腔场损耗对(*)型三能级原子与双模光场非共振相互作用系统熵的影响

研究了(*)型三能级原子与双模相干态场非共振相互作用过程中,腔场存在能量损耗时,系统线性熵、光场线性熵和原子线性熵的时间演化特性,讨论了能量损耗、双模光场的平均光子数和光场与原子的耦合程度对各线性熵的影响.     

非理想腔中光场与非全同双原子系统的量子特性研究

研究两个非等同原子与单模光场在非理想腔中的相互作用,利用间距概念比较了光场的量子信息在相互作用前后的差距,并讨论光场光子数、腔场衰减系数、以及原子耦合系数之比对光场量子特性的影响.结果发现:在非理想腔中,由于耗散的影响,光场的末态与初态的偏离程度呈减幅周期振荡,最后达到稳定值,而且偏离程度幅值随光场平均光子数的增大而增大;偏离程度的振荡周期会随双原子之间的耦合系数(g2/g1)发生变化;其达稳定值所需时间随衰减系数的增大而减小,而耦合系数对光场特性的影响可以忽略.最后,研究腔场的衰减对不同的原子初始纠缠态的纠缠特性的影响.     

非线性Jaynes-Cummings模型相干场光子统计特性

研究了相干态光场和原子的相互作用,在这一过程中光场展现出反聚束和光子亚泊松分布现象.着重分析了相干态光场在此作用过程中所展现出的光子统计特性.可以看出相干态光场的平均光子数和多光子跃迁对光场非经典性质有强烈地影响.     

腔场损耗对ξ型三能级原子与双模光场非共振相互作用系统熵的影响

研究了ξ型三能级原子与双模相干态场非共振相互作用过程中，腔场存在能量损耗时，系统线性熵、光场线性熵和原子线性熵的时间演化特性，讨论了能量损耗、双模光场的平均光子数和光场与原子的耦合程度对各线性熵的影响．     

非简并双光子Jaynes-Commings模型中纠缠度对光场的影响

研究两纠缠原子之一在光腔中与两个非简并双光子的相互作用,通过针对性选择测量,使得系统场被约化为不同的态矢,得到纠缠交换的目的;分析原子的纠缠度对约化后光场性质的影响,结果表明纠缠度强烈影响光场的平均光子数分布和二阶量子相干性.     

非线性Jaynes-Cummings模型相干场光子统计特性

研究了相干态光场和原子的相互作用,在这一过程中光场展现出反聚束和光子亚泊松分布现象。着重分析了相干态光场在此作用过程中所展现出的光子统计特性。可以看出相干态光场的平均光子数和多光子跃迁对光场非经典性质有强烈地影响。     

相位损耗腔中大失谐J-C模型双光子过程的熵特性

研究相位损耗腔中大失谐下两个全同二能级原子与相干态场相互作用系统中熵的演化,讨论了不同原子初始状态和光场平均光子数对光场线性熵,原子线性熵和光场-原子系统线性熵的影响.     

量子光场连续测量的随机主方程理论

利用一束二能级原子束,使之穿过光场并与其发生相互作用,通过探测穿过光场后原子的状态,获得关于光场内光子数的信息,从而实现一个关于光子数的连续弱测量过程.根据量子连续测量理论及Wiener随机过程的相关理论,推导出描述这一连续测量过程的随机Schr¨odinger方程与随机主方程.由所得方程的形式可见,如果原子与光场的相互作用为色散性的,则可以实现光场的非破坏测量,这种测量可以保证光场内的光子数在测量后不发生改变.反之如果相互作用是吸收性的,则可以实现吸收性的测量,这种测量等效于给光场附加了一个额外的真空热库,将导致光场内光子数的减少.     

耗散腔场中双纠缠原子的量子信息保真度

利用数值计算的方法,研究了耗散腔中双纠缠原子的量子信息保真度.讨论了光场的初始平均光子数一定的情况下腔的耗散系数对量子态保真度的影响,以及在腔的耗散一定的情况下光场的初始平均光子数对量子态保真度的影响.结果表明:腔的耗散和光场的初始平均光子数对原子和原子—光场系统的保真度的影响都很明显.     

相位损耗腔中光场的相位分布特性

利用Pegg-Barnett相位理论,研究了相位损耗腔中两个型原子与光场在大失谐相互作用下光场的相位分布概率.并讨论了不同平均光子数以及腔的不同衰减系数对光场相位分布的影响.结果表明:当腔无损耗时,光场的相位分布呈现周期性振荡;当腔场存在损耗时,其做减幅周期振荡最终达稳定值.而且腔的衰减系数越大,光场相位变为随机分布所需时间越短.光场的平均光子数越大,相位分布越集中.     

Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity

A microscopic quantum system under continuous observation exhibits at random times sudden jumps between its states. The detection of this quantum feature requires a quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement repeated many times during the system's evolution. Whereas quantum jumps of trapped massive particles (electrons, ions or molecules) have been observed, this has proved more challenging for light quanta. Standard photodetectors absorb light and are thus unable to detect the same photon twice. It is therefore necessary to use a transparent counter that can 'see' photons without destroying them. Moreover, the light needs to be stored for durations much longer than the QND detection time. Here we report an experiment in which we fulfil these challenging conditions and observe quantum jumps in the photon number. Microwave photons are stored in a superconducting cavity for times up to half a second, and are repeatedly probed by a stream of non-absorbing atoms. An atom interferometer measures the atomic dipole phase shift induced by the non-resonant cavity field, so that the final atom state reveals directly the presence of a single photon in the cavity. Sequences of hundreds of atoms, highly correlated in the same state, are interrupted by sudden state switchings. These telegraphic signals record the birth, life and death of individual photons. Applying a similar QND procedure to mesoscopic fields with tens of photons should open new perspectives for the exploration of the quantum-to-classical boundary.     

奇偶纠缠相干态光场驱动下Λ-型三能级原子的辐射谱

采用时间演化算符方法,研究Λ-型三能级原子与奇偶纠缠相干态光场共振相互作用的辐射谱.给出了辐射谱一般公式.结果表明:不论下能级简并与否,奇偶纠缠相干态光场平均光子数很小时均出现拉比分裂,且下能级简并时,强度随奇偶纠缠相干态光场纠缠程度的增加而增加;两下能级非简并时,一模场驱动的辐射谱峰高随纠缠程度的增加而增加,而另一模场驱动的辐射谱峰高随纠缠程度的增加而减小.一般辐射谱呈对称的10蜂结构.     

Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics

The interaction of matter and light is one of the fundamental processes occurring in nature, and its most elementary form is realized when a single atom interacts with a single photon. Reaching this regime has been a major focus of research in atomic physics and quantum optics for several decades and has generated the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics. Here we perform an experiment in which a superconducting two-level system, playing the role of an artificial atom, is coupled to an on-chip cavity consisting of a superconducting transmission line resonator. We show that the strong coupling regime can be attained in a solid-state system, and we experimentally observe the coherent interaction of a superconducting two-level system with a single microwave photon. The concept of circuit quantum electrodynamics opens many new possibilities for studying the strong interaction of light and matter. This system can also be exploited for quantum information processing and quantum communication and may lead to new approaches for single photon generation and detection.     

Experimental realization of a one-atom laser in the regime of strong coupling

Conventional lasers (from table-top systems to microscopic devices) typically operate in the so-called weak-coupling regime, involving large numbers of atoms and photons; individual quanta have a negligible impact on the system dynamics. However, this is no longer the case when the system approaches the regime of strong coupling for which the number of atoms and photons can become quite small. Indeed, the lasing properties of a single atom in a resonant cavity have been extensively investigated theoretically. Here we report the experimental realization of a one-atom laser operated in the regime of strong coupling. We exploit recent advances in cavity quantum electrodynamics that allow one atom to be isolated in an optical cavity in a regime for which one photon is sufficient to saturate the atomic transition. The observed characteristics of the atom-cavity system are qualitatively different from those of the familiar many-atom case. Specifically, our measurements of the intracavity photon number versus pump intensity indicate that there is no threshold for lasing, and we infer that the output flux from the cavity mode exceeds that from atomic fluorescence by more than tenfold. Observations of the second-order intensity correlation function demonstrate that our one-atom laser generates manifestly quantum (nonclassical) light, typified by photon anti-bunching and sub-poissonian photon statistics.     

Trapping an atom with single photons

The creation of a photon-atom bound state was first envisaged for the case of an atom in a long-lived excited state inside a high-quality microwave cavity. In practice, however, light forces in the microwave domain are insufficient to support an atom against gravity. Although optical photons can provide forces of the required magnitude, atomic decay rates and cavity losses are larger too, and so the atom-cavity system must be continually excited by an external laser. Such an approach also permits continuous observation of the atom's position, by monitoring the light transmitted through the cavity. The dual role of photons in this system distinguishes it from other single-atom experiments such as those using magneto-optical traps, ion traps or a far-off-resonance optical trap. Here we report high-finesse optical cavity experiments in which the change in transmission induced by a single slow atom approaching the cavity triggers an external feedback switch which traps the atom in a light field containing about one photon on average. The oscillatory motion of the trapped atom induces oscillations in the transmitted light intensity; we attribute periodic structure in intensity-correlation-function data to 'long-distance' flights of the atom between different anti-nodes of the standing-wave in the cavity. The system should facilitate investigations of the dynamics of single quantum objects and may find future applications in quantum information processing.     

相干光场与双原子相互作用系统的动力学特性

在大失谐条件下,运用密度算符间距研究了一位于相位损耗腔中两个二能级原子与相干光场相互作用系统中原子、光场及系统各量子态随时间的演化规律.讨论了光场的平均光子数和相位损耗对该系统动力学行为的影响.结果表明,相位损耗对光场和系统的密度算符间距均会发生明显影响,但原子的量子态不受损耗的影响.     

两原子依次通过粒子场的纠缠突然死亡与突然产生

通过数值计算的方法,研究了两纠缠二能级原子依次通过粒子场时的纠缠演化特性,发现原子的初态和光场的初态对两原子的纠缠有影响.当光场的粒子数为0时,纠缠处于周期性变化;当粒子数不为0时,纠缠非周期性变化,并出现纠缠突然死亡与突然产生现象.通过改变原子的初态和光场的初态,纠缠突然死亡和产生现象会随之改变.     

Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom

At low temperatures, sufficiently small metallic and semiconductor devices exhibit the 'Coulomb blockade' effect, in which charge transport through the device occurs on an electron-by-electron basis. For example, a single electron on a metallic island can block the flow of another electron if the charging energy of the island greatly exceeds the thermal energy. The analogous effect of 'photon blockade' has been proposed for the transport of light through an optical system; this involves photon-photon interactions in a nonlinear optical cavity. Here we report observations of photon blockade for the light transmitted by an optical cavity containing one trapped atom, in the regime of strong atom-cavity coupling. Excitation of the atom-cavity system by a first photon blocks the transmission of a second photon, thereby converting an incident poissonian stream of photons into a sub-poissonian, anti-bunched stream. This is confirmed by measurements of the photon statistics of the transmitted field. Our observations of photon blockade represent an advance over traditional nonlinear optics and laser physics, into a regime with dynamical processes involving atoms and photons taken one-by-one.     

Progressive field-state collapse and quantum non-demolition photon counting

The irreversible evolution of a microscopic system under measurement is a central feature of quantum theory. From an initial state generally exhibiting quantum uncertainty in the measured observable, the system is projected into a state in which this observable becomes precisely known. Its value is random, with a probability determined by the initial system's state. The evolution induced by measurement (known as 'state collapse') can be progressive, accumulating the effects of elementary state changes. Here we report the observation of such a step-by-step collapse by non-destructively measuring the photon number of a field stored in a cavity. Atoms behaving as microscopic clocks cross the cavity successively. By measuring the light-induced alterations of the clock rate, information is progressively extracted, until the initially uncertain photon number converges to an integer. The suppression of the photon number spread is demonstrated by correlations between repeated measurements. The procedure illustrates all the postulates of quantum measurement (state collapse, statistical results and repeatability) and should facilitate studies of non-classical fields trapped in cavities.