汤加火山的地震学研究

俯冲带的地震监测仍然是一个挑战，特别是对于人口稠密地区。2022年1月汤加的洪阿汤加—洪阿哈阿帕伊火山的喷发以及引发的地震凸显了这一需求的急迫性。综合汤加地震学观测，推测汤加部分火山近期仍有小规模喷发风险。选取2009—2010年覆盖汤加的海底地震仪台阵数据，应用机器学习算法进行数据处理，得到汤加火山岛链附近高分辨率的地震目录。     

汤加-克马德克俯冲带的地质构造与地震火山特征

2022年1月15日西南太平洋的洪阿哈阿帕伊岛海底火山发生了爆炸式的剧烈喷发，吸引了全球的关注。洪阿哈阿帕伊岛海底火山位于汤加-克马德克俯冲带，综合前期研究结果，对汤加-克马德克俯冲带的地质构造特征、地震和火山分布进行初步分析，发现：（1）从汤加-克马德克俯冲带弧前向海方向直到俯冲的太平洋板块，构造上主要表现为大规模正断层。（2）路易斯维尔海山链的俯冲将汤加-克马德克俯冲带分为北部的汤加俯冲带和南部的克马德克俯冲带，沿汤加俯冲带板块汇聚率为67～84 mm/a，沿克马德克俯冲带板块汇聚率为41～58 mm/a，板块俯冲速度的差异造成汤加俯冲带和克马德克俯冲带目前俯冲深度的不同。（3）在路易斯维尔海山链以北，太平洋板块上覆沉积物厚度不足0.4 km，而在南侧达到1 km左右，由于俯冲板块上覆沉积物厚度的差异而造成北部的汤加俯冲带和南部的克马德克俯冲带孕育地震能力的差异。这些认识对研究该俯冲带的火山喷发机制、大地震成因机理及其灾害风险具有重要意义。     

火山成因的海啸触发机制分析

2022年汤加火山爆发，引发了全球范围内的海啸，使火山海啸这一非典型性海啸受到学界的广泛关注。整理了全球历史火山海啸事件相关数据，分析了火山地震、火山结构失稳、水下爆炸、火山碎屑流、气压波这5种触发海啸的机制，介绍了2022年汤加火山海啸事件触发机制。指出未来火山海啸的研究方向为：从地质构造角度分析潜在海啸灾害的时空分布规律；以气象海啸和水下爆炸为重点，发展完善火山海啸各机制及传播理论；从技术角度解决火山海啸的相关预警问题。     

汤加海底火山喷发或将持续

连日来,南太平洋岛国汤加洪阿哈阿帕伊岛火山发生多次喷发,火山灰混着气体在太平洋上空升腾,火山喷发还触发了局地海啸. 该火山前身是一座海底火山,2009年喷发后形成新岛屿.它此前也曾多次喷发,但没有如此剧烈.有新西兰地质学家表示,事发地火山已苏醒,此次喷发可能持续下去.     

科技期刊亮点

科学家分析智利8.8级地震海啸对中国的影响海啸是由海底地震、火山喷发、海底山体滑坡或者海底核爆炸等产生的具有超长波长和中等周期的大洋行波。其中,海底地震引发的地壳垂向错动可造成大面积水体的突然升降,形成一系列波长数十至数百千米、周期2～200min的长重力波,一般称之为地震海啸。海啸在大洋中传播数千千米而能量衰减甚小,当其行进至浅水区时,波速变     

汤加发生30年来全球强度最大的火山喷发

近日,南太平洋岛国汤加的洪阿哈阿帕伊岛海底火山发生喷发.数据显示,这是全球自1991年菲律宾皮纳图博火山喷发以来强度最大的一次火山喷发.     

太平洋火山特征与深部成因机制

太平洋板块边界和内部均发育大量火山，是研究地球火山的天然实验场。综述了太平洋火山特征与深部成因机制，表明研究人员对地球不同环境下的火山（包括大洋中脊、俯冲带岛弧、板内地幔柱等）进行了系统性研究，分别构建了减压熔融、俯冲板片脱水与富水地幔楔熔融、地幔柱高温熔融的经典模式。但目前学界对于板内非地幔柱型火山的深部岩浆起源以及浅部喷发通道等重要科学问题仍缺乏清晰的认识。未来需要采用创新观测手段，开展多学科交叉研究以取得突破。     

西太平洋俯冲带岩石圈变形研究

全球海洋岩石圈的最大弯曲与大地震发生在俯冲带。当弯曲应力超过岩石承受范围，就会产生正断层和地震，海水沿着正断层进入上地幔并发生蛇纹石化，引发浅源地震并可能造成灾难性海啸。选取西太平洋最具代表性的日本、伊豆-小笠原、马里亚纳和雅浦俯冲带以及汤加-克马德克俯冲带，归纳近些年的地球物理观测及地球动力学模拟的结果，对比分析了不同俯冲带挠曲正断层的分布特征，并探讨了俯冲板块变形与地震之间的相关性,以揭示俯冲板片弯曲变形及相应的正断层与潜在板块水化特征。     

新疆阿希矿区火山岩岩石化学特征及其形成环境

通过对新疆阿希矿区下石炭统火山岩岩石化学和微量元素地球化学的研究，探讨了该区火山岩形成的大地构造背景与喷发环境，认为这套火山岩属钙碱性系列，形成于与板块俯冲作用有关的活动大陆边缘或成熟岛弧带中近大陆一侧，是陆相火山喷发的产物。     

海底输气管道海啸荷载作用分析

结合了日本311海啸和日俄在建的海底输气管道的基本情况,建立海底输气管道模型,并对其进行海啸荷载作用下的受力分析。分析表明:①深水区域海啸对输气管道不会造成破坏性的影响;②浅水区域海啸能量陡增,所形成的海啸波会对管道造成破坏,其所受应力值已经超过了极限应力,需要进行加固处理和适当的海啸防治措施。     

Direct observation of a submarine volcanic eruption from a sea-floor instrument caught in a lava flow

Our understanding of submarine volcanic eruptions has improved substantially in the past decade owing to the recent ability to remotely detect such events and to then respond rapidly with synoptic surveys and sampling at the eruption site. But these data are necessarily limited to observations after the event. In contrast, the 1998 eruption of Axial volcano on the Juan de Fuca ridge was monitored by in situ sea-floor instruments. One of these instruments, which measured bottom pressure as a proxy for vertical deformation of the sea floor, was overrun and entrapped by the 1998 lava flow. The instrument survived-being insulated from the molten lava by the solidified crust-and was later recovered. The data serendipitously recorded by this instrument reveal the duration, character and effusion rate of a sheet flow eruption on a mid-ocean ridge, and document over three metres of lava-flow inflation and subsequent drain-back. After the brief two-hour eruption, the instrument also measured gradual subsidence of 1.4 metres over the next several days, reflecting deflation of the entire volcano summit as magma moved into the adjacent rift zone. These findings are consistent with our understanding of submarine lava effusion, as previously inferred from seafloor observations, terrestrial analogues, and laboratory simulations.     

北祁连尕大坂铜铅锌矿床特征及形成环境

本文对北祁连尕大坂铜铅锌矿田地质特征、矿体、矿石、围岩蚀变特征以及地球化学特征进行了简要论述,该矿体均产于酸性火山岩与基性火山岩的接触部位,且靠近酸性火山岩的一侧,具有"双岩石组合"特征。通过对早中寒武世黑刺沟组火山岩的岩石化学性质的分析,探讨了矿床形成环境,认为该矿床是由海底火山喷发形成的黑矿型块状硫化物矿床,是岛弧环境下的产物。     

大兴安岭中段阿尔山地区第四纪火山地貌特征及其构造意义

基于资源三号(ZY-3)的高分辨率卫星影像和数字高程模型(DEM), 运用地理信息系统(GIS)技术, 通过遥感影像解译以及地形起伏度和坡度的定量计算, 分析阿尔山火山区的地质地貌特征。共识别出 19 座第四纪喷发的火山, 并且将其划分为5个类型。该区火山地貌按地形起伏度可分为4个类型, 以低位中山为主(39.61%), 其次为低位低山(36.24%)。80%的椭圆形火山锥长轴走向介于45°~75°之间, 中值为58.5°, 与NE向排列的小东沟火山?十号沟盆地火山?岩山?高山火山链走向平行。火山锥的马蹄形缺口主要朝向为NE向, 也有SW向和NW向。NE向与SW向马蹄形缺口的角度中值相差约180°, NW向的马蹄形缺口与NW向的断裂几乎平行, 推测存在控制火山喷发和展布的NE向断裂。根据研究结果推断, 中生代的基底断裂使该区形成NE走向的脆弱裂隙带, 为岩浆提供良好的上侵通道; 裂隙控制着岩浆的上升, 形成呈NE向线性分布的火山机构, 并最终影响地表火山锥的分布和地貌形态。     

Long-term eruptive activity at a submarine arc volcano

Three-quarters of the Earth's volcanic activity is submarine, located mostly along the mid-ocean ridges, with the remainder along intraoceanic arcs and hotspots at depths varying from greater than 4,000 m to near the sea surface. Most observations and sampling of submarine eruptions have been indirect, made from surface vessels or made after the fact. We describe here direct observations and sampling of an eruption at a submarine arc volcano named NW Rota-1, located 60 km northwest of the island of Rota (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands). We observed a pulsating plume permeated with droplets of molten sulphur disgorging volcanic ash and lapilli from a 15-m diameter pit in March 2004 and again in October 2005 near the summit of the volcano at a water depth of 555 m (depth in 2004). A turbid layer found on the flanks of the volcano (in 2004) at depths from 700 m to more than 1,400 m was probably formed by mass-wasting events related to the eruption. Long-term eruptive activity has produced an unusual chemical environment and a very unstable benthic habitat exploited by only a few mobile decapod species. Such conditions are perhaps distinctive of active arc and hotspot volcanoes.     

A satellite geodetic survey of large-scale deformation of volcanic centres in the central Andes

Surface deformation in volcanic areas usually indicates movement of magma or hydrothermal fluids at depth. Stratovolcanoes tend to exhibit a complex relationship between deformation and eruptive behaviour. The characteristically long time spans between such eruptions requires a long time series of observations to determine whether deformation without an eruption is common at a given edifice. Such studies, however, are logistically difficult to carry out in most volcanic arcs, as these tend to be remote regions with large numbers of volcanoes (hundreds to even thousands). Here we present a satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) survey of the remote central Andes volcanic arc, a region formed by subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath continental South America. Spanning the years 1992 to 2000, our survey reveals the background level of activity of about 900 volcanoes, 50 of which have been classified as potentially active. We find four centres of broad (tens of kilometres wide), roughly axisymmetric surface deformation. None of these centres are at volcanoes currently classified as potentially active, although two lie within about 10 km of volcanoes with known activity. Source depths inferred from the patterns of deformation lie between 5 and 17 km. In contrast to the four new sources found, we do not observe any deformation associated with recent eruptions of Lascar, Chile.     

渤海中部海域海底地形地貌特征及其影响因素分析

渤海中部海域位于三湾(渤海湾、莱州湾、辽东湾)交汇处,形成与演化历史悠久,沉积物源丰富,其内部蕴含着丰富的地质信息.本研究基于多年来采集和搜集的高精度地形地貌数据、浅地层剖面数据和沉积物样品的测试分析数据,精细刻画了渤海中部海域海底地形地貌特征,并对其影响因素进行了分析.研究表明,渤海中部海域海底地形总体上呈现中间低、...     

Stability of atmospheric CO2 levels across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary

The Triassic/Jurassic boundary, 208 million years ago, is associated with widespread extinctions in both the marine and terrestrial biota. The cause of these extinctions has been widely attributed to the eruption of flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. This volcanic event is thought to have released significant amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere, which could have led to catastrophic greenhouse warming, but the evidence for CO2-induced extinction remains equivocal. Here we present the carbon isotope compositions of pedogenic calcite from palaeosol formations, spanning a 20-Myr period across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. Using a standard diffusion model, we interpret these isotopic data to represent a rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations of about 250 p.p.m. across the boundary, as compared with previous estimates of a 2,000-4,000 p.p.m. increase. The relative stability of atmospheric CO2 across this boundary suggests that environmental degradation and extinctions during the Early Jurassic were not caused by volcanic outgassing of CO2. Other volcanic effects-such as the release of atmospheric aerosols or tectonically driven sea-level change-may have been responsible for this event.