注重功率平衡提高抽油井系统效率

有杆泵采油占我国油井的80%,由于与抽油机联合工作的井下抽油泵载荷交替变化造成地面系统工作不平稳,加剧了动力系统的无功消耗,导致抽油系统的低效率运行,造成了巨大的能源浪费。通过抽油机电机的输入功率等电参数、油井示功图、油井生产参数的测试、录取和系统效率计算工作,对测试数据进行系统的节点分析,确定了造成抽油机系统效率低的因素,提高抽油机系统效率的目的。     

数学描述抽油系统故障时抽油机示功图

抽油设备的工作状况反应在示功图上。由于抽油井的情况较复杂,使实测示功图的形状各不相同,增加了故障分析的难度,分析容易出错。针对这一问题,分析了抽油机采油系统出故障时的示功图。对16种故障的典型示功图形状特征进行数学描述,得到了出故障时示功图特征;对特征相近的功图,给出了结合油井参数进行判断的方法。从而为从示功图的数据上直观且快速准确地判断抽油设备的工作状况提供理论依据。     

成果推广

采油井抽油机故障报警系统是采用无线电技术、计算机技术和数字通讯技术研制的、专供油井抽油机故障报警使用的信息远传及控制系统.该系统由中心接收机和故障报警终端组成.每台中心接收机在提供故障信息汉字滚动显示时,可支持99个故障报警终     

基于无线传感器网络在油井监测系统中的应用

针对传统的采油工艺,采用人工简单粗略的监测油井缺陷,起停油井,提出无线传感器网路技术应用于油井参数监测中,设计了一种自动化,智能化的24小时油井监测系统。将传感器采集到的油井储油罐的液位,抽油机电机的电流信号,抽油机上油的流量信号等数据通过ZIGBEE网络汇集到无线网关,无线网关再通过GPRS网络将监测数据接入INTERNET网络,采油厂集控中心通过INTERNET网络接收到这些数据进行实时监测。该系统克服了传统的人工巡检,人工判断缺陷,功耗大等缺点。     

抽油机井系统动态实时分析模型

针对传统示功图测试方法的不足,根据电机直接转矩控制理论和抽油机运动学、动力学原理,建立抽油机井系统动态实时分析模型.该模型根据油井实测电流、电压计算电机的输出扭矩,结合抽油机动力传递过程和减速箱的平衡原理,计算减速箱的净扭矩和油井负荷扭矩,根据抽油机的扭矩因数,计算得到光杆示功图.实例分析表明,油井电参数测量是一种高精度可靠的测量手段,利用所建模型计算得到的扭矩曲线及示功图与现场实际资料吻合较好,很好地反映了抽油机井的运行状况,可实现油井系统动态实时分析.     

基于ZigBee技术的石油开采过程的远程监控系统

设计了一种基于ZigBee无线通信技术的石油开采远程监测系统:在油井现场组建的ZigBee网络采集抽油机工况;采集数据通过3G网络传输到远端的监控中心,并依此实现对抽油机工况远程实时监控和异常状况预报。该系统通过专家系统模型对抽油机示功图数据进行分析对比判断抽油机的工况。     

不同抽油机井系统效率计算模型研究与节能效果

为降低油井生产能耗和提高系统效率,油田应用了多种新型节能抽油机,但缺乏节能抽油机特性与节能效果及其选型理论的研究。为此,基于常规游梁式抽油机、异相型抽油机、调径变矩抽油机、异型抽油机和皮带式抽油机的工作动态特性,建立了不同抽油机的油井地面效率计算模型,并运用抽油杆柱纵向振动的一维有阻尼波动方程,以悬点运动规律和井下泵的受力状况为边界条件,建立了抽油机井地面功图与泵功图的计算模型;井下举升效率和系统效率计算模型。研究不同抽油机井的系统效率和节电率,分析了不同井液黏度和不同下泵深度对抽油机井系统效率的影响。结果表明,与常规游梁式抽油机相比较,其它四种抽油机都能达到提高系统效率和节电节能的目的,其中皮带式抽油机的系统效率为最高,相对于常规游梁式抽油机井提高9.06%,节电率为22.36%;随着井液黏度的增大,油井生产系统效率均降低,皮带式抽油机井的下降幅度较小,适合于稠油井的应用;抽油机井存在油井生产系统效率最高的合理下泵深度(或合理沉没度)。     

游梁式抽油机系统动力学特性分析

根据试验井抽油机各项固有参数,通过对抽油机系统进行动力学仿真,对抽油机井上系统设备进行了数学建模和动力学分析,找到抽油机耗能的机理,为节能控制系统设计提供了理论依据。     

基于移动终端的示功仪远程监测系统

为解决在油田中对抽油机的参数进行实时监控和及时掌握抽油机的工作状态等问题,提出一种基于移动终端的油井远程监测系统.此系统由数据采集、数据传输、数据处理和视频监控等四部分组成,其中数据采集部分是利用单片机控制传感器采集数据;数据传输部分是利用Wi Fi模块在本地和云端之间实现数据交互;数据处理部分是通过代码实现画示功图;视频监控部分是利用路由器作为一个"桥"实现摄像头和手机的连接.此系统可以通过Android手机APP和微信公众号来实现.最后完成了整个系统的制作,并通过仿真实验验证了此系统的可行性和有效性.该系统为抽油机参数检测及其工作状态监控提供了极大的便利,同时也减轻了工作人员的负担.     

基于GPRS的皮带抽油机远程监控系统设计

针对目前皮带抽油机用量大、油井分散且不能及时掌握现场各种数据状况的问题,开发了一套基于GPRS的皮带抽油机远程监控系统。介绍了该系统的组成、工作原理及监控终端的软件实现。最后通过现场试验,表明该系统是稳定可靠的,能够满足油井现场的生产需要,具有重要的现实意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the