热液条件下BaTiO3纳米晶的形成机理

研究了热液条件下ＢａＴｉＯ３纳米晶的生长基元与结晶习性，提出ＢａＴｉＯ３的生长基元为Ｔｉ（ＯＨ）６＾２－八面体，表面均ＯＨ＾－化，通过对溶液中ＯＨ＾－量的测定和在高压釜内加直流电场的实验，得出了溶液中电流强度的变化和晶体形貌之间的关系。根据对生长基元稳定能的计算得出了不同条件下有利的生长基元和晶粒结晶形貌之间的关系，从结晶化学角度提出锐钛矿与ＢａＴｉＯ３的结构具有相似相容性，从而合理地解释了在常温     

纳米TiO2/ZnO光催化降解氯胺磷的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了几种不同比例的纳米TiO2/ZnO复合半导体光催化剂及纯TiO2、ZnO单组分催化剂,并利用XRD,FE-SEM等手段对样品的结构和形貌进行表征.选用有机磷药氯胺磷为光催化降解对象,利用钼锑抗分光光度法测量并计算降解率,研究了溶液初始浓度、催化剂用量、催化剂的不同配比、热处理温度及溶液的pH值等因素对光催化降解效果的影响.实验结果表明:对于初始浓度4.5mg/L的氯胺磷溶液,催化剂用量为0.6 g·L<'-1>时,TiO2与ZnO的最佳比例为10:1,最佳热处理温度为500℃.反应进行5 h后,最大降解率可达到44.1%.在酸性及碱性介质中均有利于氯胺磷的降解,降解后溶液pH值都向中性趋近     

超重力水溶液金属镍电沉积及极化反应研究

以电沉积镍箔为例，在离心力场条件下，研究了超重力对水溶液金属电沉积的影响．结果表明超重力电沉积金属镍，晶粒细化、韧性和抗拉强度显著提高；杂质元素H含量减少，但电效降低；超重力场促进析氢反应，析氢过电位降低；超重力场促进溶液中离子传质，降低过电位，提高极限电流密度；对于离心力场超重力条件下的电沉积、电极反应及材料组织性能还与惯性力和电流方向有关，惯性力与电流方向同向有利于获得组织结构致密性能更好的电沉积材料．     

调制周期、比沉积温度对ZrB2/W纳米多层膜微结构和机械性能的影响

利用离子束辅助沉积方法(IBAD)在室温和400℃下制备出了单质的ZrB₂和W薄膜以及不同调制周期和调制比的ZrB₂/W纳米超晶格多层膜. 通过XRD, SEM, 表面轮廓仪及纳米力学测试系统研究了沉积温度和调制周期对纳米多层膜生长、织构、界面结构、机械性能的影响. 研究结果表明: 在室温条件下, 调制周期为13 nm时, 多层膜的硬度最高可达23.8 GPa, 而合成中提高沉积温度则有利于提高薄膜的机械性能. 在沉积温度约为400℃时合成的6.7 nm调制周期的ZrB₂/W多层膜, 其硬度和弹性模量分别达到了32.1和399.1 GPa. 同时, 临界载荷也增大到42.8 mN, 且残余应力减小到约?0.7 GPa. 沉积温度的提高不仅使具有超晶格结构的ZrB₂/W纳米多层膜界面发生原子扩散, 增强了沉积原子迁移率, 导致其真实的原子密度提高, 起到位错钉扎的作用, 同时晶粒尺度也被限制在纳米尺度, 这些均对提高薄膜的硬度起到作用.     

离子束增强沉积合成ZrN/W纳米多层膜

利用离子束增强沉积方法在室温和不同能量的氮离子轰击条件下制备了不同调制周期的ZrN/W纳米多层膜. 利用XRD, AES和纳米压痕仪分析了调制周期和离子轰击能量对薄膜结构和机械性能的影响, 结果表明多层膜的机械性能基本都优于单质的ZrN或W薄膜. 和其他制备条件相比, 在300 eV能量的氮离子轰击下制备的调制周期为 8~9 nm的多层膜, 其结构中出现了强的 ZrN(111), W(110)和 ZrN(220)织构的混合, 它的硬度和弹性模量分别达到 26 和 310 GPa, 也展示了较高的耐磨性.     

单分散球形微／亚微米银粉：BSA模板法制备与表征

以牛血清白蛋白（bovine serum albumin，BsA）为生物模板，抗坏血酸（L—AA）为还原剂，还原硝酸银或银氨溶液制备尺寸可控、形貌均一的超细银粉．探索不同pH、温度、前驱体浓度等条件对银粉形貌和粒径分布的影响．利用XRD，TEM和SEM等对所得银粉的结构形貌进行了表征分析．结果表明，氨水浓度对银粒子粒径具有较大影响，通过调节氨水用量可获得不同尺寸分布的球形银粉（0．2-2．3μm），有望应用于高性能电子浆料的制造．     

串联电脉冲沉积Ni20Cr弥散Y2O3微晶涂层及其高温氧化性能

提出了一种把脉冲电源的输出两极均作为沉积电极、被处理试样作为一种感应电极、利用产生的串联脉冲放电沉积金属涂层的新技术. 通过“针-板-针”电极系统的放电电压-放电间隙测量实验证实了上述串联脉冲放电的物理过程. 采用振动式串联电脉冲沉积设备在Ni20Cr合金基体上成功地制备出了Ni20Cr微晶涂层和Ni20Cr弥散Y₂O₃微晶涂层. 950℃空气中的高温氧化实验结果表明, Ni20Cr合金微晶涂层极大地提高了基体合金的抗高温氧化性能, 同时还证实在微晶涂层中施加细小弥散Y₂O₃颗粒有助于进一步降低涂层的氧化速率及提高氧化膜的抗剥落性能.     

不同方法制备的Pt对电极染料敏化太阳能电池的光电性能研究

采用磁控溅射（sputtering）、高温热分解（high-temp）H2Pt Cl6·6H2O溶液和低温化学还原（low-temp）H2Pt Cl6·6H2O溶液等方法在FTO导电基片上制备了三类不同的Pt对电极,通过改变磁控溅射时间或旋涂退火循环次数,对FTO上不同对电极的载Pt量进行了调节.分析了三种不同方法制备的对电极的晶相结构、表面形貌以及透光率等特性.基于纳米管阵列和不同条件制备的对电极组装了系列染料敏化太阳能电池.测量了正照射和背照射条件下的电池光电性能,并分析了制备方法对对电极微结构和形貌的影响,以及对组装电池光电性能的影响,并对其各自的适用性和优缺点进行了比较分析.     

超重力水溶液金属镍电沉积及极化反应研究

以电沉积镍箔为例，在离心力场条件下，研究了超重力对水溶液金属电沉积的影响。结果表明     

FeS2(pyrite)电沉积薄膜及其生长机制

采用电沉积硫化亚铁膜之后再硫化的方法制备了FeS₂薄膜材料. 即先用含铁和硫元素的水溶液在导电玻璃上电化学沉积FeS薄膜, 然后将薄膜在硫气氛中退火制得FeS₂样品. 计算了电沉积FeS薄膜的实验参数, 研究了硫化过程中温度对FeS₂结构的影响及晶粒的生长动力学过程, 计算了晶粒生长的表观活化能、生长速率常数及时间指数, 并对样品的电学性能进行了分析.     

植物形态生长对策研究进展

植物在其生长发育的各个阶段的生长行为及生活史策略皆与植物的形态可塑性有很大关系,可在一定程度上决定植物物种在生境中的分布格局及种群行为.植物生活史对策是植物物种维持生长和繁殖的资源最佳分配方式,物种的适应性是物种在进化过程中累积起来的,在形态上有很明显的表现,植物采取不同的形态生长策略就是为了使物种在某些阶段达到最大的适合度.已有的植物形态生长对策研究主要集中在植物繁殖体形态、幼苗形态策略、生长可塑性以及繁殖策略等方面,植物各阶段形态生长策略的权衡以及与植物在群落中的分布关系被认为是今后该方面研究的重要方面.     

Macroeconomic forecasting with mixed data sampling frequencies: Evidence from a small open economy

The aim of this study was to forecast the Singapore gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate by employing the mixed‐data sampling (MIDAS) approach using mixed and high‐frequency financial market data from Singapore, and to examine whether the high‐frequency financial variables could better predict the macroeconomic variables. We adopt different time‐aggregating methods to handle the high‐frequency data in order to match the sampling rate of lower‐frequency data in our regression models. Our results showed that MIDAS regression using high‐frequency stock return data produced a better forecast of GDP growth rate than the other models, and the best forecasting performance was achieved by using weekly stock returns. The forecasting result was further improved by performing intra‐period forecasting.     

基于反馈机制的抗混合噪声的盲图像源分离方案

针对基于稀疏成分分析的盲图像源分离算法无法解决混合噪声问题,本文提出一种采用反馈机制的盲源分离算法.通过小波域稀疏成分分析和置零反馈的方法,逐次分离出各支路信号.实验结果表明,该方法无需大量的迭代运算,与传统稀疏成分分析法相比,能有效地分离高斯白噪声参与的混合图像,与经典快速独立成分分析法相比,取得了更高的分离精度.     

Cadmium-induced changes in avian renal morphology

Summary The effects of i.m. administered cadmium on growth rate and nephromorphology were studied in young pullets. The growth rate of pullets treated with 0.6 mg Cd²⁺/kg at 48-h intervals was severely retarded, reaching only 50% of normal growth by 21 days. Such a decrease in growth rate was prevented when cadmium was given with either ferric or magnesium EDTA chelate. Electron micrographs of kidney tissue from cadmium intoxicated birds revealed massive intracellular disorganisation of proximal tubular cells, showing increased vacuolation and dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria were few and swollen with reduced cristae. Some disorganisation was noted in the group treated with MgEDTA in conjunction with cadmium, with normal morphology observed in the group treated FeEDTA plus cadmium.In general, glomerular morphology of intoxicated pullets appeared normal, except that a 25% increase in thickness of the glomerular basement membrane was evident. No such membrane thickening was observed in any of the chelate treated groups.These findings indicate that both chelates can provide certain levels of protection, in terms of growth rate and morphology, from cadmium intoxication. The possible mechanisms by which chelates offer protection have been discussed, but many questions remain unanswered.     

Cadmium-induced changes in avian renal morphology

The effects of i.m. administered cadmium on growth rate and nephromorphology were studied in young pullets. The growth rate of pullets treated with 0.6 mg Cd2+/kg at 48-h intervals was severely retarded, reaching only 50% of normal growth by 21 days. Such a decrease in growth rate was prevented when cadmium was given with either ferric or magnesium EDTA chelate. Electron micrographs of kidney tissue from cadmium intoxicated birds revealed massive intracellular disorganisation of proximal tubular cells, showing increased vacuolation and dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria were few and swollen with reduced cristae. Some disorganisation was noted in the group treated with MgEDTA in conjunction with cadmium, with normal morphology observed in the group treated with FeEDTA plus cadmium. In general, glomerular morphology of intoxicated pullets appeared normal, except that a 25% increase in thickness of the glomerular basement membrane was evident. No such membrane thickening was observed in any of the chelate treated groups. These findings indicate that both chelates can provide certain levels of protection, in terms of growth rate and morphology, from cadmium intoxication. The possible mechanisms by which chelates offer protection have been discussed, but many questions remain unanswered.     

A study of irrigation fluids for neurosurgery on brain primary cell cultures

Summary Primary cell cultures from newborn rat brain hemispheres were exposed to different irrigation fluids used in neurosurgery. The cells died after incubation for 5 min with hydrogen peroxide, and the number of cells was drastically decreased after 10 sec of incubation. They shrank after incubation in Elliott's artificial cerebrospinal fluid for 3 h, but the viability as determined by trypan blue exclusion test was not affected. Physiological sodium chloride, Ringer's solution and the culture medium 199 with Hank's salt had no noticeable effect on the viability or morphology of the cells.Acknowledgments. This study was supported by grants from the Medical Faculty of Göteborg and from Statens Naturvetenskapliga Forskningsråd. We want to thank Dr Åke Sellström and Dr Hans-Arne Hansson for valuable discussions.     

Microbial potential in deep-sea sediments

Summary In spite of high pressures and low temperatures in abyssal sediments of the North Atlantic Ocean, bacterial activity is evident and highest in the top 10 cm. At these locations the input of degradable organic material to the deep-sea bottom is low. Oxygen, therefore, remains the dominant oxidant in surface sediments. Although alternative electron acceptors like nitrate, oxidized manganese and sulfate are present in large amounts, they are not utilized in this natural habitat. In sediment cores which were collected from the site for laboratory perturbation studies, it was possible to stimulate microbially mediated processes which are dormant in situ. When the oxygen supply was cut off, nitrate and manganese reduction occurred. Denitrification was the major process observed in the upper anoxic layers, while nitrate-ammonification and manganese reduction occurred in deeper sediment strata (4–8 cm). This is evidence for the presence of a variety of different bacteria and of an anaerobic heterotrophic potential. Most of the activity is located in the top 10 cm of these sediments. The shift to anaerobiosis initiates microbial activities through which metals are converted into their mobile species at the lowered redox potential. Evaluation of the suitability of the deep sea as a repository for waste materials will have to account for the large dormant potential of microbial activities and the consequences of their release by changing the environmental conditions at the sea floor.     

Chiral influence of sex pheromonal substances on responses of the male American cockroach

Summary In order to elucidate the roles of optical enantiomers of sex pheromonal substances of the American cockroach, behavioral assays with a single enantiomer and with mixtures of enantiomers of sex pheromone mimics were carried out. Inactive enantiomers [(–)-enantiomers] had no influence on the potency of enantiomers active as sex pheromones [(+)-enantiomers]. By analysis of the results from EAG recordings with single and mixed sample of the enantiomers, it was confirmed that (–)-enantiomers did not react with the sex pheromone receptors which are responsive to (+)-enantiomers.We acknowledge technical assistance from Miss R. Kimura.     

Chemical control of eucaryotic and blue-green algae in anaerobic photoreactors culturing Rhodospirillaceae

Summary To control the growth of eurocaryotic and blue-green algae in anaerobic reactors of photosynthetically grown Rhodospirillaceae, the effect of algae inhibitors with different modes of action was examined. Tests were performed with mixed populations of green algae and blue-green algae, besides strains of the purple nonsulphur bacteriaRhodopseudomonas capsulata, Rhodospirillum rubrum andRhodomicrobium vannielii. Chloroxuron, a urea-derivative, was found to inhibit completely growth of green and blue-green algae at 5 ppm. When it was applied to the Rhodospirillaceae cultures, growth was not reduced and nitrogenase activity was not inhibited.