠层直径大小在1.00-1.99 m的红海榄494株,占全部数量的58.3%,研究范围内红海榄种群密度南向大于北向,向海方向大于向陆方向,斑块中心区域大于边缘区域;各聚集度指标测定结果显示,该天然红海榄种群呈聚集分布。以上结果说明,利用Google Earth高分影像可有效识别冠层直径1 m以上的红海榄单株;北海榄根村红海榄种群整体的空间分布格局呈聚集分布,并且红海榄幼树较多,推测随着时间的推移,研究区域的红海榄种群数量将会增多。     

A preliminary study of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in the endangered aquatic quillwortIsoetes sinensis Palmer in China

Isoetes sinensis Palmer (Isoetaceae) is an aquatic or amphibious plant that is critically endangered in China. Previous studies have revealed the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-like photosynthetic pathway occurs commonly in submerged leaves in genusIsoetes. Water chemistry parameters and the titratable acidity content of the plant extract were measured from samples obtained in the early morning (7∶00) and late afternoon (15∶00) from twoI. sinensis populations in China. One population occurs in the eulittoral zone of a freshwater tidal river at low elevation (134 m) and another occurs in a densely vegetated, high elevation (1 100 m) alpine shallow pool. Significant differences in pH and titratable acidity of the plant extract were detected between the morning and afternoon samples. These changes are associated with diurnal changes in water chemistry. Our results provide the first evidence for the existence of the CAM pathway in the East Asian endemicIsoetes sinensis Palmer. The magnitude of fluctuations in the titratable acidity of the plant extract may be correlated with the severe carbon limitation imposed on the plants by its aquatic habitat. Foundation item: Supported by the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan (G2000046805) Biography:Pang Xin-an (1974-), male, Master candidate, research direction: conservation biology.     

广西喀斯特地区黄枝油杉林的生境及种群结构特征

为调查珍贵树种黄枝油杉Keteleeria calcarea在广西的生境状况和种群结构特征,保护并可持续利用该物种,本研究采用样地调查法对黄枝油杉群落进行调查,分析其生境状况、土壤营养成分、伴生植物组成、种群结构特征等。调查结果显示,黄枝油杉在广西主要分布于喀斯特石山地区,从山顶至山底均有分布,亦可见于石山底部与土山相连的土石交错区,常见于阳坡或半阳坡,分布区土壤为黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土或黄土,呈酸性、中性或弱碱性,有机质和全氮含量较高,有效磷含量较低。黄枝油杉群落植被状况良好,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,层间植物丰富,不同群落在物种组成上存在较大差异;黄枝油杉为乔木层的优势种,一般呈集群分布,偶见少数几株或单株分布于路边或房前屋后;少数种群因设有保护小区而种群状态较好,但是仍有部分种群人为干扰较为严重。不同种群个体的高度结构、冠幅结构和径级结构存在一定差异,恭城三江和富川麦岭种群以中老龄个体较多,融安泗顶种群以中龄个体居多,而临桂二塘种群以中小个体占优势,4个种群均存在幼苗缺乏、种群更新能力弱的情况,呈衰退趋势。生境的破坏、资源的过度采伐、结实植株数量少以及林下幼苗更新困难是黄枝油杉濒危的重要原因。因此,应加强对黄枝油杉资源和生境的保护,同时加强相关科研工作及黄枝油杉的推广应用。     

Reproductive biology and prospects for conservation ofCaldesia parnassifolia (Alismataceae)—A threatened monocot in China

Caldesia parnassi folia (Bassi ex Linn.) Parl. in China has declined in number in recent years and is increasingly faced with the risk of extirpation arising from anthropogenic changes associated with rapid urbanization and expansion of both agriculture and infrastructure. To aid in provision of the data needed for effective conservation of the species, studies on the habitat, pollination ecology, and breeding system ofC. parnassi folia were carried out on natural populations occurring in Southeastern China. Flowering in the study populations extended for more than eighty days beginning in early summer. Floral anthesis occurred in the morning hours and proceeded rapidly, lasting about 45 min. Flowers lasted ca. 8 h.Caldesia parnassi folia is self-compatible; however autogamy resulted in lower seed set than geitonogamy and xenogamy as well as free pollination. The data on pollen/ ovule (P∶O) ratio is consistent with a partially selfing and outcrossing mating system. Interpopulational crosses yielded similar seed set to within-population crosses. Agamospermy did not occur in the study populations. Propagation is achieved through seeds as well as through turions which commonly occur in the inflorescences. Flies (Insecta; Diptera) were the most frequent visitors to the flowers ofC. parnassi folia; however bees (Insecta; Hymenoptera) composed a larger proportion of effective pollinators. The Syrphidae speciesSphaerophoria indiana (Bigot) presents evidence of oligolectic foraging behavior. Recommendations are made on the immediate steps necessary for conservation ofCaldesia species in China. Foundation item: Supported by the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China (973) (G2000046805) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30070055) Biography: Robert Wahiti, Gituru (1967-), male, Kenya, Ph. D., research direction: plant biosystematics.     

Fine mapping of the red plant gene R1 in upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)

Sub 16 is a substitution line with G. hirsutum cv. TM-1 genetic background except that the 16th chromosome (Chr. 16) is replaced by the corresponding homozygous chromosome of G. barbadense cv. 3-79, and T586 is a G. hirsutum multiple gene marker line with 8 dominant mutation genes. The R ₁ gene for anthocyanin pigmentation was tagged in Chr. 16 in T586. The objective of this research was to screen SSR markers tightly linked with R ₁ by using the F₂ segregating population containing 1259 plants derived from the cross of Sub 16 and T586 and the backbone genetic linkage map from G. hirsutum×G. barbadense BC₁ newly updated by our laboratory. Genetic analysis suggested that the segregation ratio of red plants in the F₂ population fit Mendelian 1:2:1 inheritance, confirming that the red plant trait was controlled by an incomplete dominance gene. Preliminary mapping of R ₁ was conducted using 237 randomLy selected F₂ individuals and JoinMap v3.0 software. Then, a fine map of R1 was constructed using the F₂ segregating population containing 1259 plants, and R ₁ was located between NAU4956 and NAU6752, with only 0.49 cM to the nearest maker loci (NAU6752). These results provided a foundation for map-based cloning of R ₁ and further development of cotton cultivars with red fibers by transgenic technology. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30730067) and Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (Grant No. B08025)     

广西石灰岩特有珍稀濒危植物毛瓣金花茶的伴生群落特征

对广西石灰岩特有珍稀濒危植物毛瓣金花茶(Camellia pubipetala)的伴生群落特征及其种群结构进行调查与分析,为该物种的保护和可持续利用提供科学依据。采用样地调查法对毛瓣金花茶的伴生群落进行调查,分析其伴生群落的种类组成、区系成分、结构特征及种群年龄结构。结果表明:在龙虎山1、龙虎山2、陇召和驮塞4个样地共1 600 m~2的毛瓣金花茶伴生群落中,共记录维管植物202种,隶属69科158属,主要优势科为大戟科、茜草科、桑科、樟科等。属的区系成分以泛热带分布、热带亚洲分布为主,热带成分占优势(82.87%),群落具有明显的热带性质。群落生活型以高位芽植物占绝对优势(79.21%),叶的性质以中型叶、单叶、革质和全缘为主。群落可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,层间植物丰富。种群年龄结构分析表明,毛瓣金花茶幼苗严重缺乏,种群更新能力弱,且多为小种群,呈现衰退趋势。应加强对毛瓣金花茶生境的保护,并对残存植株采取最严格的保护措施。     

井冈山自然保护区井冈山杜鹃种群与群落特征研究

以井冈山自然保护区井冈山杜鹃群落5个样地调查资料为基础,对其种群及群落特征进行了研究。结果表明:井冈山杜鹃种群径级结构为金字塔型,生命期望值基本随径级增加而呈递减趋势,存活曲线为近直线型,空间分布格局为集群分布,种群属于增长型种群。群落有维管植物29科42属53种,其中蕨类植物5科5属5种,裸子植物2科2属2种,被子植物22科35属46种。群落区系起源古老,成分较复杂,科、属区系成分均具有明显的热带性质。群落除Pielou指数较高外,其它3种多样性指数均较低;测度井冈山杜鹃群落物种多样性时,各种多样性指数未表现出相同的变化趋势。井冈山杜鹃本身的生物学特性及其群落所处的严酷环境是导致其种群濒危的主要原因。     

Fine mapping of the rice bacterial blight resistance gene Xa-4 and its co-segregation marker

An F₂ population developed from theXa-4 near isogenic lines, IR24 and IRBB4, was used for fine mapping of the rice bacterial blight resistance gene,Xa-4. Some restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers on the high-density map constructed by Harushima et al. and the amplified DNA fragments homologous to the conserved domains of plant disease resistance (R) genes were used to construct the genetic linkage map around the geneXa-4 by scoring susceptible individuals in the population.Xa-4 was mapped between the RFLP marker G181 and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) marker M55. The R gene homologous fragment marker RS13 was found co-segregating withXa-4 by analyzing all the plants in the population. This result opened an approach to map-based cloning of this gene, and marker RS13 can be applied to molecular marker-assisted selection ofXa-4 in rice breeding programs.     

金花茶回归地植物群落调查研究

【目的】了解野生金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)种群中植物种类、植物类型和植物群落的特征,为开展金花茶回归提供参考。【方法】在广西防城金花茶国家级自然保护区内选取2个金花茶回归样地,开展回归试验,实地调查样地的植物群落,对样地的土壤性质、植物种类、乔木层结构特征、灌木层结构特征、植物生态特性等进行分析。【结果】2个金花茶回归样地的物种数均超过80种,胸径大于1cm的树种个体数超过250株;所有种类中木本植物比草本植物的种类多,两者的比例为87∶32,其中木本植物中常绿树种和落叶树种的比例为73∶14;植物种类中银柴(Aporosa chinensis)和桃金娘(Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)个体数量占绝对优势,分别为43株和40株。【结论】2个回归地的植物物种多样性较丰富,其中乔灌层的种类数和个体数均比草本层多,且多为常绿树种,因乔灌层的树冠可为金花茶植物提供遮阴环境,这正好符合金花茶作为阴生树种的特性。     

烟蚜茧蜂规模扩繁冬寄主筛选研究

为筛选出烟蚜茧蜂（Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead）规模扩繁中的最佳繁蚜冬寄主,比较了自然条件下7种不同冬寄主上烟蚜的种群数量变化,烟蚜茧蜂对各寄主上烟蚜的防控效果及僵蚜羽化率.结果表明：烟蚜在7种寄主上种群数量的自然增长从大到小依次表现为烤烟K326、芥菜、芥菜型油菜、甘蓝型油菜、萝卜、红菜薹、白菜;芥菜上烟蚜茧蜂的寄生率为70.56%,显著高于其他寄主;7种冬寄主上僵蚜羽化率均高于70%,其中芥菜最高,为97.33%,萝卜最低,为72.87%,二者差异具有统计学意义.烟蚜茧蜂均能寄生7种冬寄主植物上所饲养的烟蚜且僵蚜羽化率相对较高,但总体而言芥菜上烟蚜的种群数量增长较快,烟蚜茧蜂的寄生率和僵蚜羽化率均最高,可利用芥菜来替代烟草作为冬季繁蚜寄主,也可在春烟种植前对芥菜田释放烟蚜茧蜂使其在田间建立自然种群.     

转录因子OsNAC2对逆境下水稻产量性状的影响

以水稻OsNAC2过表达、RNAi转基因株系和野生型（日本晴）为材料,分别在苗期和生殖期进行干旱和盐胁迫处理,探索逆境条件下OsNAC2对水稻产量性状的影响。结果表明,不论是在苗期还是生殖期,OsNAC2-RNAi株系的叶相对含水量均比野生型更高,对干旱胁迫具有更强的适应能力;而OsNAC2过表达株系则相反。虽然苗期和生殖期遭遇盐胁迫的OsNAC2-RNAi株系相比野生型具有更高的叶相对含水量,但是OsNAC2的过量表达与RNAi株系的产量性状跟野生型相比并没有明显不同。生殖期干旱和盐胁迫下转基因株系的产量性状分析显示：干旱胁迫下,OsNAC2-RNAi株系的结实率与野生型相比显著提高了20.8%~29.2%,千粒重则无明显差异;而OsNAC2过表达株系每株粒数和千粒重相比野生型株系均显著降低。虽然盐胁迫下OsNAC2-RNAi株系的分蘖数和有效穗数明显比野生型高,但单株粒数和千粒重则无明显差异。上述结果表明,OsNAC2-RNAi株系具有更强的耐旱性,对于干旱胁迫下水稻的产量有显著的提高作用。     

异龄差不嘎蒿地上生物量的分配格局

主要研究了科尔沁沙地中,同一生境(流动沙地)条件下不同龄级(3,4,5龄)差不嘎蒿的生物量分配格局．采用收获法选取了90株(每个龄级30株)差不嘎蒿,分别测定每个样株的冠幅、高度、单株重、生殖枝重、营养枝重和种子产量,并计算了生殖比、营养比和种子比．结果表明：流动沙地中的差不嘎蒿以无性繁殖为主;种子的生物量分配与植株地上总生物量及植株年龄之间存在正相关;差不嘎蒿在地上资源(生物量)的分配过程中存在明显的负耦联关系．     

濒危植物暖地杓兰的叶解剖结构和光合特性

暖地杓兰(Cypripedium subtropicum)是兰科(Orchidaceae)杓兰属(Cypripedium)目前已知的唯一一种多年生常绿草本植物,其野生资源遭受严重破坏,野外居群数量急剧减少,已被列为我国一级重点保护野生植物。为探讨暖地杓兰不同生长期叶片的解剖结构和光合生理特性的差异,本研究对其叶表皮特征、叶解剖结构、光合特性以及光合色素含量展开研究,以期为暖地杓兰的保育和引种驯化提供科学依据。结果表明：(1)暖地杓兰叶片上、下表皮的形状不规则,呈波状,并且气孔和表皮毛仅分布于下表皮;叶片结构由表皮、叶肉和叶脉组成,叶肉无栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化。结实植株的气孔面积、叶片厚度和叶主脉厚度均极显著大于幼苗。(2)暖地杓兰结实植株和幼苗的最大净光合速率(P_max)、光补偿点(LCP)、表观量子效率(AQY)均较低,且结实植株极显著大于幼苗,说明其具有阴生植物的特征。(3)暖地杓兰结实植株叶片的光合色素含量极显著大于幼苗。(4)暖地杓兰叶片的P_max、LSP、AQY、暗呼吸速率(R_d)与Chl(a+b)、叶主脉厚...     

AM宿主植物金银花对喀斯特干湿交替的光合响应

以盆栽的方式,探究了接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌后金银花在西南岩溶地干湿交替的变水环境下光合响应的变化,期望为喀斯特地区生态环境的恢复提供思路.结果表明:在适宜水分条件下,接种AM真菌促进了金银花的净光合速率(Pn),蒸腾速率(Tr),气孔导度(Gs)和气孔密度.在短期干旱条件下,接种AM真菌对Pn和Tr均没有明显影响;然而干旱持续时间加长后,Pn有显著提高,Gs受到抑制,Tr相比未接种组反而降低,水分利用效率(WUEi)有所上升.在短期干湿交替下,接种AM真菌后各项光合指标均没有显著提高,反而金银花植株的Pn和Tr被抑制,长期干湿交替的WUEi虽然提高但是以牺牲植物的光合作用为代价.总之,接种真菌对适宜水分下金银花光合能力的促进最为明显,干旱下有一定促进能力,但是在反复的干湿交替变水下,接种植株的光合作用没有得到显著促进.     

荧光假单胞菌的应用与展望

植物根际促生菌(PGPR)中的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)对植物病原体具有潜在的拮抗作用,同时具有促进植物生长的能力.阐述了荧光假单胞菌在实际生产中的应用潜力.荧光假单胞菌可以通过产生生长素,增强土壤中磷、钾的可用性,促进植物叶绿素含量的增加,及产生谷胱甘肽、ACC脱氨酶等形式促进植物的生长.通过产抗生素(吩嗪、2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚、藤黄绿脓菌素、硝吡咯菌素)、拮抗线虫等方式帮助植物体抵抗病虫害的侵袭.除此之外,荧光假单胞菌所具有的定殖与产铁载体能力在植物的促生与抗病方面皆发挥着重要作用.荧光假单胞菌在农业生产方面具有巨大的应用潜力.     

潮间带贝克喜盐草土壤种子库空间分布及其生物影响因素

【目的】为探讨贝克喜盐草(Halophila beccarii Ascherson)种群更新及濒危机制,研究其土壤种子库空间分布特征及其生物影响因素。【方法】对广西合浦榕根山、防城港交东、防城港山心3个贝克喜盐草典型分布点进行调查取样,统计(或称量)样品种子、直立茎、雌花、果实数量、地上部分生物量和地下部分生物量。【结果】从水平方向分布来看,相同方向上不同距离处贝克喜盐草土壤种子库密度差异不显著,海草场潮沟、外海、海岸方向一侧的土壤种子库密度在榕根山和交东分别为271粒/m~2、180粒/m~2、52粒/m~2和52粒/m~2、23粒/m~2、16粒/m~2,差异显著,可见该海草种子水平空间分布格局受到落潮水流与落潮后流向潮沟的微水流的影响,受距离影响较弱;垂直方向上,上层(0~4cm)、中层(4~8cm)、下层(8~12cm)土壤底质中贝克喜盐草种子数量分别占总量的73.0%、20.8%和6.2%,上层土壤中种子数量显著高于中层和下层(P0.05),表明绝大部分的种子分布于土壤表层(0~8cm);贝克喜盐草海草场土壤种子库密度与其种群雌花密度、直立茎密度存在极显著线性正相关关系,其相关系数r分别为0.722 9(P0.01)、0.845 1(P0.01),与果实密度、地上部分生物量及总生物量呈多项式曲线关系。【结论】贝克喜盐草土壤种子库的水平空间分布受潮沟、入海河流等外界环境和地上植被的种群属性、种子自身特性等因素的影响,垂直方向上主要分布在表层底质中,且地上植被的种群属性是决定土壤种子库密度的关键因素。     

Hydrogen isotopic compositions and their environmental significance for individual n-alkanes in typical plants from land in China

Hydrogen isotopes of n-alkanes in grasses, tree leaves and reeds from six regions with latitudes of 20° to 39°N in China are measured by GC-TC-IRMS analytical technique in order to understand their hydrogen isotopic compositions and environmental significance. The results show that a difference in ° D values (from −42.1‰ to −66.6‰) of n-alkanes exists among the same kinds of plants from various regions. Hydrogen isotopic compositions of most even carbon numbered n-alkanes in every plant are slightly heavier than that of the odd homologues. A trend toward D-enrichment with increasing chain length of n-alkanes in most plant samples is observed. Mean ° D values of n-alkanes in the studied plants range from −202.6‰ to −130.7‰ and the reed from a salt marsh has the largest value. The mean ° D values of individual n-alkanes among the same kinds of plants from various regions have the characteristics of leaf > reed > grass. The hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes are apparently distinct among various kinds of plants from the same region and the mean ° D values exhibit a distribution of tree leaf > reed > grass. It is observed that the mean ° D values of n-alkanes and ° D values of C₂₇ and C₂₉ n-alkanes in the grasses and tree leaves from these studied regions correlate clearly negatively with latitude and positively with temperature, indicating that these values can be used as excellent indicators of environment and climate. These results provide important basic data for understanding the distributional law of hydrogen isotopes of individual n-alkanes and their applied research. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40642007 and 40772069), National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422105) and Special Project for Winners of CAS President Award     

不同种植模式对香榧生长及水土保持的影响

香榧是我国特有干果树种,常以香榧-中药材复合种植模式开展经营作业。通过测定香榧-艾蒿、香榧-黄精、香榧-前胡、香榧-掌叶覆盆子的林药复合种植模式的香榧生长变化指标及土壤含水量变化特征,探究香榧生长最佳、水土保持能力最优的香榧-中药材复合种植模式,为香榧复合种植不同中药材的合理性提供借鉴。研究结果表明：香榧-艾蒿、香榧-黄精是香榧树干基径增长率最高的2种模式。不同复合种植模式、不同坡位与不同的复合种植模式的中介效应可以联合解释83.4%的林下土壤含水量变化。香榧-艾蒿复合种植模式下的香榧生长情况较好、水土保持效果最佳,开展香榧经济林的林药模式复合经营时,可以考虑采用艾蒿作为药材植物。     

Functional characterization and mapping of two MADS box genes from peach （Prunus persica）

Previously an AGAMOUS gene homologue PpMADS4 and a FRUITFULL gene homologue PpMADS6 were isolated from peach （Prunus persica）, and both genes were shown to express in the developing floral and fruits. To gain insight into their function, the two genes were constitutively expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana and their effects on plant growth and floral organ development were studied in this work. The transgenic plants all displayed early flowering and conversion of inflorescence to floral meristem. However, the two genes had different effects on the floral organ structures in A. thaliana. The transgenic plants overexpressing PpMADS4 displayed homeotic conversion of floral organs, and particularly the perianth abscission was inhibited. The plants overexpressing PpMADS6 showed early flowering, produced higher number of carpels, petals, and stamens than nontransgenic plants, and pod shatter was prevented; significantly, the transgenic plants yielded more than one siliques from a single flower. A SSR molecular marker was developed for PpMADS4, and it was then assigned into the G5 linkage group of Prunus sp. Both PpMADS4 and PpMADS6 genes were located at the same region in the G5 linkage group. Our results showed the potential application of these two MADS box genes for crop and fruit tree improvement.