Fractal Characteristics of Gravity Landform and Its SOC Mechanism

From the principle of self-organized criticality （SOC）, this work presents our current understanding of the relationship between the morphology and the dynamics of the evolution of landforms. First, we validate the assumption： Erosional slopes may be treated as SOC systems. Thus Sand-pile models will reflect the universal process of energy dissipation within the slope accumulation under the self-organizing actions. And the scale and frequency of deposit landforms will be related by Fractal structure. Then, by analyzing the field data, such as landslides, rockfalls and debris flow fans, in three typical areas, the power law for the magnitude-frequency seems very robust. Furthermore, some problems in application are discussed.     

Fractal Characteristic of Soil in Typical Debris Flow.Triggering Region： A Case Study in Jiangjia Ravine of Dongchuan, Yunnan

The structural features of soil in debris flow-triggering region play an important role in the formation and evolution of debris flow. In this paper, a case study on the fractal of soil particle-size distribution （PSDFs） and pore-solid （PSFs） in Jiangjia Ravine was conducted. The results revealed that the soil in Jiangjia Ravine had significant fractal features and its PSDF and PSF had the same variation trend despite different type of soils in debris flow-triggering region： residual soil （RS） 〉 debris flow deposit （DFD）~clinosol （CL）, their fractal dimension of PSDFs are respectively between 2.62 and 2.96, 2.52 and 2.68, 2.37 and 2.52; and the fractal dimension of PSFs are respectively between 2. 75 and 2.95, 2. 57 and 2. 72, 2.59 and 2.64. The fractal dimension of soil reflected its complexity as a self-organizing system and was closely related to the evolution of soil in debris flow- triggering region.     

Using Fuzzy Relations and GIS Method to Evaluate Debris Flow Hazard

The study area, located in the southeast of Tibet along the Sichuan-Tibet highway, is a part of Palongzangbu River basin where mountain hazards take place frequently. On the ground of field surveying, historical data and previous research, a total of 31 debris flow gullies are identified in the study area and 5 factors are chosen as main parameters for evaluating the hazard of debris flows in this study. Spatial analyst functions of geographic information system （GIS） are utilized to produce debris flow inventory and parameter maps. All data are built into a spatial database for evaluating debris flow hazard. Integrated with GIS techniques,the fuzzy relation method is used to calculate the strength of relationship between debris flow inventory and parameters of the database. With this methodology,a hazard map of debris flows is produced. According to this map,6.6% of the study area is classified as very high hazard, 7.3% as high hazard,8.4% as moderate hazard,32. 1% as low hazard and 45.6% as very low hazard or non-hazard areas. After validating the results, this methodology is ultimately confirmed to be available.     

Observation and Research on Gravitational Erosion Process of Bank Slopes in Headstream Area of Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China

To reveal the gravitational erosion process in the headstream area of Jiangjia Ravine, continuous observation was conducted duing the rainy season. The observation and research show that the change of water content of the bank slope lags the precipitation process, the infiltration water con centrates mainly in the shallow layer of the bank slope, also the bank slope was unsaturated, the floods and debris flows in the gully down cut the gully bed, and scour the foot of the bank slope. These results in many collapses, which is the main type of gravitational erosion process, and it provides large amounts of loose solid materials for the eruption of debris flows.     

Disaster Reduction Decision Support System Against Debris Flows and Landslides Along Highway in Mountainous Area

Highways in mountainous areas are easy to be damaged by such natural disasters as debris flows and landslides and disaster reduction decision support system (DRDSS) is one of the important means to mitigate these disasters. Guided by the theories and technologies of debris flow and landslide reduction and supported by geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing and database techniques, a DRDSS against debris flow and landslide along highways in mountainous areas has been established on the basis of such principles as pertinence, systematicness, effectiveness, easy to use, open and expandability. The system consists of database, disaster analysis models and decisions on reduction of debris flows and landslides, mainly functioning to zone disaster dangerous degree, analyze debris flow activity,simulate debris flow deposition and diffusion, analyze landslide stability, select optimal highway renovation scheme and plan disaster prevention and control engineering. This system has been applied successfully to the debris flow and landslide treatment works along Palongzangbu Section of Siehuan-Tibet Highway.     

Hydrodynamics numerical investigation of hoistable masts for underwater vehicles

Using the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equation as the governing equation, the large eddy simulation (LES) model is implemented to investigate the shedding of vortices, the flow pattern of turbulence, the unsteady pressure fluctuation and the time history of the lift coefficient and drag coefficient of hoistable masts with various mast shapes and various arrangements in this paper. Combining the FFT, combined time-frequency transform and wavelet power spectrum analysis, the characteristics of unsteady pressure can be obtained in both time and frequency domain. It shows that the main frequency of pressure fluctuation is near the frequency of vortex shedding in time domain using the FFT method. It can be inferred from the combined time-frequency transform that the unsteady pressure fluctuation has obviously the peak value and the second peak value in time domain. It could indicate that the fluctuation power varies from the fluctuation frequency through the power spectrum analysis. By the data analysis, it shows that the vortex shedding is the dominant cause of the periodically pressure fluctuation. And the interaction pattern of wake and interplay between wake and the walls of masts under different arrangements are also discussed in this paper.     

Self-organized criticality judgment and extreme statistics analysis of major urban fires

The spatial (economic loss) and temporal characteristics of urban fires were analyzed employing relevant statistical methods. A fractal structure in terms of the power-law relation between fire frequency and economic loss was found on a spatial scale, and an exponential relation between frequency and time interval was found on a temporal scale. Thus, urban fire does not meet the rigorous criteria of self-organized criticality. In addition, based on the spatial power-law distribution characteristics, a correlation model of the frequency and scale of loss due to urban fire was established using the extremum statistical method. This model was then applied to the case analysis of Hefei and the probability of major fire incidents in the future was predicted.     

Quantitative analysis of biotechnical reinforcement for a steep slope consisting of composite coal-gangue-soil medium adjacent to a mined-out area

The engineering and geological characteristics of a steep slope consisting of coal gangue, rock and soil medium in Huating coal mine have been comprehensively investigated. Owing to humid weather, heavy rainfall, vegetation and porous characteristics of the soil and rock mass, the steep slope will be destabilized and induce mud-rock flow or derive hazard easily. Firstly, based on the classical slope reinforcement theory, some regularity between the shear and displacement in the destabilized zone of the slope with or without root strength contribution is presented. Then, based on the experimental and statistical analysis of root strength, hydrological characteristics and stability status, etc., some possible biotechnical techniques for reinforcement of the steep slope have been suggested. These methods are important for quantitative analysis of destabilization of the slope and design of the biotechnical reinforcement.     

Influence of Soaking Effects to the Shear Strength of the Colluviums on Mt. Da-Lum

Landslide of colluviums often occurs during or after heavy rainfall because the huge quantity of precipitation induces the upsurge of groundwater table as well as the reduction of effec-tive stress of soil stratum and the factor of safety from slope sta-bility analysis. Moreover,the longer duration of heavy rainfall maintain the higher groundwater table,the shear strength parame-ters may be decline due to the soil being soaked for longer period of time. The campus of Huafan University is mostly covered by colluviums that located on Mt. Da-Lum,Shih-Tin Hsiang,Taipei County,Taiwan,China. Slope stability is one of the major con-cerned issues,for this reason,a slope monitoring test site has been established around the campus. According to the data collected,the magnitude of slope movement influenced by rainfall can be observed. In this study,the colluviums samples are collected from the campus of Huafan University and direct shear tests are per-formed to obtain the shear strength parameters of the remolded soil samples that soaked in the water for various periods of time,i.e. 0,1,2,3,5 and 7 days respectively. From these tests,the change of the shear strength and slope stability of colluviums with respect to the soaking time of soil has been further understood.     

Distribution Regularity of Debris Flow and Its Hazard in Upper Reaches of Yangtze River and Other Rivers of Southwestern China

In the upper reaches of Yangtze River and other rivers of southwestern China, the debris flows develop and lead to most serious disasters because of the various landforms, complex geological structures and abundant rainfall. The distribution of debris flows has regularity in the regions with different landform, geological structure, and precipitation. The regularities of distribution of debris flows are as following： （1） distributed in transition belts of different morphologic regions; （2） distributed in the area with strong stream trenching; （3） distributed along fracture zones and seismic belts： （4） distributed in the area with abundant precipitation; （5） distribution of debris flow is azonal. The activity of abundant debris flows not only brings harm to Towns, Villages and Farmlands, Main Lines of Communication, Water-Power Engineering, Stream Channels etc., but also induces strong water and soil loss. According to the present status of debris flow prevention, the problems in disasters mitigation and soil conservancy are found out, and the key works are brought up for the future disasters prevention and soil conservancy.     

西藏江孜县沙拉岗锑（金）矿区重力流沉积特征

对西藏江孜县沙拉岗锑 (金 )矿区的沉积相进行了划分 ,并重点阐述了颇具特色的各种重力流沉积 (滑动沉积、碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积 ) ,为分析研究锑 (金 )成矿作用提供了丰富的基础资料。     

泥石流启动的临界地表径流深度研究

暴雨过程形成的地表径流导致坡体表面和前缘松散物质向下输移,汇入沟道,演变成危害性较大的泥石流,因此,对于泥石流的启动机理和启动临界条件的研究十分必要.根据下渗曲线法,得出了地表径流深度、入渗率以及降雨强度的关系,并运用牛顿定律、水文学以及土力学等理论,建立了泥石流单颗粒启动、局部启动和整体启动的临界地表径流深度的求解模型,从而可推得临界降雨强度,此可为泥石流的泥石流预警提供了有用的理论基础.     

高速公路路堑边坡的侵蚀临界坡度

针对降雨条件等环境影响条件下路堑边坡存在的临界坡度,指出坡面流侵蚀的定义并系统分析了坡面流侵蚀的主要影响因素,利用泥沙运动力学理论,研究了坡面土壤侵蚀率与坡面流的剪切力之间的变化关系.同时,对坡面流水力学参数(流速、水深)对临界坡度影响的规律进行研究,得出了一定高度边坡坡面流的剪切力随坡度变化规律,即一定高度边坡的侵蚀临界坡度为22.2°.可为工程计算提供依据.     

基于树木年代学的冰川型泥石流灾害历史重建方法-以西藏天摩沟为例

藏东南帕隆藏布流域冰川型泥石流规模大、数量多。天摩沟是帕隆藏布左岸一级支流,最近20年多次爆发冰川型泥石流,重复堵江并形成长1.5 km左右的堰塞湖。冰川型泥石流事件爆发时间和规模的确定对山区泥石流防灾减灾意义重大。本文基于树木年代学方法,通过分析树木年轮损伤组织、生长抑制和释放动态,重建天摩沟60年来的泥石流事件的时空分布;从树木生长扰动强度等方面探讨泥石流的流动范围和沟道溯源侵蚀过程;并通过Wit指数进一步分析泥石流发生时间和日降雨及气温之间的关系。结果表明天摩沟在1965、1970、1976、2007、2010和2018年爆发过泥石流,与2007年以来的有记录的泥石流事件吻合,印证了通过年轮损伤组织、生长抑制和释放等参数重建泥石流事件的可行性;Wit指数的变化表明树木年轮的生长释放和抑制滞后于泥石流事件1-3年,并与泥石流规模成正相关。     

帕隆藏布流域低频泥石流的成因机制分析--以倾多镇抄布隆巴泥石流为例

2017年8月3日西藏波密县倾多镇抄布隆巴暴发泥石流,此前70余年未暴发过泥石流,作为帕隆藏布流域典型的低频泥石流,对其成因进行分析,为大量的冰川融水使位于沟源处的大量冰水堆积体处于饱和状态,使土体内部摩擦系数大大降低,黏聚力急剧减小,超过土体稳定性临界点突然发生溃决及大规模崩滑,致使沟道内堆积的大量冰水堆积物进入沟道形成泥石流。并采用形态实测法和称重法等方法计算其流量、流速及重度。通过分析抄布隆巴泥石流的成因,对帕隆藏布流域低频泥石流的成因进行了探讨,并得出了帕隆藏布流域低频泥石流大部分以冰川型泥石流为主,且预测区域内泥石流沟将进入新一轮活跃期,具多频次、多成因、规模不等的暴发趋势。     

长白山天池地区泥石流激发雨型与临界雨量

长白山天池景区内受多条泥石流沟威胁,为降低泥石流灾害造成的损失与威胁,通过收集与整理该区域内泥石流活动历时资料与相应的降雨资料,分析各沟泥石流灾害暴发的降雨过程,获得长白山天池地区的泥石流激发雨型的特征,并研究相关降雨参数(小时降雨强度、历史累计雨量、前期有效降雨和降雨历时)与泥石流灾害爆发之间的关系,得到了长白山天池地区泥石流灾害暴发的临界雨量值。经研究表明,长白山天池地区泥石流激发雨型分为长期持续降雨与长期间断降雨两类,长期持续降雨型的前期不间断降雨持续时间长,总降雨时间也持续较长,泥石流在降雨强度逐步达到临界值时暴发。长期间断降雨较长期持续降雨来说,总的降雨时间更长。该降雨类型的降雨强度存在多次由零到极大值增大再降低的重复过程,直到最终松散堆积体饱和至临界值导致泥石流暴发。经统计与分析得出,长白山天池地区泥石流灾害暴发的防范雨量与预警指标(临界雨量),以历史累计降雨量43.5 mm或前期有效降雨32.7 mm可以作为防范值,以小时降雨强度19.7 mm/h作为泥石流临界雨量,对不同的激发雨型特征与临界雨量的研究能够为长白山天池地区的泥石流灾害监测预警提供科学依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部长7段深水沉积特征及沉积模式

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组深水沉积砂体的成因类型及沉积模式研究具有较大的争议,而且只用一种成因模式去解释深水沉积系统有一定的局限性。依据对鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7段的野外剖面的观测及部分岩芯观察,基于沉积学相标志分析,对盆地延长组长7段深水沉积砂体特征及沉积模式进行了详细研究,取得了以下认识:首先,划分了研究区深水沉积砂体成因类型,包括风暴岩、滑动岩、滑塌岩、砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积,总结了各类型深水沉积体的识别标志;其次,将研究区深水沉积体系划分为水道化的风暴沉积体系和无水道发育的滑移-滑塌沉积体系;风暴沉积体系划分为水道化风暴岩、水道侧缘及风暴浊积岩朵叶体,为风暴侵蚀成因;滑移-滑塌体系可以分为滑动岩、滑塌岩、碎屑流舌状体、远源浊流沉积,为地震、火山或风暴活动触发三角洲前缘坡折带沉积物失稳滑塌形成。综合砂体成因类型和沉积模式,可以更加直观地研究湖盆深水区沉积物组合及分布规律,为湖盆深水区油气勘探提供理论支撑。     

基于人工降雨的天津盘龙谷泥石流起动特征

通过泥石流物理模型试验研究了盘龙谷泥石流的起动特征,探讨了其起动方式、物源补给来源以及降雨条件的影响等.实验结果表明,泥石流起动时形成区堆积物源不会整体滑移,而是在其表面形成冲沟并逐渐扩大直至引发泥石流;前期先降小雨使土体达到完全饱和,然后再降中雨或大雨的情形其危险性最高;冲沟两侧的不稳定岩土体构成泥石流物源的主要补给来源.实验现象与盘龙谷泥石流具有较高的一致性,可以为建立泥石流预警系统及防灾减灾提供一定的参考依据.     

基于GIS的泥石流侵蚀特征分析——以文家沟为例

5.12汶川地震导致四川部分地区大规模泥石流爆发,其爆发规模和特征都不同于以往的泥石流,为了进一步研究震后泥石流的特征并揭示其现象,选取了位于绵远河流域的文家沟作为研究对象。主要利用ARCGIS平台对灾前灾后DEM数据进行对比,从主沟道的坡度及下切深度、沟谷形态的变化和区域侵蚀三个方面来分析文家沟泥石流的特征,解释了文家沟泥石流侵蚀过程和深切拉槽现象,为今后泥石流灾害评估、侵蚀过程分析及防治工程提供依据。