Programmable and autonomous computing machine made of biomolecules.

Devices that convert information from one form into another according to a definite procedure are known as automata. One such hypothetical device is the universal Turing machine, which stimulated work leading to the development of modern computers. The Turing machine and its special cases, including finite automata, operate by scanning a data tape, whose striking analogy to information-encoding biopolymers inspired several designs for molecular DNA computers. Laboratory-scale computing using DNA and human-assisted protocols has been demonstrated, but the realization of computing devices operating autonomously on the molecular scale remains rare. Here we describe a programmable finite automaton comprising DNA and DNA-manipulating enzymes that solves computational problems autonomously. The automaton's hardware consists of a restriction nuclease and ligase, the software and input are encoded by double-stranded DNA, and programming amounts to choosing appropriate software molecules. Upon mixing solutions containing these components, the automaton processes the input molecule via a cascade of restriction, hybridization and ligation cycles, producing a detectable output molecule that encodes the automaton's final state, and thus the computational result. In our implementation 1012 automata sharing the same software run independently and in parallel on inputs (which could, in principle, be distinct) in 120 microl solution at room temperature at a combined rate of 109 transitions per second with a transition fidelity greater than 99.8%, consuming less than 10-10 W.     

Linearly programmed DNA-based molecular computer operated on magnetic particle surface in test-tube

The postgenomic era has seen an emergence of new applications of DNA manipulation technologies, including DNA-based molecular computing. Surface DNA computing has already been reported in a number of studies that,however, all employ different mechanisms other than automaton functions. Here we describe a programmable DNA surface-computing device as a Turing machine-like finite automaton. The laboratory automaton is primarily composed of DNA (inputs, output-detectors, transition molecules as software), DNA manipulating enzymes and buffer system that solve artificial computational problems autonomously. When fluoresceins were labeled in the 5‘ end of (-) strand of the input molecule, direct observation of all reaction intermediates along the time scale was made so that the dynamic process of DNA computing could be conveniently visualized. The features of this study are: (i) achievement of finite automaton functions by linearly programmed DNA computer operated on magnetic particle surface and (ii)direct detection of all DNA computing intermediates by capiilary electrophoresis. Since DNA computing has the massive parallelism and feasibility for automation, this achievement sets a basis for large-scale implications of DNA computing for functional genomics in the near future.     

Neural network computation with DNA strand displacement cascades

The impressive capabilities of the mammalian brain--ranging from perception, pattern recognition and memory formation to decision making and motor activity control--have inspired their re-creation in a wide range of artificial intelligence systems for applications such as face recognition, anomaly detection, medical diagnosis and robotic vehicle control. Yet before neuron-based brains evolved, complex biomolecular circuits provided individual cells with the 'intelligent' behaviour required for survival. However, the study of how molecules can 'think' has not produced an equal variety of computational models and applications of artificial chemical systems. Although biomolecular systems have been hypothesized to carry out neural-network-like computations in vivo and the synthesis of artificial chemical analogues has been proposed theoretically, experimental work has so far fallen short of fully implementing even a single neuron. Here, building on the richness of DNA computing and strand displacement circuitry, we show how molecular systems can exhibit autonomous brain-like behaviours. Using a simple DNA gate architecture that allows experimental scale-up of multilayer digital circuits, we systematically transform arbitrary linear threshold circuits (an artificial neural network model) into DNA strand displacement cascades that function as small neural networks. Our approach even allows us to implement a Hopfield associative memory with four fully connected artificial neurons that, after training in silico, remembers four single-stranded DNA patterns and recalls the most similar one when presented with an incomplete pattern. Our results suggest that DNA strand displacement cascades could be used to endow autonomous chemical systems with the capability of recognizing patterns of molecular events, making decisions and responding to the environment.     

DNA计算研究的新进展

DNA计算(DNA computing)是伴随着分子生物学的兴起和发展而出现的．作为一种全新的算法，DNA计算显示了其进行复杂运算的可行性．该文介绍DNA计算的机理，探讨了目前DNA计算的研究进展，并介绍了表面固定的生物计算和由输入DNA分子同时提供数据和燃料的生物分子自动机．     

基于FPGA的智能照明控制系统的设计与分析

使用高性能的可编程FPGA作为控制芯片,以FPGA为核心控制,设计PWM信号输出模块、键盘输入模块、传感器模块、遥控输入模块,分别完成LED调光功能、键盘控制功能、传感器检测功能、遥控控制功能,通过软件实现功能的仿真.     

基于Modbus/TCP协议的楼宇控制器设计

针对楼宇自动化系统（BAS），设计了以AT89S52单片机为核心的智能控制器。采用一体化结构，其内部集成了输入，输出模块，RS232／485接口以及可编程网关通信模块NE4100，可作为BAS中的一种通用区域控制器广泛用于电梯、照明、火灾报警等各个子系统中。网关模块采用基于Modbus和TCP协议的串口通信方式，通过互联网实现区域控制器与中央管理系统的通信。设计全面兼容Modbus工业标准，数据传输可靠，响应速度快，扩展灵活，实现了楼宇的智能化、网络化管理。     

利用FieldPoint系列模块实现水溶液晶体生长温度的精密控制与实时监测

介绍了一个使用成熟的实时控制技术对水溶液晶体生长进行精密温度控制的解决方案．该系统使用美国National Instlrurnents(NI)公司的FieldPoint系列控制模块、LabVIEW RT的软件开发环境和自行优化设计的PID增量算法等技术，对晶体生长过程中的温度等重要参数进行精密、实时控制，不仅使该系统能够长期、稳定运行，而且具有自动数据采集、记录和实时显示，能够在局域网内发布，进行应急情况处理等特定功能．经过长时间闭环试验运行，该系统的控温精度已经达到百分之一度。     

Design of evolvable hardware for robotic navigation

This paper presents an integrated on-line learning system to evolve programmable logic array (PLA) controllers for navigating an autonomous robot in a two-dimensional environment. The integrated online learning system consists of two learning modules: one is the module of reinforcement learning based on temporal-difference learning based on genetic algorithms, and the other is the module of evolutionary learning based on genetic algorithms. The control rules extracted from the module of reinforcement learning can be used as input to the module of evolutionary learning, and quickly implemented by the PLA through on-line evolution. The on-line evolution has shown promise as a method of learning systems in complex environment. The evolved PLA controllers can successfully navigate the robot to a target in the two-dimensional environment while avoiding collisions with randomly positioned obstacles.     

油藏描述计算机管理系统

介绍了在VAX-11/780计算机上建立油藏描述计算机管理系统的总体设计思想及实现方法。该系统采用集中和松散两种管理方法,使建立后的VAX-11/780[1]油藏描述系统可独立自成体系,又可方便地通过系统的通讯接口软件与PDP-11和PE计算机及微VAX等物探、测井专用微型计算机系统实现相互的数据通讯。此外,系统还为物探、测井等专用子系统提供了一套专用的基础软件包,从而为各专用子系统的软件开发创造了一个良好的环境。为便于使用,监控模块是在汉字系统支持下编写的。该系统是油藏描述技术的一个组成部分。     

DNA计算机

脱氧核糖核酸（简称DNA）是生物体内的一种具有双螺旋结构的遗传物质,用DNA可以进行运算,即构成的DNA计算机能很快地求解复杂的问题;以DNA编码为信息的载体,DNA计算机中的输入和输出设备都是DNA的,链用一系列二进制的数代表所求问题中的变量,用DNA中特有的寡核苷酸序列表示这些二进制的数,再将DNA利用分子生物和化学组装技术组装到芯片上,利用DNA杂交化学方法,排除各种代表不正确解的寡核苷酸序列,最后通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）和各种检测技术读出保留在芯片上的DNA序列,读出的DNA序列所代表的二进制数即为所求问题的解,本文将从DNA运算过程入手,介绍DNA计算机的原理和DNA计算机的若干最新研究进展。     

未来电脑、生命科学与DNA

简要介绍了未来电脑（光子电脑、量子电脑、生物电脑）的基本概念和发展前景，阐述了生命科学与税氧核糖核酸（即DNA）的有关知识。     

基于可编程控制器的分拣装置设计与实现

自动分拣与传统手工分拣相比具有效率高,差错率低,分拣点多,作业无人化等优势,自动分拣装置的控制单元是分拣装置的核心.采用可编程控制器作为分拣装置的控制单元,其适配的输出端口或输出模块可直接驱动执行元件,无需用户自制驱动电路,分拣控制程序编制简单,易于修改,且支持上位机管理.因此,本研究设计并实现了一种以可编程控制器为控制单元的推块式自动分拣装置,实现对铁、铝、蓝色塑料块及白色塑料块4种物料的自动分拣.     

Synthesis from DNA of a molecule with the connectivity of a cube

A principal goal of biotechnology is the assembly of novel biomaterials for analytical, industrial and therapeutic purposes. The advent of stable immobile nucleic acid branched junctions makes DNA a good candidate for building frameworks to which proteins or other functional molecules can be attached and thereby juxtaposed. The addition of single-stranded 'sticky' ends to branched DNA molecules converts them into macromolecular valence clusters that can be ligated together. The edges of these frameworks are double-helical DNA, and the vertices correspond to the branch points of junctions. Here, we report the construction from DNA of a covalently closed cube-like molecular complex containing twelve equal-length double-helical edges arranged about eight vertices. Each of the six 'faces' of the object is a single-stranded cyclic molecule, doubly catenated to four neighbouring strands, and each vertex is connected by an edge to three others. Each edge contains a unique restriction site for analytical purposes. This is the first construction of a closed polyhedral object from DNA.     

小型可编程控制系统的设计与实现

此小型可编程控制器可以提供基础的编程能力,用户根据应用场所的需要,对各数字及模拟信号的输入输出节点进行逻辑组合和时序控制.系统主要由滤波隔离模块、控制模块、编程模块组成.MC68HC05C9单片机通过EPLD EPM7128S控制各器件和信号,根据用户程序控制各个节点.它为用户提供了灵活的组态方法,适用于智能住宅等多领域小型控制场所.     

Atomic-scale imaging of DNA using scanning tunnelling microscopy

The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) has been used to visualize DNA under water, under oil and in air. Images of single-stranded DNA have shown that submolecular resolution is possible. Here we describe atomic-resolution imaging of duplex DNA. Topographic STM images of uncoated duplex DNA on a graphite substrate obtained in ultra-high vacuum are presented that show double-helical structure, base pairs, and atomic-scale substructure. Experimental STM profiles show excellent correlation with atomic contours of the van der Waals surface of A-form DNA derived from X-ray crystallography. A comparison of variations in the barrier to quantum mechanical tunnelling (barrier-height) with atomic-scale topography shows correlation over the phosphate-sugar backbone but anticorrelation over the base pairs. This relationship may be due to the different chemical characteristics of parts of the molecule. Further investigation of this phenomenon should lead to a better understanding of the physics of imaging adsorbates with the STM and may prove useful in sequencing DNA. The improved resolution compared with previously published STM images of DNA may be attributable to ultra-high vacuum, high data-pixel density, slow scan rate, a fortuitously clean and sharp tip and/or a relatively dilute and extremely clean sample solution. This work demonstrates the potential of the STM for characterization of large biomolecular structures, but additional development will be required to make such high resolution imaging of DNA and other large molecules routine.     

一种共享打印机多路选择器的设计

针对多台计算机公用一台打印机时存在的不足,设计了一种共享打印机多路选择器,它能程控切换打印机接口线与各计算机并口输出线间的连接,具有优先选择打印、设计简便、成本低等优点．     

系统BIOS中Logo模块的研究与实现

在对基本输入输出系统(BIOS)代码分析的基础上，给出了系统BIOS与Logo模块的关系，讨论了Logo模块中图像文件格式的选取、解压缩、显示及其与系统BIOS的集成等关键技术．结合实际嵌入式系统平台，考虑到易于实现和显示速度，提出了改进的PCX图像显示方法，并给出了Logo模块的具体实现过程．     

DNA trapping electrophoresis

Attempts to improve the size separation of single-stranded DNA in polyacrylamide gels by field-inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) have met with limited success. Here we show that attaching a neutral globular protein, streptavidin, to one end of a single-stranded DNA molecule profoundly alters the DNA mobility pattern and increases the band separation manyfold within a size range controlled by voltage and pulse cycle. In constant field, short modified fragments are only slightly retarded but long molecules are retarded dramatically above a 'threshold size' of 0.6 kilobases at 60 V per cm. At this voltage, molecules above a 1.2-kilobase 'cut-off' do not enter the gel. Both the threshold and the cut-off sizes decrease as the voltage increases. In FIGE, the longer the reverse pulse, the larger the modified fragments that enter the gel. We interpret these results as the trapping by the gel matrix of the protein attached to the DNA. The probability of release then depends on the balance between the electric field and thermal motion: the larger the DNA and the higher the voltage, the harder it is to release.     

单片机容错系统的设计与实现

用两台DVCC-51DB系列单片机作为系统的主机,提出一种单片机容错系统的设计与实现方案.根据单片机的特点,用软、硬件方法解决了双机同步等待问题.系统配有CPU、存储器、比较器的测试软件,可完成单机输出、双机同步比较输出、双机降为单机输出、故障机停电脱线等功能.文中还估算了系统的可靠度与平均无故障间隔时间(MTBF).     

Identification of a nanovirus-like DNA molecule associated with Tobacco curly shoot virus isolates containing satellite DNA

A circular single-stranded DNA molecule, designated DNA1, was identified from Tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) isolates Y35 and Y115 containing satellite DNAβ using abutting primers based on the two reported DNA1 sequences of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses, while DNA1 molecule was not found in TbCSV isolates Y1 and Y121 without DNAβ. The immunotrapping PCR test showed that DNA1 could be encapsidated in virus particles. Southern blot further confirmed that DNA1 molecules were only associated with TbCSV isolates (Y35 and Y115) containing DNAβ. Sequences of Y35 and Y115 DNA1 comprise 1367 and 1368 nucleotides, respectively, each having a conserved ORF encoding nanovirus-like replication-associated protein (Rep). A low nucleotide sequence identity was found between DNA1 molecules and their cognate DNA-As. Y35 and Y115 DNA1 shared 92% overall nucleotide sequence identity and 96% amino acid sequence identity for Rep, while 69%～79% overall nucleotide sequence identity and 87%～90% amino acid sequence identity were found when compared with two reported DNA1 molecules associated with Ageratum yellow vein virus and Cotton leaf curl Multon virus. Sequence analysis showed that DNA1 was less related to nanovirus DNA.