Adaptation of photoperiodic control pathways produces short-day flowering in rice

The photoperiodic control of flowering is one of the important developmental processes of plants because it is directly related to successful reproduction. Although the molecular genetic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana, a long-day (LD) plant, has provided models to explain the control of flowering time in this species, very little is known about its molecular mechanisms for short-day (SD) plants. Here we show how the photoperiodic control of flowering is regulated in rice, a SD plant. Overexpression of OsGI, an orthologue of the Arabidopsis GIGANTEA (GI) gene in transgenic rice, caused late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. Expression of the rice orthologue of the Arabidopsis CONSTANS (CO) gene was increased in the transgenic rice, whereas expression of the rice orthologue of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) was suppressed. Our results indicate that three key regulatory genes for the photoperiodic control of flowering are conserved between Arabidopsis, a LD plant, and rice, a SD plant, but regulation of the FT gene by CO was reversed, resulting in the suppression of flowering in rice under LD conditions.     

雌雄异型异熟植物的开花机制研究进展

雌雄异型异熟是植物从雌雄同花向雌雄异株进化过程中的一种过渡类型,目前发现存在于13个科20个属植物中。其群体中包括雌先型和雄先型两种交配类型,两种交配类型植株的同步性和互不干扰性可有效地避免自交。一般认为雌雄异型异熟植株的交配类型是固定不变的,但也在一些植物中发现了彼此间的转化; 植株内雌雄花开放时间有的完全错开,有的部分重叠。经典遗传学认为交配类型受1对显/隐性的等位基因控制,且当群体达到平衡时两种交配类型的比例可达平衡状态(1:1),这在胡桃属和山核桃属上得到了验证,但在其他同类植物分子生物学方面的研究还是空白。雌雄异型异熟植物的性别决定为饰变型,其性别分化不仅受性别决定基因的遗传控制,而且还受植物激素的诱导调控,但不同植物上激素诱导性别分化的作用存在差异。解剖学研究表明同一交配类型上的雌雄花发育和成熟时间均存在差异。     

Reduced mixing from the breaking of internal waves in equatorial waters

In the oceans, heat, salt and nutrients are redistributed much more easily within water masses of uniform density than across surfaces separating waters of different densities. But the magnitude and distribution of mixing across density surfaces are also important for the Earth's climate as well as the concentrations of organisms. Most of this mixing occurs where internal waves break, overturning the density stratification of the ocean and creating patches of turbulence. Predictions of the rate at which internal waves dissipate were confirmed earlier at mid-latitudes. Here we present observations of temperature and velocity fluctuations in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans between 42 degrees N and 2 degrees S to extend that result to equatorial regions. We find a strong latitude dependence of dissipation in accordance with the predictions. In our observations, dissipation rates and accompanying mixing across density surfaces near the Equator are less than 10% of those at mid-latitudes for a similar background of internal waves. Reduced mixing close to the Equator will have to be taken into account in numerical simulations of ocean dynamics--for example, in climate change experiments.     

拟南芥miR172a-1/b-2/c对多种胁迫响应的研究

现有研究表明拟南芥中miR172通过参与光周期通路来调节植物的开花时间,其靶基因为APETALA2-Like基因,过表达miR172会导致植株提前开花.植物在恶劣环境影响下一般会提前开花,但miR172是否参与胁迫响应下的开花调节,目前还未见报道.通过启动子分析发现拟南芥miR172各个成员的启动子均包括多个胁迫响应元...     

阜阳市城市绿化树种调查与分析

在对阜阳市城市绿化树种抽样调查基础上,就其树种构成、分布度、多样性等进行了分析,结果表明:城市树木树种结构构成单一、多样性相对较差、分布不均、乡土树种应用较弱。在所调查的68种植物中,总体多样性指数为6.10,行道绿地为2.47,公园绿地为8.24。这些数据显示阜阳市城市绿化的基本格局、树种结构与分布均有待于进一步优化,应提高观花、常绿及彩叶等乡土树种的比例,合理配置乔、灌、地被植物,改善绿化树种分布均匀度,加强植被的养护管理。     

Low beta diversity of herbivorous insects in tropical forests

Recent advances in understanding insect communities in tropical forests have contributed little to our knowledge of large-scale patterns of insect diversity, because incomplete taxonomic knowledge of many tropical species hinders the mapping of their distribution records. This impedes an understanding of global biodiversity patterns and explains why tropical insects are under-represented in conservation biology. Our study of approximately 500 species from three herbivorous guilds feeding on foliage (caterpillars, Lepidoptera), wood (ambrosia beetles, Coleoptera) and fruit (fruitflies, Diptera) found a low rate of change in species composition (beta diversity) across 75,000 square kilometres of contiguous lowland rainforest in Papua New Guinea, as most species were widely distributed. For caterpillars feeding on large plant genera, most species fed on multiple host species, so that even locally restricted plant species did not support endemic herbivores. Large plant genera represented a continuously distributed resource easily colonized by moths and butterflies over hundreds of kilometres. Low beta diversity was also documented in groups with differing host specificity (fruitflies and ambrosia beetles), suggesting that dispersal limitation does not have a substantial role in shaping the distribution of insect species in New Guinea lowland rainforests. Similar patterns of low beta diversity can be expected in other tropical lowland rainforests, as they are typically situated in the extensive low basins of major tropical rivers similar to the Sepik-Ramu region of New Guinea studied here.     

太原师范学院(南区)校园木本植物及其观赏特性研究

对太原师范学院(南区)校园的木本植物进行了调查和鉴定.结果表明:本校园观赏类型丰富,均具观形特性,观花植物有24种,观叶树种有41种,观果树种有13种,且春、夏两季以观花为主,秋季以观叶、观果为主,冬季相对冷清.并就本校园木本观赏植物的选择及养护提出了相关建议.     

野茉莉属6个树种不同时期花香成分分析

【目的】野茉莉属(安息香属)植物在我国种类多、分布广。分析野茉莉属不同树种不同时期的花香成分,有利于确定野茉莉属植物主要的花香成分含量及其化学结构,为野茉莉花的开发利用以及相关香料的化学合成提供理论依据。【方法】利用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,对野茉莉属6个树种花苞期、盛花期和末花期的花香成分及其含量进行检测分析。【结果】萜烯类化合物是野茉莉属6个树种花香成分的主要物质。在不同花期检测到的萜烯类物质大致相同,在每个花期,野茉莉中相对含量最高的萜烯类化合物是右旋大根香叶烯,其相对含量显著高于其他树种; α-蒎烯是大花野茉莉和灰叶野茉莉花香成分中相对含量最高的,其中灰叶野茉莉花香成分中的α-蒎烯相对含量显著高于其他树种; 罗勒烯是郁香野茉莉、垂珠花、白花龙花香成分中相对含量最高的,而郁香野茉莉中的罗勒烯含量显著高于其他树种; 大花野茉莉花香成分中的马鞭草烯酮、白花龙中的石竹烯和α-葎草烯、郁香野茉莉中的(E)-β-罗勒烯、灰叶野茉莉中的α-异松油烯显著高于其他树种。【结论】野茉莉属植物的花香成分种类很多,其中萜烯类化合物含量最丰富。     

Pervasive alteration of tree communities in undisturbed Amazonian forests

Amazonian rainforests are some of the most species-rich tree communities on earth. Here we show that, over the past two decades, forests in a central Amazonian landscape have experienced highly nonrandom changes in dynamics and composition. Our analyses are based on a network of 18 permanent plots unaffected by any detectable disturbance. Within these plots, rates of tree mortality, recruitment and growth have increased over time. Of 115 relatively abundant tree genera, 27 changed significantly in population density or basal area--a value nearly 14 times greater than that expected by chance. An independent, eight-year study in nearby forests corroborates these shifts in composition. Contrary to recent predictions, we observed no increase in pioneer trees. However, genera of faster-growing trees, including many canopy and emergent species, are increasing in dominance or density, whereas genera of slower-growing trees, including many subcanopy species, are declining. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations may explain these changes, although the effects of this and other large-scale environmental alterations remain uncertain. These compositional changes could have important impacts on the carbon storage, dynamics and biota of Amazonian forests.     

菏泽牡丹的研究进展

阐述了菏泽牡丹在科学栽培管理、良种繁育、新品种测试、病虫害防治、催花、切花、深加工及化学成分测定等方面的研究进展.     

FKF1 is essential for photoperiodic-specific light signalling in Arabidopsis

Adaptation to seasonal change is a crucial component of an organism's survival strategy. To monitor seasonal variation, organisms have developed the capacity to measure day length (photoperiodism). Day-length assessment involves the photoperiodic control of flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana, whereby the coincidence of light and high expression of CONSTANS (CO) induces the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), leading to flowering in long-day conditions. Although controlling CO expression is clearly a key step in day-length discrimination, the mechanism that generates day-length-dependent CO expression remains unknown. Here we show that the clock-controlled FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX (FKF1) protein has an essential role in generating the diurnal CO peak and that this function is dependent on light. We show that a recombinant FKF1 LIGHT, OXYGEN OR VOLTAGE (LOV) domain binds the chromophore flavin mononucleotide and undergoes light-induced photochemistry, indicating that FKF1 may function as a photoperiodic blue-light receptor. It is likely that the circadian control of FKF1 expression and the light regulation of FKF1 function coincide to control the daytime CO waveform precisely, which in turn is crucial for day-length discrimination by Arabidopsis.     

吉安市园林植物初步调查及其多样性研究

通过实地踏查,对吉安市(吉州区和青原区)园林植物的种类组成、生活型、观赏特征和园林用途等进行了调查研究。结果表明:吉安市园林植物物种多样性丰富,有园林植物76科148属188种(含变种,不含品种),其中裸子植物有7科17属20种,被子植物69科131属168种,分别占总种数的10.63%和89.36%。组成吉安市园林植物的优势科较少,优势科园林植物种数占吉安市园林植物总种数的37.76%。吉安市园林植物的生活型多样,乔木52种,灌木74种,草本61种,分别占吉安市园林植物总种数的27.65%、39.36%和32.45%。吉安市园林植物观赏功能类型多样,主要可分为观叶类、观花类、观果类、观树形类、藤蔓类和香木(花)类等6类。吉安市园林植物园林用途多样,主要有行道树类、孤散植类、庭荫树类、风景林木类、花灌木类、绿篱类、垂直绿化类、草坪地被类和花坛花境类。     

同步数字集成电路设计中的时钟树分析

时钟树的设计是同步数字集成电路设计中的一个重要部分,对系统的性能和可靠性有很大影响．文中介绍了同步数字系统的组成和时钟偏移的定义,提出了一种时钟树结构的设计方法,基于该方法用布局布线工具Astro对一个8051芯片进行了自动时钟树分析和指定结构的时钟树分析．结果表明,用文中方法设计时钟树结构能得到比自动时钟树分析更好的效果．文中还给出了设计中门控时钟问题的解决方法。     

同步数字集成电路设计中的时钟树分析

研究了同步数字系统的组成和时钟偏移,并结合一个数字集成电路8051的时钟树设计实例,介绍了时钟树的经验结构和设计方法流程.比较了采用Synopsys公司的布局布线工具实现的自动时钟树分析与指定结构时钟树分析,证明结构恰当的时钟树能得到比自动时钟树分析更好的结果.     

间伐施肥对杉木中龄林生长和材种结构的影响

【目的】探讨不同间伐保留密度和施用不同比例N、P肥对杉木中龄林生长和材种结构的影响。【方法】在福建省洋口国有林场9年生立地指数22的杉木人工林中设置9块标准地,采用正交试验设计进行间伐和施肥的配套试验,间伐保留密度为1 200、1 500和2 250株/hm²,N肥施用量为0、100、200 g/株,P肥施用量为0、250、500 g/株,连续观测4 a。【结果】不同间伐密度和N、P肥施用量对杉木树高生长影响不显著,不同间伐保留密度对杉木林平均胸径增长有较大影响,最小密度与最大密度处理间存在显著差异。N肥施用量和P肥施用量对杉木林平均胸径增长影响较小,不同N、P肥施用量间差异不显著。不同间伐保留密度间平均单株材积增量存在显著差异,N、P肥施用量对平均单株材积增量影响较小。不同密度林分间蓄积量增量并不显著,但较高水平N、P肥施用量能促进林分蓄积量增量显著提高。低间伐保留密度显著影响杉木大径材出材量,而1 200株/hm²保留密度下大径材出材量最高,1 500和2 250株/hm²保留密度下能够获得较高的中径材出材量。高水平...     

福建省东山岛栽培黄色花系植物调查分析

在实地调查、标本整理和文献查阅的基础上,分析了福建东山岛栽培黄色花系植物的组成、与邻近地区的关系、生活型、叶级特征、叶质特征、观赏特性、绿化用途和经济用途.结果显示,东山岛栽培黄色花系植物48科87属124种,与福建各地区共有种较多的城市集中福建南部沿海地区.东山岛栽培黄色花系植物生活型以矮高位芽植物为主,共有90种,占总种数的72.58%;叶型主要以中、小型为主,共有76种,占总种数的61.29%;叶质以纸质、革质为主,有79种,占总种数的63.71%;花期集中在春、夏、秋3季,果期相对集中在夏秋季节.东山岛栽培黄色花系植物的观赏特性中植物数量较多的类型有花木观赏类、赏树形类、赏叶类,这3种类型的植物共有72种,占总种数的57.11%;其可用于园林绿化主要途径是花木观赏、独赏树和行道树.东山岛栽培黄色花系植物经济用途广泛,以药用和作为木本蔬菜为主,共有86种,占总种数的68.36%.     

爵床科凹苞马蓝在贵州的分布新记录及其补充描述

【目的】马蓝属中不少植物具有类似竹类植物的多年生一次性开花现象,但对其研究不多。凹苞马蓝(Strobilanthes retusa D. Fang)是采自广西环江喀斯特地区的标本发表的新种,原记载仅环江有分布,由于标本较少,对其形态特征变异不甚了解。在贵州省茂兰国家级自然保护区发现该种并补充描述,对研究多年生一次性开花现象植物的开花机制具有重要价值。【方法】对凹苞马蓝贵州居群观察其形态特征及开花习性;扫描电子显微镜下观察凹苞马蓝的花粉和种子形态。【结果】凹苞马蓝为贵州新分布新记录,目前仅知分布于广西和贵州交界的喀斯特地区;凹苞马蓝的花粉粒为长球形,极面观多裂圆形,辐射对称,具3孔沟及12~15条假沟,外壁表面具波状纹饰;种子卵形,表面密被螺旋状多细胞长粗毛,基区大。【结论】确认凹苞马蓝是多年生一次性开花植物,根据标本记载推测其开花周期为7~10 a。讨论了凹苞马蓝的亲缘关系,并对凹苞马蓝的形态特征进行了补充描述,提供了线条图和形态照片。     

热带亚热带喀斯特森林树种的水分生理研究进展

热带亚热带喀斯特地区具有丰富且独特的自然资源,是我国重要的生态功能区,但也面临严重的石漠化问题。水分是影响该地区天然林结构功能和石漠化植被修复的关键环境因素。基于树木水分生理的研究有助于深入地了解喀斯特树种干旱适应策略,可为气候变化背景下喀斯特地区森林(天然林和人工林)的可持续发展提供理论依据。本文从水分来源、木质部水力结构以及蒸腾耗水等方面总结了近年来该区域喀斯特天然林树种在水分适应策略方面的研究进展,发现典型喀斯特树种能够稳定地利用岩溶水,其蒸腾耗水量的季节动态较小,且其茎木质部的抗栓塞能力强,在极端干旱时期可通过脆弱性分割维持水力安全。另外,基于树木水分生理的研究还能够为石漠化生态恢复适宜树种的筛选和人工林的经营管理提供科学依据。部分抗性强、耗水少的珍贵用材树种兼顾生态和经济效益,可用于石漠化地区的植被修复。建议今后的研究结合控制实验平台,长期监测树种生长和水分动态变化,基于多重机制系统阐明喀斯特森林树种的生态适应策略。     

Light-induced hormone conversion of T4 to T3 regulates photoperiodic response of gonads in birds

Reproduction of many temperate zone birds is under photoperiodic control. The Japanese quail is an excellent model for studying the mechanism of photoperiodic time measurement because of its distinct and marked response to changing photoperiods. Studies on this animal have suggested that the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is an important centre controlling photoperiodic time measurement. Here we report that expression in the MBH of the gene encoding type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2), which catalyses the intracellular deiodination of thyroxine (T4) prohormone to the active 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), is induced by light in Japanese quail. Intracerebroventricular administration of T3 mimics the photoperiodic response, whereas the Dio2 inhibitor iopanoic acid prevents gonadal growth. These findings demonstrate that light-induced Dio2 expression in the MBH may be involved in the photoperiodic response of gonads in Japanese quail.     

澳大利亚新英格兰地区桉树林的群落结构特征

本文研究澳大利亚新英格兰地区开阔林的群落结构特征。结果表明其种类组成较为简单,调查的4.8公顷样地中树木层只有18种。隶属于4属4科,树木个体90％为桉树;灌木层有32种19属13科;草本层有95种20属10科。群落的垂直结构为三层:树层,灌木层和草本层;一些林段只有二层(缺灌木层),或四层(增多小树层)。优势种群的分布格局多为集群分布。非优势种群的分布格局则多为随机分布格局。种间联结现象较弱,除少数种对外,联结系数低或没有联结。种间生态位的重叠值低,反映了诸多种群的独立分布特征。在其组织结构水平上,除草本层外。物种多样性指数、群落均匀度、生态优势度均较低。反映群落的优势种明显,为种多群落类型。