PTPa基因敲除对小鼠海马CA1区突触可塑性的影响

通过PTPa基因敲除(knock out)小鼠来研究海马突触可塑性的变化,在海马schaffer collateral-CA1通路中采用场电位记录的方法研究发现,与Wild Type相比较,基因敲除小鼠的Long Term Potentiation(LTP)增强而Long Term Depression(LTD)受到抑制,去增强效应消失,θ频率诱导的LTP增强,但是其基本的突触传递性质并没有发生变化.     

4—氨基吡啶对大鼠海马CA1区神经元突触可塑性的影响

论文采用离体脑片和膜片箝技术,观察了4－氨基吡啶（4－aminopridine,4-AP)对海马薛氏侧枝（Schaffer fibers)-CA1突触通路活动的影响,研究结果证明4－AP可以提高海马CA1区突触传递的效率,延长兴奋性突触后电位（EPSPs)反应的潜伏期,并对长时程压抑（LTD）的幅度有抑制作用。     

4-氨基砒啶对大鼠海马CA1区神经元突触可塑性的影响

论文采用离体脑片和膜片箝技术,观察了4-氨基砒啶(4-aminopridine,4-AP)对海马薛氏侧枝(Schafferfibers)-CA1突触通路活动的影响.研究结果证明4-AP可以提高海马CA1区突触传递的效率,延长兴奋性突触后电位(EPSPs)反应的潜伏期,并对长时程压抑(LTD)的幅度有抑制作用.     

分辨学习中海马CA1区不同传入通路的突触传递效能变化

采用电生理学与行为学的结合方法,通过慢性埋植微电极技术,观察到大鼠在明暗分辨学习的建立过程中,海马ＣＡ１区不同传入突触上（Ｓｃｈａｆｆｅｒ－ＣＡ１与Ｐｅｒｆｏｒａｎｔ Ｐａｔｈ－ＣＡ１）均同步产生传递效能的长时程增强（ＬＴＰ）变化,在产生这一习得性ＬＴＰ的幅度上,ＰＰ－ＣＡ１大于Ｓｃｈ－ＣＡ１,而对照的假性训练动物却均未见到有这种变化,差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结果表明ＣＡ１区的不同传入通路在参与     

远志皂苷对小鼠行为习得及海马CA3区突触形态的影响

为了探讨远志皂苷对小鼠学习能力及海马CA3区突触形态的影响,把30只小鼠随机分为2组:药物组灌胃生药量为4.50 g/kg的远志皂苷溶液,对照组灌胃相等剂量的生理盐水,14 d后进行行为学训练,期间继续给药10 d.训练结束后,各取7只小鼠检测海马CA3区突触密度、活性带长度、突触间隙宽度、PSD厚度及穿孔突触的比例....     

小鼠基因敲除的研究进展

随着人类基因组计划(HGP)的顺利完成,后基因时代的生物学研究迫切需要一种有效的基因功能分析方法。基因敲除小鼠模型的应用,为研究基因的功能和寻找新的治疗人类疾病的干预措施提供了有力支持。基因打靶和基因捕获是两种不同的通过胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)制作基因敲除小鼠的技术。基因捕获具有高通量、随机性、序列标记等特点,而基因打靶则是针对特定基因的敲除。自基因打靶和基因捕获小鼠首次亮相距今已有近20年的时间。近年来,针对基因打靶和基因捕获的新工具不断涌现,并且相应的组织也已经成立。这些组织能够利用这两种方法敲除小鼠基因组中的基因。国际基因捕获协会(The International Gene Trap Consortium,IGTC)和基因敲除小鼠计划(The Knockout Mouse Project,KOMP)已着手创建世界范围内用于科研的便利资源,并且计划敲除所有小鼠的基因。KOMP的组织者认为这与HGP一样具有重要意义。从传统的基因打靶到现在的高通量的条件基因打靶,基因打靶的方法已经发生了很大的变化。捕获和打靶两者的组合优势大大提升了基因捕获的范围和基因打靶的效率。作为一种新开发的插入式突变系统,转座子在捕获基因方面比逆转录病毒更具有优势。国际基因敲除小鼠协会(The International Knockout Mouse Consortium,IKMC)的出现标志着全球性合作的开始。该组织致力于系统地敲除小鼠基因组中所有基因,进而开展功能基因组的研究。     

脂蛋白酯酶基因敲除小鼠的繁育

目的 摸清脂蛋白酯酶基因敲除小鼠的繁殖规律,建立可靠的检测方法。方法 采用杂交、回交、互交的方法进行培育;采用从LPL(- / - )基因敲除小鼠的个体组织(鼠尾)中提取基因组DNA进行PCR分析,对其LPL(- / - )基因型作出鉴定。结果 繁育出脂蛋白酯酶基因敲除小鼠新品系,并建立了可靠的繁殖方法和检测方法。结论 建立了脂蛋白酯酶基因敲除小鼠动物模型。     

脂蛋白酯酶基因敲除小鼠的繁育

目的　摸清脂蛋白酯酶基因敲除小鼠的繁殖规律,建立可靠的检测方法。方法　采用杂交、回交、互交的方法进行培育;采用从LPL(- / - )基因敲除小鼠的个体组织(鼠尾)中提取基因组DNA进行PCR分析,对其LPL(- / - )基因型作出鉴定。结果　繁育出脂蛋白酯酶基因敲除小鼠新品系,并建立了可靠的繁殖方法和检测方法。结论　建立了脂蛋白酯酶基因敲除小鼠动物模型。     

eEF1A2敲除对小鼠骨骼肌组成的影响

目的 探究真核细胞翻译延长因子1-α2 (eEF1A2)缺失对小鼠骨骼肌的含量和组成的改变。方法 12月龄的eef1a2^fl/fl;CreER^T2+小鼠(iHBKO)及其对照eef1a2^fl/fl;CreER^T2-小鼠(Control)分别连续3 d腹腔注射30 mg/kg他莫昔芬,利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和Western Blot验证小鼠骨骼肌eEF1A2敲除效率,利用HE染色检测小鼠骨骼肌形态,qRT-PCR检测小鼠骨骼肌主要纤维类型标志物的表达变化。结果 与对照组小鼠相比,iHBKO小鼠骨骼肌实现了eEF1A2的高效敲除。敲除小鼠腓肠肌脏器系数下降,但腓肠肌形态及横截面积无明显变化。eEF1A2基因敲除还导致快肌腓肠肌和趾长伸肌中慢肌标志物肌球蛋白重链7(myosin heavy chain 7,Myh7)表达明显升高,快肌标志物肌球蛋白重链4(myosin heavy chain 4,Myh4)明显降低,而慢肌比目鱼肌和胫骨前肌的Myh4和Myh7显著降低。结论 eEF1A2...     

血红素加氧酶-1 基因敲除小鼠的饲养和鉴定

摘要: 目的 繁殖并鉴定 HO-1 基因敲除( HO-1 － / － ) 小鼠。方法 将引进的 HO-1 基因敲除杂合子小鼠,进行 SPF级饲养,与 C57BL/6 野生型小鼠配种繁殖,提取子代小鼠的基因组 DNA,PCＲ 法特异性扩增 HO-1 基因片段,使用双脱氧测序法测得基因序列。子代小鼠出现 3 种基因型: 野生型、杂合子型及纯合子型。杂合子小鼠进一步配种繁殖,以获得更多的基因敲除纯合子小鼠,纯合子小鼠用以课题研究。结果 HO-1 基因敲除杂合子小鼠的饲养和繁殖均获得成功,获得了 HO-1 基因敲除纯合子和杂合子小鼠。结论 正确的饲养繁殖及鉴定方法是从 HO-1 基因敲除杂合子小鼠中获得纯合子小鼠的有效途径。     

Redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B involves a sulphenyl-amide intermediate

The second messenger hydrogen peroxide is required for optimal activation of numerous signal transduction pathways, particularly those mediated by protein tyrosine kinases. One mechanism by which hydrogen peroxide regulates cellular processes is the transient inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases through the reversible oxidization of their catalytic cysteine, which suppresses protein dephosphorylation. Here we describe a structural analysis of the redox-dependent regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which is reversibly inhibited by oxidation after cells are stimulated with insulin and epidermal growth factor. The sulphenic acid intermediate produced in response to PTP1B oxidation is rapidly converted into a previously unknown sulphenyl-amide species, in which the sulphur atom of the catalytic cysteine is covalently linked to the main chain nitrogen of an adjacent residue. Oxidation of PTP1B to the sulphenyl-amide form is accompanied by large conformational changes in the catalytic site that inhibit substrate binding. We propose that this unusual protein modification both protects the active-site cysteine residue of PTP1B from irreversible oxidation to sulphonic acid and permits redox regulation of the enzyme by promoting its reversible reduction by thiols.     

Oxidation state of the active-site cysteine in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

Protein tyrosine phosphatases regulate signal transduction pathways involving tyrosine phosphorylation and have been implicated in the development of cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension. Increasing evidence suggests that the cellular redox state is involved in regulating tyrosine phosphatase activity through the reversible oxidization of the catalytic cysteine to sulphenic acid (Cys-SOH). But how further oxidation to the irreversible sulphinic (Cys-SO2H) and sulphonic (Cys-SO3H) forms is prevented remains unclear. Here we report the crystal structures of the regulatory sulphenic and irreversible sulphinic and sulphonic acids of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), an important enzyme in the negative regulation of the insulin receptor and a therapeutic target in type II diabetes and obesity. We also identify a sulphenyl-amide species that is formed through oxidation of its catalytic cysteine. Formation of the sulphenyl-amide causes large changes in the PTP1B active site, which are reversible by reduction with the cellular reducing agent glutathione. The sulphenyl-amide is a protective intermediate in the oxidative inhibition of PTP1B. In addition, it may facilitate reactivation of PTP1B by biological thiols and signal a unique state of the protein.     

Cell transformation and activation of pp60c-src by overexpression of a protein tyrosine phosphatase.

The kinase activity of pp60c-src is specifically and transiently increased during mitosis and repressed during interphase. Loss of cell-cycle control of pp60c-src occurs on mutation of Tyr527 to Phe or when pp60c-src is associated with polyoma middle-T-antigen, and these conditions result in cell transformation or tumorigenesis. In both cases, pp60c-src has elevated kinase activity which is maintained throughout the cell cycle and accompanied by dephosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal negative regulatory Tyr527 site, or mimicry of Tyr527 dephosphorylation in the case of the mutant. Here we report that overexpression of the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP alpha results in persistent activation of pp60c-src kinase, with concomitant cell transformation and tumorigenesis. In PTP alpha-overexpressing cells, the pp60c-src kinase activation is accompanied by dephosphorylation at Tyr527, and direct dephosphorylation of this site by purified PTP alpha occurs in vitro. Our results suggest that PTP alpha is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, exerting at least some of its effects through pp60c-src kinase, and has oncogenic capability when overexpressed.     

Structural basis of protein phosphatase 1 regulation

The coordinated and reciprocal action of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases and phosphatases produces transient phosphorylation, a fundamental regulatory mechanism for many biological processes. The human genome encodes a far greater number of Ser/Thr protein kinases than of phosphatases. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), in particular, is ubiquitously distributed and regulates a broad range of cellular functions, including glycogen metabolism, cell-cycle progression and muscle relaxation. PP1 has evolved effective catalytic machinery but lacks substrate specificity. Substrate specificity is conferred upon PP1 through interactions with a large number of regulatory subunits. The regulatory subunits are generally unrelated, but most possess the RVxF motif, a canonical PP1-binding sequence. Here we reveal the crystal structure at 2.7 A resolution of the complex between PP1 and a 34-kDa N-terminal domain of the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit MYPT1. MYPT1 is the protein that regulates PP1 function in smooth muscle relaxation. Structural elements amino- and carboxy-terminal to the RVxF motif of MYPT1 are positioned in a way that leads to a pronounced reshaping of the catalytic cleft of PP1, contributing to the increased myosin specificity of this complex. The structure has general implications for the control of PP1 activity by other regulatory subunits.     

Effects of carnosine on the evoked potentials in hippocampal CA1 region

Objective: To directly examine the effects of carnosine on neuronal excitation and inhibition in rat hippocampus in vivo. Methods: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid with carnosine was directly administrated over the exposed rat hippocampus. The changes of neuron activity in the CA1 region of hippocampus were evaluated by orthodromically- and antidromically-evoked potentials, as well as paired-pulse stimulation paradigm. Results: In both orthodromic and antidromic response potentials, carnosine transformed population spikes (PSs) with single spike into epileptiform multiple spikes. In addition, similar to the effect of γ-aminobutyric acid_A (GABA_A) antagonist picrotoxin, carnosine decreased paired-pulse stimulating depression significantly. However, no significant change was observed in the spontaneous field potentials during the application of carnosine. Conclusion: The results indicate a disinhibition-induced excitation effect of carnosine on the CA1 pyramidal neurons. It provides important information against the application of carnosine as a potential anticonvulsant in clinical treatment.