毛乌素沙地南缘沙区不同类型地表水分特征曲线测定与分析

为探明不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和藓类结皮)的持水性能,采用砂性漏斗法对毛乌素沙地南缘沙区不同类型地表表层[(0~5)cm]土壤水分特征曲线进行了测定;并用v-G模型进行拟合。结果表明:1不同类型地表持水性能有差异,持水性能由弱到强依次是裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和藓类结皮,不同类型生物结皮样地持水性能分别是裸沙的1.3、1.7和2倍,不同类型生物结皮的持水性随结皮的发育呈增加的趋势;2不同类型地表土壤水分特征曲线呈"S"型分布,不同类型地表吸湿过程较脱湿过程具有显著的滞后性;3用v-G模型对测定结果进行拟合,拟合系数均小于0.009,拟合度高,表明该模型适用于此地区土壤,可用于模拟水分特征曲线;研究结果有助于全面了解生物结皮的水文效应,为受损系统的生态修复过程具有现实意义。     

Characteristics of surface runoff in a sandy area in southern Mu Us sandy land

To better understand the key role of biological soil crusts (BSCs) in redistribution processes of limited water resources in semi-arid sandy ecosystems, surface runoff over BSCs in a sandy area in the southern Mu Us sandy area was observed in this study. The results indicated that runoff occurred twice among six rainfall events during the experimental period. Runoff yields varied among types of BSCs, and that they increased in the following order: light algae crusts, dark algae crusts and moss crusts. These findings showed that runoff yields were increasing with the development of BSCs. The percentage of runoff in individual rainfall events increased from light algae crusts to moss crusts, which indicated that the redistribution ratios of different types of BSCs differed. Surface runoff of BSCs may be influenced by rainfall, rain intensity, degree of water saturation of the BSCs before the rain and degree of development of BSCs. Formation of BSCs on the surface of sand dunes changed the spatial distribution pattern of water in this semi-arid sandy ecosystem, which increased the heterogeneity of resources such as water and nutrients. Therefore, making appropriate disturbances of BSCs during storm season is beneficial to maintaining the balance of natural resources in the semi-arid sandy ecosystem.     

兰州北山生物结皮中陆生藻种类组成与群落结构

通过对沙井驿、刘家堡、九州台、白塔山、小牛圈沟等样点采集的生物结皮样的培养和鉴定 ,研究了兰州市北山生物结皮中陆生藻种类组成及其群落结构 .结果发现 ,该地陆生藻共计 5 3种 ,其中蓝藻 34种 ,绿藻 7种 ,硅藻10种 ,裸藻 2种 .蓝藻中以丝状种类占优势 (6 5 % ) ,绿藻中仍以球状种类居多 (5 7% ) ,但也有不少丝状个体(43% ) .黄土结皮以非洲席藻为第一优势种 ,石崖表具鞘微鞘藻占绝对优势 ,人工草丛中小球藻最丰富 ;种类数在砾质黄土中最多 (2 3) ,黄粘土中最少 (16 ) .     

不同生长发育期土壤绿藻——集球藻细胞形态结构研究

集球藻是一种广泛分布于生物结皮中的土壤绿藻,能够积累红色素(如虾青素)和油滴,显示出其独特的生理特性和潜在的应用价值.目前对集球藻的细胞结构以及色素积累研究非常匮乏.本文报道应用光学显微镜和透射电境观察集球藻在温室液体培养条件下,细胞形态与超微结构变化.结果表明,培养早期时营养细胞转变为生殖细胞,并通过细胞分裂产生子代...     

Ecological and environmental explanation of microbiotic crusts on sand dune scales in the Gurbantonggut Desert, Xinjiang

Results obtained from the field investigation and the analysis in laboratory show that many species of microbiotic crusts of lichens, mosses and algae develop extensively in the Gurbantonggut Desert, Xinjiang. The formation, species and distribution are closely related to the environmental conditions at the different positions of sand dunes. The animalcule crusts develop mainly on the mobile or semi-mobile sand surface of dune tops, the alga crusts develop mainly at the upper to middle parts of dune slopes, the lichen crusts develop at middle and lower parts of dune slopes, and the moss crusts are mainly distributed at the lower part of dune slopes and the interdune lowlands. The species, thickness and developing degree of microbiotic crusts increase from the upper part to the middle and lower parts of dune slopes and the interdune lowlands, and an obvious contrast between the microbiotic crusts and the different species of plant communities forms. The development and differentiation of microbiotic crusts at the different positions of dunes are the ecological appearance and the natural selection of synthetic adaptability of the different microbiotic crust species to the local environmental conditions, and are closely related to the ecological conditions, such as the physiochemical properties of soils and stability of topsoil texture.     

喀斯特石漠化山地退化土壤生态修复研究进展

喀斯特山地特殊的地质地貌和气候特点导致其土壤发育缓慢、土层浅薄、水土流失严重,在人为活动干扰下极易退化形成石漠化景观。笔者分析了喀斯特石漠化成因与治理措施,喀斯特山地土壤特点及存在的问题,总结了喀斯特山地退化土壤不同类型修复技术和修复措施对土壤理化性质及微生物特性的改良作用,并通过收集相关文献数据,采用Meta统计分析方法,比较和分析了生物炭、化肥、有机肥、化肥有机肥混施、生物炭基肥、生物覆盖和生物结皮等不同措施对喀斯特退化土壤物理性质、土壤水分、土壤侵蚀、土壤肥力、土壤微生物群落结构组成和类群多样性的影响差异和作用机理。总结认为:喀斯特山地土壤生态系统是植被恢复的重要基础,改善土壤质量是提升喀斯特植被生态修复成效的主要技术措施之一。施用生物炭和生物结皮技术可降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度和保水性能,具有显著的土壤改良效应;施用生物炭和生物炭基肥对土壤肥力的改良效应更为显著;生物覆盖技术可显著降低土壤侵蚀量。今后应在不同区域喀斯特山地退化土壤生态修复关键限制因子辨识、土壤改良集成技术对喀斯特退化土壤的生态修复效果、新型生物炭基菌肥研发、土壤固碳增汇技术等领域开展进一步研究。     

Cementing mechanism of algal crusts from desert area

34-, 17-, 4-, 1.5-year old natural algal crusts were collected from Shapotou Scientific Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-day old field and greenhouse artificial algal crusts were in situ developed in the same sandy soil and the same place (37°27′N, 104°57′E). Their different cohesions both against wind force and pressure were measured respectively by a sandy wind-tunnel experiment and a penetrometer. On the basis of these algal crusts, the cementing mechanism was revealed from many subjects and different levels. The results showed that in the indoor artificial crusts with the weakest cohesion bunchy algal filaments were distributed in the surface of the crusts, produced few extracellular polymers (EPS), the binding capacity of the crusts just accomplished by mechanical bundle of algal filaments. For field crusts, most filaments grew toward the deeper layers of algal crusts, secreted much more EPS, and when organic matter content was more than 2.4 times of chlorophyll a, overmuch organic matter (primarily is EPS) began to gather onto the surface of the crusts and formed an organic layer in the relatively lower micro-area, and this made the crust cohesion increase 2.5 times. When the organic layer adsorbed and intercepted amounts of dusts, soil particles and sand grains scattered down from wind, it changed gradually into an inorganic layer in which inorganic matter dominated, and this made the crusts cohesion further enhanced 2–6 times. For crust-building species Microcoleus vaginatus, 88.5% of EPS were the acidic components, 78% were the acidic proteglycan of 380 kD. The uronic acid content accounted for 8% of proteglycan, and their free carboxyls were important sites of binding with metal cations from surrounding matrix.     

科尔沁沙地放牧干扰恢复过程中植被组成和生物结皮微生物数量的变化

通过对科尔沁沙地禁牧10年后自然恢复状况的调查和实验分析,得出以下结论:(1)不同放牧强度自然恢复过程中,样地维管植物明显呈现出由一年生植物组成向多年生植物组成过渡的特点,盖度表现为轻牧恢复区(L)、中牧恢复区(M)、重牧恢复区(H)的盖度显著高于对照恢复区(C)、未围封放牧区(N)(P＜0.05);各处理样地生物结皮中苔藓植物和藻类植物的组成变化不大,但盖度表现为:苔藓结皮 L＞M＞H＞C＞N 区,藻结皮C＞H＞M＞L＞N区.(2)围封各恢复区(L、M、H)和未围封放牧区(N)藓结皮的含水量、结皮厚度及有机质含量方面显著高于藻结皮的(P＜0.05),而pH值却低于藻结皮的.(3)围封各恢复区微生物的数量显著高于未围封放牧区的(P＜0.05),在围封各恢复区内不论是藻结皮还是藓结皮,细菌、自身固氮菌和放线菌的数量在中度放牧恢复区数值最大,重度放牧恢复区的数量最少,两者差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05).(4)藻结皮、藓结皮微生物数量都随土壤深度的增加而呈降低的趋势,0～3 cm层的与3～5、5～10、10～20 cm三层的有显著差异(P＜0.05),藓结皮层及下层土壤微生物的数量要明显高于藻结皮层及下层土壤的.     

稻田常见丝状藻类对土壤肥力的影响

研究了稻田丝状藻类与土壤肥力的关系,经试验观察表明:当稻田丝状藻类大量生长时,与水稻争肥而引起水稻减产;若将丝状藻类掩埋在稻田里,水稻的减产比将这些藻类捞出丢掉要少些.水稻收获后播种小麦,掩埋有藻类的比将藻类捞出丢掉的产量有显著增加.综合稻麦两季的产量,发现掩埋藻类的比未埋藻类的稻田的总产量更高.     

降水改变对樟子松人工林土壤微生物量碳及微生物商动态变化的影响

在北京大学地球环境与生态系统塞罕坝实验站樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica）人工林内设置降水控制实验,研究地下生态系统过程的两个重要指标土壤微生物量碳和微生物商对穿透雨增加或减少30%的响应。在2007年5月到9月的生长季,土壤微生物量碳和微生物商平均值分别为260.7mg/kg和1.84%,二者随土壤深度增加呈下降趋势。总体上,穿透雨增加或减少30%对土壤微生物量碳和微生物商的生长季内平均值影响不显著,但穿透雨减少30%的土壤微生物量碳及微生物商的变幅较大,变化范围分别为243.1～354.3mg/kg和1.43%～2.16%,5月最高,7月最低,表明生长季内穿透雨减少将导致土壤微生物活动的较大波动,从而可能改变地下碳过程的季节变化规律。     

生物炭对土壤微生物特性影响的研究进展

生物炭是在低氧条件下生物质经过热裂解得到的含碳丰富的产品,可提高土壤酸碱度,具有保水保肥及改善土壤微生物特性等功能。综述了生物炭对土壤微生物生物量、微生物群落结构及土壤酶活性的影响,多数研究表明:生物炭的碱性性质及多孔性质提供了适宜微生物生长的微环境,从而增加了土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮等的含量; 生物炭含有的营养物质及多孔性质,促进了土壤中细菌及某些功能菌的生长,但同时生物炭中含有的重金属及多环芳烃等有毒物质对细菌生长存在抑制作用; 相比于土壤细菌,生物炭碳氮比(C/N)高、含大量难降解碳化合物,则有利于土壤真菌生长,并且生物炭具有的较大孔隙度,为真菌菌丝提供了附着位点; 生物炭对微生物的促进作用间接提高了土壤中脱氢酶、脲酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶等土壤酶活性。因此,未来应进一步探索生物炭与土壤微生物之间的相互作用机理,深入了解生物炭的土壤改良作用,深化对土壤微生物多样性的认识。     

土壤微生物多样性与植物多样性

土壤中生活着丰富的微生物类群,是一个重要的地下生物宝库.土壤微生物是土壤中的主要分解者,对环境起着天然的“过滤”和“净化”作用,在自然生态系统的功能发挥和维持能力方面极其重要.植物、土壤和微生物相互作用,构成了一个植物-土壤-微生物的有机整体.土壤微生物多样性代表着微生物群落的稳定性,指生命体在遗传、种类和生态系统层次上的变化.从遗传、分类、生态功能以及系统发育等多方面阐述了当前土壤微生物多样性的研究工作.同时探讨了植物多样性与土壤微生物多样性之间的内在联系,植被的破坏可直接导致土壤微生物多样性的丧失,而土壤微生物对植物物种多样性的维持又具有重要作用.因此,加强土壤微生物多样性研究对植物多样性保护具有重要意义.     

富钴结壳成因探讨

富钴结壳（Cobalt-ch ferromanganese crusts）是继多金属结核、锰结核之后被人类发现的又一深海矿产资源，由于其所处深度比锰结核浅，并且战略金属钴的含量较高，因此成为当前国际的研究热点。本文主要从矿物岩石学、地球化学、同位素、生物地层学等方面对成因问题进行了分析。     

利用土壤微藻改良贫瘠土壤的研究

将自然条件下肥沃土壤中的微藻接种到贫瘠土壤中，分别在黑暗和光照条件下进行培养，结果显示：黑暗条件下的微藻在30d内进入休眠状态或死亡；在光照条件下，微藻的数量在第30d以后迅速增殖，随着藻类的生长，土壤pH值也发生了一定变化，且藻类数量的变化与土壤有机质和土壤有效磷的变化至极显著相关，说明土壤微藻能改善贫瘠土壤的微生态环境和提高土壤肥力，上述结果可为藻类用于农业生产和沙漠治理等提供理论依据．     

吉林省羊草草原内亚气生藻类的分布规律

在草原生态系统内,亚气生藻类是常见且重要的组分之一.亚气生藻类在羊草草原内的分布规律与羊草草原的植物群落类型、自然地理状况,尤其是草原受到的干扰强度有直接关系.研究结果表明:在保护状态下的割草草场分布有较多的亚气生藻类(28种),其次是火烧草场,而重牧状态下的草场亚气生藻类的种类最少,只有10种.亚气生藻类在草原中生长时往往形成藻类结皮,藻类结皮的存在对土壤温度、土壤的含N量、土壤的保水性等都有一定的影响.     

根系分泌物对有机氯农药降解的影响效应及不同组分间影响差异

借助盆栽模拟实验,对比研究了苇状羊茅根系分泌物对土壤中OCPs总量及其主要组分的降解效应、土壤微生物群落动态(生物量碳及磷脂脂肪酸)的影响效应.结果显示:根系分泌物促进了土壤中OCPs的去除,添加根系分泌物后,土壤中OCPs的去除率(77.57%)显著高于对照组(33.49%);相同处理条件(污染水平、添加剂量)下,对HCHs、毒杀芬、HCB、艾氏剂、γ-氯丹的强化去除率普遍高于对OCPs总量的强化去除率(p0.05);对DDTs、灭蚁灵、硫丹Ⅰ、狄氏剂、环氧七氯的强化去除率普遍低于对OCPs总量的强化去除率.相同污染水平下,添加根系分泌物的污染土壤中微生物生物量碳也显著高于对照组;实验期间,细菌的磷脂脂肪酸占主导地位,其次为真菌,它们在土壤微生物群落中的动态变化与OCPs降解趋势相一致.可见,在OCPs降解过程中,根系分泌物的存在改变了根际土壤中细菌、真菌的种群数量及其群落结构,进而改善了对OCPs的降解效率.     

The microstructure and formation of biological soil crusts in their early developmental stage

Biological soil crust is a complex organic integrity ofcyanobacteria, green algae, lichens and mosses, fungi, andother bacteria. This is a common phenomenon in desertareas all over the world. Biologically, this kind of crustdiffers a lot from physical soi…     

Soil microbial community diversity and driving mechanisms

To study the structure of soil microbial communities, DNA was extracted from different environmental soil samples, and 16S rDNA clone libraries were constructed. The diversity of these 16S libraries were analyzed with restriction fragment length polymorphism based on amplification ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (RFLP-ARDRA)method. The results reveal a high diversity of the soil microbial communities, and striking differences in community structure at different depths. In the surface soil environment, there is no dominant gene pattern, but in the subsurface samples some dominant gene patterns are much more common. With the increasing depth the preference dominance becomes more significant. A spatial isolation hypothesis is proposed to explain the different community structures at different soil depths. Microcosms are set to simulate competition between populations at different degrees of spatial isolation. These studies reveal that spatial isolation caused by low moisture affects the competitive interactions of the two populations. In the two-strain microcosm there is one dominant population at high moisture, and no dominance in very dry environments     

黄土发育表土结皮过程和微结构分析的试验研究

对采自晋西离石的马兰黄土进行了模拟降雨试验，研究表土微结构与表土结皮发育过程的关系．模拟降雨强度为１．２ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ，降雨历时为１～３０ｍｉｎ．通过对表土微结构的变化观测可以清楚看到，在３０ｍｉｎ降雨过程中经历了两次表土结皮的形成过程．初始形成的表土结皮是很不稳定的，在表土结皮的初期发育阶段较容易被破坏．在稍后阶段形成的表土结皮会更加稳定．观测到的表土微结构变化过程揭示出它们是呈周期性变化：团聚体被破坏、土壤颗粒发生垂直和水平位移、表土结皮层和淋溶层的孔隙和结构不断形成和破坏、表土结皮的形成破坏、表土变得比较密实．土壤抗剪强度可以用标准锥体贯入仪来测定，由土壤含水量和土壤抗剪强度关系得到的表土结皮强度指标与观测到的表土微结构变化密切相关．     

贝叶斯推断在土壤微生物生物地理学中的应用

微生物生物地理学主要研究微生物的分布格局及其驱动机制,经典频率数理统计方法是当前该研究领域中广泛使用的统计方法.近年来,贝叶斯推断作为重要的随机模拟数理统计方法正不断地应用于土壤微生物生物地理学的研究中.介绍了贝叶斯推断与经典频率数理统计的区别;描述了贝叶斯推断在土壤微生物生物地理学研究中的基本分析流程,包括模型构建、...