三种类型樟树果实的精油

本文报道樟树果实精油的化学成分,应用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用仪、柱层析、核磁共振等方法,鉴定了樟树三个生化类型(本樟、油樟、芳樟)的果实在三个不同生长时期精油的化学成分及其变化规律.本樟果实精油主含樟脑和黄樟油素;油樟果实精油主含甲基丁香酚和桉叶油素;芳樟果实精油主含甲基丁香酚和黄樟油素.随着果实生长时期的不同,樟树果实精油的主要成分含量也随之发生变化.     

深山含笑叶挥发油的化学成分研究

深山含笑为我国的珍贵稀有树种.深山含笑鲜叶经过用水蒸汽蒸馏得到一种淡黄色精油,得率为1.00％～1.13％.本文用经典方法测定了该挥发油的理化性质,并用毛细管气相色谱、红外光谱、核磁共振波谱和色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术等对该挥发油进行了系统的成分分析.在分出的62个色谱峰中,共鉴定出49个化合物,占精油总量的99.31％.其主要化学成分是α-(艹守)烯(17.03％),3,6.6-三甲基-2-降蒎烯(43.80％),6,6-二甲基-3-亚甲基降蒎烷(17.18％),α-龙脑烯(9.35％),芳樟醇(1.30％),β-石竹烯(2.87％)等.本研究为合理开发这一资源提供了科学评价和依据.     

救心菜精油中主要成分的GC-MS分析

研究救心菜精油成分,为救心菜的药用价值及合理开发利用提供参考。采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取精油,GC毛细管柱色谱法进行分析,峰面积归一化法确定其相对含量,气相色谱-质谱联用技术辅助人工检索鉴定其化学成分。结果从救心菜精油中分离出56种,鉴定出25种化学成分,鉴定出的挥发性化学成分占精油总量的88.69%,主要成分有棕榈酸(36.08%)、植物醇(17.04%)、α-亚麻酸(13.64%)、亚油酸(7.12%)、2-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚(4.64%)。结果表明:救心菜精油的主要化学成分为有机酸类。     

桔草挥发成分的提取与分析研究

用程序升温毛细管气相色谱法和色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术等分析了桔草精油的化学组成．结果表明,桔草精油含有87种以上化学成分．其主要成分为丁子香基甲基醚(23．71%)和榄香素(18．68%)．已鉴定了其中的39种成分,占该精油总量的93．65%．桔草精油具有甜的果香,但头香略差;桔草浸膏具有柑桔类果香、花香,兼有豆青香气,有较好的利用前景．     

柚子精油提取、成分、贮藏及应用研究进展

柚子是柑橘属植物的重要成员之一,其果皮的油包层含有丰富的芳香类成分,可通过冷磨法、水蒸馏法、同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)法、溶剂辅助萃取法(SAFE)以及超临界二氧化碳萃取法(SFE-CO₂)等制备得到精油产品,其中冷磨法制备的精油香味最接近原柚皮香味。相关研究已经采用感官评价、气相色谱(GC)、气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)、气相色谱嗅闻仪联用(GC-O)、电子鼻 (E-Nose) 等方法分析了柚皮精油的成分,而高分辨率的质谱(HRMS)、气相色谱-飞行时间质谱(GC-TOF-MS)等方法在柚皮精油分析中较少。柚皮精油以萜烯类化合物为主,同时也存在着醇类、醛类、酯类等其他成分,其中月桂烯在柚皮精油中的含量显著高于其他柑橘类水果。不同品种柚子精油的香味特征及香气成分具有一定的差异,琯溪蜜柚精油以清香、柠檬和果香为主,梁平柚精油以花香为主,沙田柚精油以薄荷味为主。贮藏温度、光照及氧气会引起精油中挥发性成分的变化,其中紫外线对精油风味影响最大,是精油香味和成分不可逆变质的重要原因。柚皮精油在医药、食品添加剂以及化妆品行业应用非常广泛,对柚皮精油的进一步研究具有重要意义。     

岩天麻化学成分的研究(Ⅲ)——岩天麻精油的化学成分

云南丽江地区产药物岩天麻根中的精油用Finnigan—4510型毛细管气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法进行了化学成份的分析,共分离检出63个成分,鉴定了23个,占总精油量的(75.13％),主要成分是月桂烯(48.82％)。荠苧烯(16.14％),柠檬烯(3.64％),β-蒎烯(2.69％)     

广西岑溪产八角精油化学成分简报

广西岑溪产八角精油化学成分简报用气相色谱分析法对广西岑溪八角精油组分进行分析，分离出２５个组分，鉴定出２４个组分，占组分总量的９９．８％。主要成分是反式—茴香醚，含量高达９３．５％；顺式—茴香醚仅为０．１３％。各组分的含量如下：α－蒎烯（α－Ｐｉｎｅ...     

腊梅精油不同部分的香气成分鉴定及差异分析简

对腊梅精油不同部分的香气成分进行研究,采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取腊梅精油复合物,再根据复合物状态对其进行膜分离提纯,得到不同类型的3种精油产品.用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)鉴定各产品的香气成分,并对其差异进行比较.从腊梅复合物所得水溶性精油浓缩液中鉴定出33种香气成分,占其色谱总峰面积的99.45%;从腊梅复合物所得脂溶性液态精油中鉴定出74种香气成分,占其色谱总峰面积的98.76%;从腊梅复合物所得脂溶性固态精油中鉴定出64种香气成分,占其色谱总峰面积的98.81%;除脂溶性固态精油中有含氮化合物外,3种精油均以碳氢类、醇类、醛类、酸类和酯类化合物为主,但它们之间差异有统计学意义;感官审评结果与气相色谱-质谱测定的香气成分质量分数的变化趋势基本一致.     

腊梅精油不同部分的香气成分鉴定及差异分析

对腊梅精油不同部分的香气成分进行研究,采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取腊梅精油复合物,再根据复合物状态对其进行膜分离提纯,得到不同类型的3种精油产品.用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)鉴定各产品的香气成分,并对其差异进行比较.从腊梅复合物所得水溶性精油浓缩液中鉴定出33种香气成分,占其色谱总峰面积的99.45%;从腊梅复合物所得脂溶性液态精油中鉴定出74种香气成分,占其色谱总峰面积的98.76%;从腊梅复合物所得脂溶性固态精油中鉴定出64种香气成分,占其色谱总峰面积的98.81%;除脂溶性固态精油中有含氮化合物外,3种精油均以碳氢类、醇类、醛类、酸类和酯类化合物为主,但它们之间差异有统计学意义;感官审评结果与气相色谱-质谱测定的香气成分质量分数的变化趋势基本一致.     

石荠苧(Mosta punctulata)不同器官的精油分布特征

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法测定石荠苧不同器官的精油含量，色谱／质谱／数据系统联用方法分析石荠苧不同器官精油的化学组成．结果表明：石荠苧干叶的精油含量为(2.515士0.044)％，石荠苧干茎的精油含量为(0.205士0.018)％，石荠苧干全草的精油含量为(1.535士0.035)％．干叶的精油含量是干茎的12倍多，叶是石荠苧精油分布的主要器官．从石荠苧不同器官的精油中共检测到142种成分，鉴定出以甲基丁香油酚、律草烯、石竹烯、β-金合欢烯、桉叶油素、τ-榄香烯、α-香柠檬烯、侧柏酮为主的70种成分．其中从干叶精油中鉴定出58种成分，占其精油总量的97.935％；从干茎精油中鉴定出56种成分，占其精油总量的94.524％；从干草精油中鉴定出64种成分，占其精油总量的98.008％．叶、茎、全草三者精油的化学组成基本相同．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the