Phosphate enrichment mechanism in CaO–SiO2–FeO–Fe2O3–P2O5 steelmaking slags with lower binary basicity

The addition of silica to steelmaking slags to decrease the binary basicity can promote phosphate enrichment in quenched slag samples. In this study, we experimentally investigated phosphate enrichment behavior in CaO–SiO₂–FeO–Fe₂O₃–P₂O₅ slags with a P₂O₅ content of 5.00% and the binary basicity B ranging from 1.0 to 2.0, where the (%Fe_tO)/(%CaO) mass percentage ratio was maintained at 0.955. The experimental results are explained by the defined enrichment degree R_C2S-C3P of solid solution 2CaO·SiO₂–3CaO·P₂O₅ (C₂S–C₃P), where R_C2S-C3P is a component of the developed ion and molecule coexistence theory (IMCT)–N_i model for calculating the mass action concentrations N_i of structural units in the slags on the basis of the IMCT. The asymmetrically inverse V-shaped relation between phosphate enrichment and binary basicity B was observed to be correlated in the slags under applied two-stage cooling conditions. The maximum content of P₂O₅ in the C₂S–C₃P solid solution reached approximately 30.0% when the binary basicity B was controlled at 1.3.     

Synthesis and characterization of Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>@SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> magnetic composite nanoparticles by a one-pot process

Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ core–shell composite nanoparticles were successfully prepared by a one-pot process. Tetraethyl-orthosilicate was used as a surfactant to synthesize Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ core–shell structures from prepared Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The properties of the Fe₃O₄ and Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ composite nanoparticles were studied by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The prepared Fe₃O₄ particles were approximately 12 nm in size, and the thickness of the SiO₂ coating was approximately 4 nm. The magnetic properties were studied by vibrating sample magnetometry. The results show that the maximum saturation magnetization of the Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ powder (34.85 A·m2·kg–1) was markedly lower than that of the Fe₃O₄ powder (79.55 A·m2·kg–1), which demonstrates that Fe₃O₄ was successfully wrapped by SiO₂. The Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ composite nanoparticles have broad prospects in biomedical applications; thus, our next study will apply them in magnetic resonance imaging.     

CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–4.6wt%MgO–Fe2O3废汽车催化剂熔炼渣系的冶金特性研究

本文系统地研究了废汽车催化剂（SAC）与含铜电镀污泥（CBES）协同熔炼过程中形成的CaO?SiO₂?Al₂O₃?4.6wt%MgO?Fe₂O₃五元渣系的冶金特性。通过傅立叶变换红外吸收光谱、拉曼光谱、FactSage热力学计算和粘度测试研究了该渣系的熔渣结构、熔化温度和粘度特性。实验结果表明,Fe₂O₃含量（3.8wt%?16.6wt%）、CaO/SiO₂质量比（0.5?1.3）和SiO₂/Al₂O₃质量比（1.0?5.0）的提高可以促进硅酸盐网络的解聚,同时以四面体和八面体单元形式存在的大量Fe₂O₃确保了Al3+离子的电荷补偿,使得Al₂O₃仅表现为酸性氧化物。热力学计算和粘度测试结果表明,随着Fe₂O₃含量、CaO/SiO₂比和SiO₂/Al₂O₃比的增加,熔渣中发生硅酸盐网络结构解聚和低熔点相变,促进了熔点和粘度的降低;而进一步增加会导致新的高熔点物相形成,反而导致粘度和熔点回升。根据实验分析,优选的低聚合度、粘度和熔点炉渣组成为:Fe₂O₃含量为10.2wt%?13.4wt%,CaO/SiO₂比为0.7?0.9和SiO₂/Al₂O₃比为3.0?4.0。本研究为SAC和CBES协同熔炼过程中的炉渣设计提供了理论支持。     

从硼泥中提取硅、硼的新工艺

以硼泥为原料,硼泥与碳酸钠混合后在900℃下焙烧2h,采用碱浸法回收焙烧后硼泥中的SiO₂和B₂O₃.通过TG-DSC曲线分析了焙烧阶段的反应过程.通过单因素试验研究了碱浸阶段:n(NaOH)/n(SiO₂)、反应温度、反应时间、液固质量比等条件对硼泥中的SiO₂和B₂O₃提取率的影响.通过正交试验,确定了影响SiO₂提取率各因素之间的主次关系依次为:n(NaOH)/n(SiO₂)＞液固质量比＞反应时间＞反应温度,影响B₂O₃提取率各因素之间的主次关系为:反应时间＞反应温度＞n(NaOH)/n(SiO₂)＞液固质量比.最佳的回收条件:n(NaOH)/n(SiO₂)为25,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为40min,液固质量比为8,在此条件下SiO₂的提取率为83.11%,B₂O₃的提取率为75.28%.     

1623 K时SiO2饱和的MnO–SiO2渣和Al2O3饱和的MnO–SiO2–Al2O3渣中NiO的活度系数

MnO–SiO₂二元系作为废旧锂离子电池、海洋锰结核还原熔炼过程中的基础渣型,测定有价金属（如镍）在渣中的溶解度、活度及活度系数热力学数据十分必要。为此,本文测定了温度1623 K、氧分压10?7,10?6,和10?5 Pa时SiO₂饱和的MnO–SiO₂渣和Al₂O₃饱和的MnO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃渣中NiO的溶解度和活度系数。结果表明:在试验条件下,镍在MnO–SiO₂渣和MnO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃渣中主要以NiO形式存在,且渣中NiO的溶解度随着氧分压增加而增加;向MnO–SiO₂渣中加入Al₂O₃可以降低渣中镍的溶解度,增加NiO的活度系数。此外,SiO₂饱和的MnO–SiO₂渣和Al₂O₃饱和的MnO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃渣中NiO的活度系数（γ_NiO,以纯固体NiO为参考态）可分别按如下公式计算:γ_NiO = 8.58w(NiO) + 3.18; γ_NiO=11.06w(NiO) + 4.07, 其中,w(NiO)为渣中NiO的质量分数。     

Staged reaction kinetics and characteristics of iron oxide direct reduction by carbon

Staged reduction kinetics and characteristics of iron oxide direct reduction by carbon were studied in this work. The characteristics were investigated by simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and quadrupole mass spectrometry. The kinetics parameters of the reduction stages were obtained by isoconversional (model-free) methods. Three stages in the reduction are Fe₂O₃→Fe₃O₄, Fe₃O₄→FeO, and FeO→Fe, which start at 912 K, 1255 K, and 1397 K, respectively. The CO content in the evolved gas is lower than the CO₂ content in the Fe₂O₃→Fe₃O₄ stage but is substantially greater than the CO₂ contents in the Fe₃O₄→FeO and FeO→Fe stages, where gasification starts at approximately 1205 K. The activation energy (E) of the three stages are 126–309 kJ/mol, 628 kJ/mol, and 648 kJ/mol, respectively. The restrictive step of the total reduction is FeO→Fe. If the rate of the total reduction is to be improved, the rate of the FeO→Fe reduction should be improved first. The activation energy of the first stage is much lower than those of the latter two stages because of carbon gasification. Carbon gasification and Fe_xO_y reduction by CO, which are the restrictive step in the last two stages, require further study.     

氟磷灰石还原过程热力学分析

采用FactSage 6.4热力学软件对不同体系下氟磷灰石的还原进行了热力学分析，探明了高磷鲕状赤铁矿中的某些组分对氟磷灰石还原的影响.计算结果表明，在无其他添加剂的条件下，氟磷灰石在1174℃ 时会发生脱氟反应生成Ca₃(PO₄)₂和CaF₂，在1439℃时被碳还原成CaF₂，CaO和P₂;CaO对氟磷灰石的还原没有直接影响，而SiO₂，Al₂O₃和Fe能使氟磷灰石的起始还原温度由1439℃分别降低至1204，1247，1277℃，促进氟磷灰石的还原.热力学计算结果与文献中实验得出的结论相吻合，表明热力学模拟分析可作为氟磷灰石还原特性研究的指导手段.     

硬线产品吐丝温度及冷却工艺对氧化铁皮结构的影响

以硬线产品为研究对象,分析不同吐丝温度及冷却速率对硬线表面氧化铁皮结构的影响。研究结果表明：线材经过吐丝及冷却过程后得到的氧化铁皮组织主要以Fe₃O₄,FeO和先共析Fe₃O₄为主,Cr质量分数不同导致界面位置会有Fe₃O₄接缝层或Cr富集层生成;吐丝温度能够直接影响Fe₃O₄的体积分数,冷却工艺则会影响到FeO中形成的先共析Fe₃O₄的体积与形核率。同时,若基体含有较高质量分数的Cr元素,则在氧化过程中界面位置处会形成Cr的富集层,可以起到与Fe₃O₄接缝层相同的阻碍离子扩散的作用,加速先共析反应的发生。     

Fe2O3和CaO添加剂对煤粉燃烧性能的影响及相关动力学研究

喷吹煤粉在高炉内的燃烧特性被认为是确定适宜喷煤量的关键参数。本文通过热重分析法考察了Fe₂O₃和CaO两种添加剂对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:Fe₂O₃和CaO对煤粉燃烧都有促进作用。煤粉的着火指数（C_i）,燃尽指数（D_b）和综合燃烧指数（S_n）都得到不同程度的改善。当Fe₂O₃添加比例由0增至5.0wt%时,S_n由1.37×10?6增至2.16×10?6 %2·min?2·°C?3。同时,研究采用Coats-Redfern method来解析煤粉燃烧动力学过程。结果表明:配加添加剂后,煤粉燃烧活化能（E）逐渐降低。当Fe₂O₃添加比例由0增至5.0wt%时,E由56.54降至35.75 kJ?mol?1,这也再次证明了添加剂对煤粉的燃烧有促进作用。此外,高炉喷煤过程使用纯Fe₂O₃和CaO物质是不经济的。出于成本考虑,研究选取含有Fe₂O₃和CaO物质的除尘灰作为添加剂,开展了相关的研究,并获得了同样的效果。因此,含Fe₂O₃和CaO物质的除尘灰是煤粉助燃剂的潜在选择,该方法也为处置除尘灰类固废提供了一种可行的方向。     

Ni系低温钢的高温氧化行为研究

为研究Ni系低温钢的高温氧化行为,利用Setsys Evolution型高温同步热分析仪对Fe-3.5Ni和Fe-9Ni钢在700~1200℃的氧化行为进行了研究,采用电子探针(EPMA)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段表征了氧化物微观形貌和物相组成.结果表明:700~1200℃条件下氧化2h后,Fe-3.5Ni钢和Fe-9Ni钢的氧化增重曲线规律相似,相同氧化温度条件下,单位面积Fe-9Ni钢的增重量低于Fe-3.5Ni钢.随氧化温度的升高,试样表面依次出现团絮状、晶须状和不规则多边形状Fe₂O₃.氧化分为内氧化和外氧化,内、外氧化层厚度随氧化温度的提高逐渐增加,且900℃是两种钢外氧化层厚度发生突变的临界温度.内氧化层由FeNi₃和混合物(FeO+Fe₃O₄)组成,外氧化层由Fe₂O₃,Fe₃O₄和FeO组成,且外氧化层内包裹着尖晶石相NiFe₂O₄;随着Ni含量增加,NiFe₂O₄增多并形成连续的薄带.     

具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

碳酸钠辅助碳热还原钒钛磁铁矿

碳酸钠辅助碳热还原钒钛磁铁矿工艺具有一步熔炼,高效分离提取钒、钛的优势。然而,碳酸钠在反应中的作用以及反应机理尚未系统研究。 本文在1073–1473 K的反应温度和氩气气氛下,研究了在碳酸钠辅助下钒钛磁铁精矿的碳热还原过程,并通过X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜研究了反应过程的相转变。研究结果表明,钒钛磁铁矿、石墨和碳酸钠的质量比为100:25:60,温度为1473 K为较好的反应条件。通过研究碳酸钠和钒钛磁铁矿的焙烧过程,发现熔融碳酸钠和酸性氧化物（如Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, Al₂O₃和SiO₂）结合,破坏钒钛磁铁矿的结构,形成富含钠的熔体,同时释放出FeO和MgO。因此,碳酸钠加快了铁氧化物的还原速率。此外,碳酸钠的加入降低了熔渣的黏度,有利于还原铁颗粒的团聚和渣-铁分离。因此,碳酸钠辅助碳热还原是一种具备良好前景的低温处理钒钛磁铁矿的方法。     

Mineral sulphide-lime reactions and effect of CaO/C mole ratio during carbothermic reduction of complex mineral sulphides

Mineral sulphide (MS)-lime (CaO) ion exchange reactions (MS + CaO = MO + CaS) and the effect of CaO/C mole ratio during carbothermic reduction (MS + CaO + C = M + CaS + CO(g)) were investigated for complex froth flotation mineral sulphide concentrates. Phases in the partially and fully reacted samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The primary phases during mineral sulphide-lime ion exchange reactions are Fe₃O₄, CaSO₄ Cu₂S, and CaS. A complex liquid phase of Ca₂CuFeO₃S forms during mineral sulphide-lime exchange reactions above 1173 K. The formation mechanisms of Ca₂CuFeO₃S liquid phase are determined by characterising the partially reacted samples. The reduction rate and extent of mineral sulphides in the presence of CaO and C increase with the increase in CaO/C ratio. The metallic phases are surrounded by the CaS rich phase at CaO/C > 1, but the metallic phases and CaS are found as separate phases at CaO/C < 1. Experimental results show that the stoichiometric ratio of carbon should be slightly higher than that of CaO. The reactions between CaO and gangue minerals (SiO₂ and Al₂O₃) are only observed at CaO/C > 1 and the reacted samples are excessively sintered.     

Effect of aluminum oxide on the compressive strength of pellets

Analytical-reagent-grade Al₂O₃ was added to magnetite ore during the process of pelletizing, and the methods of mercury intrusion, scanning electron microscopy, and image processing were used to investigate the effect of Al₂O₃ on the compressive strength of the pellets. The results showed that, as the Al₂O₃ content increased, the compressive strength of the pellets increased slightly and then decreased gradually. When a small amount of Al₂O₃ was added to the pellets, the Al₂O₃ combined with fayalite (2FeO·SiO₂) and the aluminosilicate (2FeO·2Al₂O₃·5SiO₂) was generated, which releases some iron oxide and reduces the inhibition of fayalite to the solid phase of consolidation. When Al₂O₃ increased sequentially, high melting point of Al₂O₃ particles hinder the oxidation of Fe₃O₄ and the recrystallization of Fe2O3, making the internal porosity of the pellets increase, which leads to the decrease in compressive strength of the pellets.     

Effect of the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio and FeO content on the viscosity of CaO-SiO2-“FeO”-12wt%ZnO-3wt%Al2O3 slags

An effective process for recycling lead from hazardous waste cathode ray tubes (CRTs) funnel glass through traditional lead smelting has been presented previously. The viscous behavior of the molten high lead slag, which is affected by the addition of funnel glass, plays a critical role in determining the production efficiency. Therefore, the viscosities of the CaO-SiO₂-"FeO"-12wt%ZnO-3wt%Al₂O₃ slags were measured in the current study using the rotating spindle method. The slag viscosity decreases as the CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio is increased from 0.8 to 1.2 and also as the FeO content is increased from 8wt% to 20wt%. The breaking temperature of the slag is lowered substantially by the addition of FeO, whereas the influence of the CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio on the breaking temperature is complex. The structural analysis of quenched slags using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy reveals that the silicate network structure is depolymerized with increasing CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio or increasing FeO content. The[FeO₆]-octahedra in the slag melt increase as the CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio or the FeO content increases. This increase can further decrease the degree of polymerization (DOP) of the slag. Furthermore, the activation energy for viscous flow decreases both with increasing CaO/SiO₂ mass ratio and increasing FeO content.     

ZnO、FeO 和 Fe2O3对普通辉石基微晶玻璃中尖晶石的形成、材料微观结构和物化性能的影响

在辉石为主晶相的微晶玻璃中,常加入一定量的形核剂Cr₂O₃形成尖晶石相,进而形成了以尖晶石为核心,辉石相围绕长大的微观结构,该结构赋予了材料优良理化性能。针对该微观结构,需要对尖晶石相在玻璃基体中的生成及分布进一步研究。基于此,本研究在制备普通辉石基微晶玻璃时添加三种尖晶石形成氧化物ZnO、 FeO 和 Fe₂O₃,并探究材料中尖晶石的形成现象及微观结构的演变,并依此揭示材料理化性能及重金属固化能力的变化规律。研究发现氧化物的加入促进了初始尖晶石的大量生成,进而促进试样的整体结晶。微观结构方面,加入Fe₂O₃的试样中尖晶石尺寸较大,且产生聚集现象。而加入ZnO和FeO的试样中,尖晶石尺寸相对较小且分布均匀,试样2ZnO具有最致密的微观结构。在材料理化性能方面,ZnO和Fe₂O₃的加入提高了材料的抗折强度,其中2ZnO试样的抗折强度达到170.31 MPa。所有样品的铬浸出量（0.3–0.8 mg/L）均低于国家标准（1.5 mg/L）,具有一定的安全性。然而,FeO的加入导致了材料抗化学腐蚀性的降低,进而造成了更多铬元素的浸出。基于上述研究,在利用工业固废制备微晶玻璃时,可以考虑加入适量的含锌粉尘和污泥,提升材料力学、理化性能的同时,保证材料的使用安全性。     

Acting mechanism of F,K, and Na in the solid phase sintering reaction of the Baiyunebo iron ore

The effect of F, K, and Na on the solid phase reaction of the Baiyunebo iron ore was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It has been identified that alkaline elements K and Na in the Baiyunebo ore instigate the formation of low melting point compounds Na₂SiO₃ and Na₂O·Fe₂O₃ and the generation of molten state in the solid phase sintering. Element F in the Baiyunebo ore facilitates the formation of cuspidine compound 3CaO·2SiO₂·CaF₂ in the solid phase reaction. The cuspidine compound is kept in solid as one of the final products through the entire sintering process due to its high melting point. In the sintering process, CaF₂ and SiO₂ react with CaO first and form 3CaO·2SiO₂·CaF₂ and 3CaO·2SiO₂, so the formation of ferrites, Na₂O·Fe₂O₃, and 2CaO·Fe₂O₃ is inhibited.     

Size-controlled synthesis of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles and their superparamagnetic properties tailoring

Superparamagnetic properties and fine-tuning of colloidal Fe₃O₄nanoparticles are important for their widespread biomedical applications. Herein, colloidal Fe₃O₄nanoparticles(NPs) of different sizes(8–20 nm) were prepared,and their hydrophilization with SiO₂shell coating to be Fe₃O₄@SiO₂core-shell had been realized successively.The size of Fe₃O₄NPs was controlled by different heating rate...     

Preparation, crystallization, and wetting of ZnO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics for sealing to Kovar

A novel type of ZnO-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃-SiO₂ glass-ceramics sealing to Kovar in electronic packaging was developed, whose thermal expansion coefficient and electrical resistance are 5.2×10-6/℃ and over 1×1013 Ω·cm, respectively. The major crystalline phases in the glass-ceramic seals were ZnAl₂O₄, ZnB₂O₄, and NaSiAl₂O₄. The dielectric resistance of the glass-ceramic could be remarkably enhanced through the control of alkali metal ions into crystal lattices. It was found that crystallization happened first on the surface of the sample, leaving the amorphous phase in the inner, which made the glass suitable for sealing. The glass-ceramic showed better wetting on the Kovar surface, and sealing atmosphere and temperature had great effect on the wetting angle. Strong interracial bonding was obtained, which was mainly attributed to the interracial reaction between SiO₂ and FeO or Fe₃O₄.     

Recovery of iron and calcium aluminate slag from high-ferrous bauxite by high-temperature reduction and smelting process

A high-temperature reduction and smelting process was used to recover iron and calcium aluminate slag from high-ferrous bauxite. The effects of w(CaO)/w(SiO₂) ratio, anthracite ratio, and reduction temperature and time on the recovery and size of iron nuggets and on the Al₂O₃ grade of the calcium aluminate slag were investigated through thermodynamic calculations and experiments. The optimized process conditions were the bauxite/anthracite/slaked lime weight ratio of 100:16.17:59.37, reduction temperature of 1450°C and reduction time of 20 min. Under these conditions, high-quality iron nuggets and calcium aluminate slag were obtained. The largest size and the highest recovery rate of iron nuggets were 11.42 mm and 92.79wt%, respectively. The calcium aluminate slag mainly comprised Ca₂SiO₄ and Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃, with small amounts of FeAl₂O₄, CaAl₂O₄, and Ca₂Al₂SiO₇.