The determination of atmospheric phosphine in Ny-Ålesund

Phoshpine (PH3), a volatile and toxic gas, has been proved to commonly exist in the environment. The determination of gaseous phosphine and its emission fluxes in Ny-Ålesund is reported in this paper. Results showed that gaseous phosphine exist in Arctic atmosphere commonly and the concentration of phosphine ranged from 16.3–600.2 ng/m³, with the maximum concentration of phosphine in tundra areas and the minimum in surface air of ocean. The concentration of phosphine ranged from 65.79–1259 ng/m³ in colliery atmosphere at different altitudes and the maximum was found in the center of colliery. Emission fluxes of phosphine were different in various Arctic areas. Emission fluxes of phosphine from protected areas, with average concentration of 32.13±5.353 ng m^–2 h^–1, were higher than from other areas. And the flux of phosphine from ocean was lower.     

Matrix-bound phosphine in Ny-Alesund Area of Arctic

Phosphine,a ubiquitous trace gas in the atmosphere,acts as a carrier of gasous phosphorus in the biogeochemical cycle.The research of phosphine will show new light on the mechanisms of how the phos- phorus supplement influence the biogeochemical cycle and global warming.In this paper,we detect the phosphine in Arctic Pole area for the first time.The result shows that matrix-bound phosphine(MBP)ex- ists in all the samplings.Phosphine distributions varied with different environmental origins.Average phosphine...     

Matrix-bound phosphine: A new form of phosphorus found in sediment of Jiaozhou Bay

Matrix-bound phosphine (PH3),a new form of phosphorus,was found in sediment of Jiaozhou Bay in December 2001,Concentration and distribution of PH3 in different layers of sediment with different stations were analyzed.The results show that PH3 concentrations are various with different layers and different stations.PH3 concentrations in the bottom layer of sediment (20-30 cm) are usually higher than those in the surface layer (0-4cm) ,The highest PH3 concentration in our investigation reaches 685 ng/kg (dry),which is much higher than those in terrestrial paddy soil ,marsh and landfill that have been reported up to now,The correlation analysis indicates that there is no apparent correlation between the concentrations of PH3 and inorganic phosphorus in sediment.However,the correlation between the concentrations of phosphine and organic phosphorus in the bottom layer of sediment is remarkable (R^2=0.83).It is considered that PH3 in sediment of Jiaozhou Bay is mainly produced from the decomposition of organic phosphorus in the anaerobic condition,and so PH3 concentrations are related to organic phosphorus concentration and anaerobic environment in sediment,The discovery of PH3 in sediment will give people some new ideas on the mechanisms of phosphorus supplement and biogeochemical cycle in Jiaozhou Bay.     

O2／CO2气氛下着火延迟特性影响因素分析

采用详细化学反应动力学方法研究了3种烷烃燃料（正戊烷、正己烷和正庚烷）在O2／CO2气氛及空气气氛下的着火延迟特性,探讨了初始温度为1000～1350K,压力为1．6～4．0MPa,过氧系数为0．7～1．3条件下,不同燃烧气氛、CO2体积分数、温度、压力、过氧系数等因素对3种烷烃燃料着火延迟的影响规律．结果表明：在相同初始O2体积分数条件下,高CO2体积分数气氛下3种烷烃燃料的着火延迟时间比空气气氛下明显延长;随着燃烧系统中初始CO2体积分数的增加,3种烷烃燃料的着火延迟时间进一步增加,O2／CO2气氛下出现着火延迟现象不仅与CO2的热物性有关,还与燃烧系统内CO2的化学反应动力学作用有关．     

羧甲基甲壳素/聚砜复合纳滤膜对中水的深度处理研究

考察了一种新型荷负电羧甲基甲壳素/聚砜复合纳滤膜对中水的处理效果.结果表明:室温下,在压力为1.0MPa、流速为30L/h,城市生活污水经过物理生化处理产生的中水经纳滤膜处理后,溶解态总磷、硝态和亚硝态总氮及CODCr的平均截留率分别可达70%、83%和95%以上,而色度的截留率几乎达100%.纳滤膜出水CODCr质量浓度在3.7～7.8mg/L之间,达到GB3838-2002地面水Ⅰ类环境质量标准;硝态和亚硝态总氮(以N计)质量浓度在2.7～3.7mg/L之间,达到GB3838-2002集中式生活饮用水地表水标准;溶解态总磷(以P计)质量浓度在1.2～1.6mg/L之间,已接近1mg/L的污水GB8978-1996Ⅱ级排放标准.荷负电纳滤膜适于中水脱磷、脱氮、脱CODCr的深度处理及含磷废水的脱磷处理.     

The first determination of atmospheric phosphine in Antarctica

It is generally thought that phosphine (PH3) concentrations exist at the low ng/m3 level during the night and at the pg/m3 level during daylight in the remote atmosphere of the lower troposphere. The first de- termination of gaseous PH3 on the Antarctic Millor Peninsula is reported in this paper. No PH3 was de- tected in the air samples around 10:00 when it was sunny. However, PH3 was found in all the 10:00 air samples when it was cloudy or light snow with the average of 75.3±28.8 ng/m3 (n=5). It was also found in nearly all the samples around 22:00 with the average of 87.2±70.9 ng/m3 (n=11). Atmospheric PH3 concentrations around 22:00 were generally higher than those around 10:00 in January and they were almost the same in February. In addition, PH3 concentrations around 22:00 showed a downtrend with the decreasing air temperature, suggesting that light intensity and air temperature had an important effect on atmospheric PH3 concentration. It is very surprising to have found that high concentrations of PH3 exist in the Antarctic atmosphere under the influence of strong UV-radiation and light intensity. The tentative analyses show that dry, cold and very clean atmosphere may be very suitable for the PH3 sur- vival and cause the concentration to increase and accumulate in the local atmosphere. New ap- proaches for the PH3 formation and the process of atmospheric chemistry may exist under such an extreme environment. Atmospheric PH3 may also be from the emissions of local sources.     

灰漠土人工湿地基质对磷的吸附性能研究

研究了灰漠土作为人工湿地基质对磷的吸附性能,并与炉渣基质进行了对比试验。结果表明,灰漠土具有比炉渣更快的吸附速度,当吸附磷溶液初始质量浓度为10mg/L时,灰漠土和炉渣对磷的最大吸附量分别为92mg/kg和78mg/kg,并且两者对pH影响与离子干扰影响的响应均表现出相似的变化规律。灰漠土在西北干旱地区广泛存在,因此,可以完全替代炉渣作为人工湿地的除磷基质。     

一种新型复合纳滤膜对污水的深度处理研究

考察了一种新型荷负电羧甲基甲壳素/聚丙烯腈复合纳滤膜对污水（中水）的处理效果。结果表明：在1.0MPa、30L/h、室温下,经纳滤膜处理后,溶解态总磷、硝态和亚硝态总氮及COD_Cr的平均截留率分别可达70%、83%和94%以上,而色度几乎可完全去除。纳滤膜出水COD_Cr为3.0~10.2mg/L,达到GB3838—2002地面水Ⅰ类水质标准;硝态和亚硝态总氮（以氮计）质量浓度为2.7~3.5mg/L,达到GB5749—85生活饮用水标准;溶解态总磷（以磷计）质量浓度为1.0~1.7mg/L,已接近1mg/L的污水GB8978—1996Ⅱ级排放标准。提出,由于PO₄ ^3-与水体中H⁺ 、Ca ²⁺、Mg ²⁺等阳离子较易形成缔合离子或络合离子,减弱了与荷负电的纳滤膜的库仑排斥作用,从而使其截留率小于NO ^3-或NO ^2- ;该纳滤膜适于油田采出污水处理、污水（中水）脱磷、氮和COD_Cr的深度处理及含磷废水的脱磷处理。     

不同氮磷质量浓度对鳗池优势藻生长的影响

以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、四尾栅藻(Scendesmus quadricauda)4种鳗池常见优势藻为实验对象,研究不同N、P质量浓度对4种藻生长的影响.结果表明:铜绿微囊藻和水华微囊藻最适生长的N、P质量浓度范围分别为150～350mg/L和0.005～5mg/L,小球藻的最适N、P质量浓度范围分别为25～250mg/L和75～100mg/L,四尾栅藻的最佳N、P质量浓度范围分别为25～150mg/L和50～100mg/L.从实验结果来看,蓝藻和绿藻对N、P的需求差异较大.     

Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming

Near-surface warming in the Arctic has been almost twice as large as the global average over recent decades-a phenomenon that is known as the 'Arctic amplification'. The underlying causes of this temperature amplification remain uncertain. The reduction in snow and ice cover that has occurred over recent decades may have played a role. Climate model experiments indicate that when global temperature rises, Arctic snow and ice cover retreats, causing excessive polar warming. Reduction of the snow and ice cover causes albedo changes, and increased refreezing of sea ice during the cold season and decreases in sea-ice thickness both increase heat flux from the ocean to the atmosphere. Changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation, as well as cloud cover, have also been proposed to cause Arctic temperature amplification. Here we examine the vertical structure of temperature change in the Arctic during the late twentieth century using reanalysis data. We find evidence for temperature amplification well above the surface. Snow and ice feedbacks cannot be the main cause of the warming aloft during the greater part of the year, because these feedbacks are expected to primarily affect temperatures in the lowermost part of the atmosphere, resulting in a pattern of warming that we only observe in spring. A significant proportion of the observed temperature amplification must therefore be explained by mechanisms that induce warming above the lowermost part of the atmosphere. We regress the Arctic temperature field on the atmospheric energy transport into the Arctic and find that, in the summer half-year, a significant proportion of the vertical structure of warming can be explained by changes in this variable. We conclude that changes in atmospheric heat transport may be an important cause of the recent Arctic temperature amplification.     

钦州湾疏浚工程磷释放对海湾生态环境的影响

为了解近海工程疏浚对海湾生态环境的影响,2015年7月,分别在不同工期（施工期、非施工期）和潮时（高潮、低潮）,对广西钦州湾疏浚工程进行共4个航次的现场跟踪监测,比较不同施工状态下疏浚工程对海湾生态环境的影响。结果显示,疏浚工程的施工扰动使水体中悬浮物、溶解无机氮（Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN）和溶解无机磷（Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus,DIP）浓度显著增加。疏浚工程附近站点DIN和DIP浓度比对照站点大幅增加,最大增幅分别为151.7%和580.0%,DIP增加幅度大于DIN增加幅度。疏浚活动导致沉积物营养盐释放,明显改变了局部海区营养盐浓度的分布格局。在钦州湾外湾,疏浚工程引起的内源磷元素释放强于氮元素,改变了海湾的营养盐结构特征（c_N/c_P值）及浮游植物磷胁迫/限制状态,可能引发水华或赤潮,需要加以关注。     

污水处理系统中磷的转化途径

传统理论认为污水处理系统中的磷只能在固体形态和溶解形态之间转化,而目前已经有实验证明有一部分磷被还原成气态磷化氢从系统中逸出。分别从生物学角度和反应动力学角度证明了含磷化合物转化成气态磷化氢的过程是可行的。     

Analysis of characteristic of aurora substorm observed at Antarctic Zhongshan station

The characteristics of a strong aurora substorm observed at Antarctic Zhongshan station (magnetic latitude=74.5°) on 8 April, 1999, were discussed and analyzed. The developing steps of the aurora substorm that happened in dusk time were almost the same with that of midnight aurora substorm. The averaged moving speed of the aurora arc toward pole area during the substorm expansion phase was about 3.0 km/s, westward-traveling surge speed was about 2.0 km/s. The extension from south to north in the substorm can cover 1100 km in distance. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (49634160) Biography: Ai Young (1958-), male, Associate professor, research direction: upper atmosphere physics.     

The evolution of the marine phosphate reservoir

Phosphorus is a biolimiting nutrient that has an important role in regulating the burial of organic matter and the redox state of the ocean-atmosphere system. The ratio of phosphorus to iron in iron-oxide-rich sedimentary rocks can be used to track dissolved phosphate concentrations if the dissolved silica concentration of sea water is estimated. Here we present iron and phosphorus concentration ratios from distal hydrothermal sediments and iron formations through time to study the evolution of the marine phosphate reservoir. The data suggest that phosphate concentrations have been relatively constant over the Phanerozoic eon, the past 542 million years (Myr) of Earth's history. In contrast, phosphate concentrations seem to have been elevated in Precambrian oceans. Specifically, there is a peak in phosphorus-to-iron ratios in Neoproterozoic iron formations dating from ～750 to ～635?Myr ago, indicating unusually high dissolved phosphate concentrations in the aftermath of widespread, low-latitude 'snowball Earth' glaciations. An enhanced postglacial phosphate flux would have caused high rates of primary productivity and organic carbon burial and a transition to more oxidizing conditions in the ocean and atmosphere. The snowball Earth glaciations and Neoproterozoic oxidation are both suggested as triggers for the evolution and radiation of metazoans. We propose that these two factors are intimately linked; a glacially induced nutrient surplus could have led to an increase in atmospheric oxygen, paving the way for the rise of metazoan life.     

珠江口海水养殖区水体、沉积物及水产品中抗生素的分布

采用超声波萃取结合超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法, 研究珠江口(珠海和大亚湾)海水养殖区的水样、沉积物以及水产品(鱼类和贝类)中22种抗生素的污染状况。结果表明, 珠江口海水养殖区的主要污染物是喹诺酮类的诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和氟甲喹等。珠海沉积物和水样中抗生素污染程度略高于大亚湾。水样中抗生素的浓度范围为0.13 (磺胺甲恶唑)~4.68 (奇霉素) ng/L, 浓度水平受降水影响显著。沉积物中抗生素的浓度范围为0.02 (金霉素)~8.77 (奇霉素) ng/g (干重), 表现出时间累积性。水产品中抗生素浓度范围为0.06 (磺胺甲基嘧啶)~46.75 (诺氟沙星) ng/g (干重), 贝类和鱼类样品中抗生素污染程度接近, 差异性不显著。相关性分析结果表明, 沉积物样品间的污染程度类似, 水产品样品间污染的相似性也较显著, 而不同水样间的污染成分及污染水平差异性较大。     

吡啰红Y共振光散射法测定纳克级核酸

研究了二苯并吡喃类染料吡口罗红Y(PY)与核酸作用的共振光散射光谱,在pH11.5～12.0Tris-NaOH缓冲溶液中,1.75×10-5mol/L的PY溶液加入核酸后,体系的共振光散射增强,在364.0nm处,存在一共振光散射增强峰,其增强强度(△IRLS=I-I0)与核酸浓度呈线性关系,据此建立了一种测定纳克级核酸的简便灵敏的方法.对于fsDNA,方法的线性范围为27.0～625ng/mL,检出限为8.1ng/mL;对于ctD NA,方法的线性范围为39.0～500ng/mL,检出限为11.7ng/mL;对于yRNA,方法的线性范围为59.0～375ng/mL,检出限为17.7ng/mL.建立的方法已用于六种合成样品的测定,结果令人满意.     

不同曝气工况对养殖污水处理效果的影响

设计了一套优化组合的水处理系统,主要由下行生物膜池、上行生物膜池、下行牡蛎壳滤池和上行牡蛎壳滤池4个单元串联构成,各单元底部均设置了曝气装置.设计了仅其中1个单元或者3个单元曝气的4种工况,来研究不同曝气工况对养殖污水处理效果的影响.结果表明:在系统进水总氨氮质量浓度为0.52～0.72 mg·L-1,亚硝酸盐氮质量浓...     

Turbulent flux exchange characteristics of air-ice-sea above the Arctic Ocean during the polar day period

Chinese “Xue Long” breaker made its first voyage to the Arctic Ocean for scientific expedition from July to September, 1999. The tethersonde meteorological tower (TMT) sounding system was used to probe the temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind direction and wind speed on different underlying surfaces above the Arctic Ocean. The probed data were used for calculating the roughness length z0, momentum flux M, drag coefficient CDD, sensible heat flux Hss, bulk transfer coefficient CHH for sensible heat, latent heat flux HLL, and bulk transfer coefficient CEE for latent heat of air-ice-sea on different underlying surfaces. They vary within the ranges of (0.2 ～ 1.0) mm, (1.14～9.19) ×10-2N/m2, (0.87～ 1.76) × 10-3,-(4.2～ 12.5) W/m2, (0.84～ 1.37) x 10-3,-6.6～ 23.6 W/m2 and (0.85 ～ 1.40) x 10-3, respectively. It shows that the drag coefficient is greater than the latent heat transfer coefficient, and again the latent heat transfer coefficient is larger than the sensible heat transfer coefficient. Besides, the fluxes of momentum, sensible and latent heat are apparently correlated to the mean wind speed and the mean potential temperature difference and mean specific humidity difference.     

Activation of old carbon by erosion of coastal and subsea permafrost in Arctic Siberia

The future trajectory of greenhouse gas concentrations depends on interactions between climate and the biogeosphere. Thawing of Arctic permafrost could release significant amounts of carbon into the atmosphere in this century. Ancient Ice Complex deposits outcropping along the ~7,000-kilometre-long coastline of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS), and associated shallow subsea permafrost, are two large pools of permafrost carbon, yet their vulnerabilities towards thawing and decomposition are largely unknown. Recent Arctic warming is stronger than has been predicted by several degrees, and is particularly pronounced over the coastal ESAS region. There is thus a pressing need to improve our understanding of the links between permafrost carbon and climate in this relatively inaccessible region. Here we show that extensive release of carbon from these Ice Complex deposits dominates (57?±?2 per cent) the sedimentary carbon budget of the ESAS, the world’s largest continental shelf, overwhelming the marine and topsoil terrestrial components. Inverse modelling of the dual-carbon isotope composition of organic carbon accumulating in ESAS surface sediments, using Monte Carlo simulations to account for uncertainties, suggests that 44?±?10 teragrams of old carbon is activated annually from Ice Complex permafrost, an order of magnitude more than has been suggested by previous studies. We estimate that about two-thirds (66?±?16 per cent) of this old carbon escapes to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, with the remainder being re-buried in shelf sediments. Thermal collapse and erosion of these carbon-rich Pleistocene coastline and seafloor deposits may accelerate with Arctic amplification of climate warming.     

Environmental and biogeo-chemical process of accumula-tion of iron-phosphorus in marine sediments

This paper discusses the environmental andbiogeochemical process of accumulation of iron-phosphorusin marine sediments for the north aktian of the South ChinaSea and analyzes the relationships between the contents ofiron, phosphorus and calcium carbonate as well as their ex-istent characteristics. The results show that the variances ofphosphorus and calcium carbonate contents with depths areopposite and those of iron and calcium carbonate contentsare almost accordant. It is not only related to the biogeo-chemical process of accumulation of biogenous calcium car-bonate in sediments, which resulted from the fact that themarine primary productivity was stimulated by part of ter-rigenous phosphorus dissolved into seawater due to declineof superficial water temperature and increase of carbon di-oxide content in the glacial period, but also related to ironimpelled oxidation and accelerated deposit by the dissolvedoxygen from the atmosphere and the photosynthesis of hy-drophytes in seawater. The variance of soluble iron-phos-phorus species (Fe-P) in sediment columns can sensitivelyreflect the changes of climate and environment, which sug-gests that the accumulative characteristics and existent statesof iron-phosphorus species (Fe-P) in marine sediments havethe significance as an indicator of the changes of paleocli-mate and paleoenvironment.