红土镍矿含碳团块直接还原生产镍铁粒工艺

以红土镍矿和煤粉复合团块为原料,利用高温直接还原制备镍铁粒.讨论了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、C/O摩尔比和熔剂加入量对镍、铁品位和回收率以及对镍铁粒质量的影响.当焙烧温度为1350℃、C/O=1.4、焙烧时间为60 min以及石灰石加入量为20%时,镍、全铁品位分别为9.4%和87.5%,镍、铁回收率分别为96.6%和97.9%.X射线衍射、扫描电镜及能谱分析表明,镍铁粒中镍、铁基本以合金态存在,碳基本固溶在合金中.     

红土镍矿含碳球团深还原-磁选富集镍铁工艺

以红土镍矿为原料,利用深还原工艺将镍和铁由其矿物还原成金属镍和铁,再通过磁选分离富集得到高品位的镍铁精矿.对深还原焙烧工艺参数进行了优化,得到最佳的工艺条件如下:内配碳量(C/O原子比)为1.3,还原时间为80 min,CaO质量分数为10%,还原温度为1300℃.在此条件下得到的镍铁精矿中镍品位为5.17%,全铁品位为65.38%,镍和铁的回收率分别为89.29%和91.06%.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDS)对深还原矿及磁选后的镍铁精矿进行了分析,发现深还原矿中出现金属粒,为Ni--Fe合金,镍全部溶于镍铁合金中,铁还有少部分以FeO的形式存在;磁选过程除去大量的脉石,精矿中主要物相为Fe、Ni--Fe、FeO及少量的CaO.MgO.2SiO2.     

碳热还原-磁选工艺富集红土镍矿中金属镍

采用碳热还原-磁选富集镍的工艺处理低品位红土镍矿,以活性炭粉为还原剂,在还原球团内加入添加剂A以促进还原球团中金属晶粒的生长及磁性物质与非磁性物质的磁选分离,使红土镍矿在低于传统的熔炼温度下进行还原反应,可大大降低能量消耗.研究结果表明,最佳反应条件:还原温度为1 320℃,还原时间为1 20 min,还原剂与添加剂的质量分数分别为3%及5%;添加剂可促进金属晶粒的聚集,富集的金属晶粒更易于磁选分离;还原产品镍铁合金中镍的质量分数可达8.31%,矿石中镍的回收率可达95.44%,金属镍得到了富集.本工艺具有流程短、操作简单、能耗低及镍铁合金的经济价值高等优点.     

红土镍矿选择性还原焙烧过程中的相变转化

针对传统选矿方法难以回收低品位红土镍矿中有价金属镍的问题,采用选择性还原焙烧法研究了不同焙烧温度以及不同焙烧时间条件下红土镍矿(Ni品位为1.49％)中发生的微观结构变化以及相变转化.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜及X射线能谱分析等测试手段分析表明,在不同焙烧温度及不同时间条件下经选择性还原后的红土镍矿中,镍氧化物逐渐被还原成镍铁合金相,铁氧化物主要转变成浮氏体相,硅酸盐主要以橄榄石形式存在.最后通过还原焙烧磁选试验证实,还原剂为烟煤,添加剂为NCS,两者用量分别为原矿质量的2％和7％,在1200℃条件下焙烧50 min,磁选分离得到镍铁产品中镍品位为9.78％,镍的回收率为92.06％,镍铁回收率差为62.51％,实现了红土镍矿中镍铁的选择性还原.     

石油焦作还原剂对低品位红土镍矿与赤泥共还原制备镍铁的影响

石油焦作为工业固体废物,其堆积和储存对生态环境产生巨大的影响。本文对石油焦在低品位红土镍矿与赤泥共还原过程中用作还原剂的可行性及其机理进行了研究。通过研究石油焦用量、焙烧温度和焙烧时间等对红土镍矿与赤泥共还原过程的影响,确定最佳的工艺条件为石油焦用量20wt%、焙烧温度1250°C、焙烧时间60 min。在此条件下,可以获得镍品位1.96wt%、铁品位85.76wt%、镍回收率97.83wt%、铁回收率96.81wt%的镍铁产品。扫描电镜和能谱(SEM–EDS)分析结果表明,红土镍矿与赤泥共还原过程中镍和铁主要以镍铁颗粒的形式存在,镍铁颗粒分布均匀且纯度很高,粒径约30 μm。结果表明,石油焦作为还原剂用于红土镍矿和赤泥共还原是可行的,与无烟煤作还原剂相比,石油焦具有成本低的优点。研究结果不仅为石油焦的利用提供了一个新途径,同时也为缺煤地区红土镍矿与赤泥共还原工艺的利用提供了一种解决方案。     

CaF2强化红土镍矿自还原过程中金属相聚集长大行为

针对高镁高硅型中低品位红土镍矿,采用煤基自还原-细磨-磁选工艺制备镍铁粉,研究了内配碳比对红土镍矿中铁、镍氧化物自还原的影响,CaF_2对红土镍矿自还原过程中氧化物的还原、金属相的析出及聚集长大的影响规律。研究表明在CaF_2作用下通过降低内配碳比可抑制氧化铁的还原,从而获得镍品位较高的镍铁粉,但相应牺牲镍的回收率;CaF_2能与红土镍矿中高熔点的硅酸盐脉石通过固相反应生成低熔点的透闪石(Ca_2Mg_5(Si_4O_(11))_2F_2),使硅酸盐矿物结构由岛状转变为链状,提高硅酸盐矿物反应活性,促进镍、铁氧化物的还原;通过降低红土镍矿脉石相的熔化性温度,CaF_2能明显强化红土镍矿自还原过程中金属相的析出、聚集和长大,促进镍铁与脉石的有效分离,从而大幅度提高镍铁粉中镍和铁的品位及金属元素的回收率。     

低品位红土镍矿制备镍精矿的试验研究

对某低品位腐殖土型红土镍矿(镍和铁质量分数分别为1.01%和15.72%)进行压块—还原焙烧—磁选试验,研究还原温度、还原时间、复合添加剂用量和预热温度对镍和铁回收效果的影响。研究结果表明:在碱度(即CaO与SiO2质量比)为0.2、复合添加剂质量分数为14%、预热温度为900℃、预热时间为15 min、还原温度为1 250℃、还原时间为35 min、煤与矿质量比为2.7、磨矿细度小于0.074 mm的质量分数为(95±4)%、磁选磁场强度为131.34 kA/m的条件下,获得镍和铁品位分别为4.22%和69.75%的镍精矿,镍和铁回收率分别为92.22%和85.73%;适宜的预热制度有利于团块中镍、铁的富集;复合添加剂促进了镍铁晶粒的聚集、长大,提高了镍、铁回收效果。     

从低品位红土镍矿中高效回收镍铁

以低品位红土镍矿(w(Ni)=1.52%,w(Fe)=14.08%)为原料,采用一步还原焙烧-磁选工艺制取镍铁合金。考察反应温度、反应时间、还原煤量和复合添加剂对红土镍矿焙烧效果的影响。研究结果表明:在还原煤为20%、复合添加剂为12%、焙烧温度为1 200℃、通N2保护条件下焙烧180 min,原矿中的大部分氧化镍和少量氧化铁得到选择性还原;焙砂水淬急冷后常规磁选,得到Ni质量分数为10.74%,Fe与Ni的质量分数之比为4.5,Ni回收率为86.23%的镍铁精矿,达到从红土镍矿中高效回收镍铁的目的。     

红土镍矿含碳球团还原富集镍铁

采用碳还原-磁选分离-熔炼工艺制备了镍铁合金.考察了在碳还原过程中添加剂的用量、还原温度、还原时间对镍铁的富集的影响.在添加剂和配碳量(质量分数)分别为5%和3%,还原温度1 320℃和还原时间为120min的条件下,磁性产物中镍、铁质量分数分别达到8.31%和71.5%,回收率达到95.44%和99.84%.熔炼后得到镍、铁质量分数分别为10.11%和83.75%的镍铁合金.对有、无添加剂所得还原产物的形态分析表明,自制添加剂对镍铁合金生长具有促进作用.     

红土镍矿半熔融还原生产含镍珠铁

针对转底炉处理红土镍矿生产镍珠铁的可行性进行研究。通过控制温度和炉渣高温特性,使炉渣形成半熔融状态,还原后的金属产生聚集和长大,形成含镍铁珠。讨论还原温度、炉渣成分、耐火材料、还原剂配比、球团直径及还原剂种类对生产镍珠铁的影响。研究结果表明:当还原温度为1 400℃,还原时间为30 min,SiO2-MgO-CaO三元渣系中CaO的质量分数为15%,球团直径为30 mm时,采用石墨坩埚,可以得到Ni质量分数为11.53%,Fe质量分数为84.16%的镍珠铁,此时,Ni的回收率可以达到98.59%,Fe的回收率为73.27%。     

Feasibility of co-reduction roasting of a saprolitic laterite ore and waste red mud

Large scale utilization is still an urgent problem for waste red mud with a high content of alkaline metal component in the future. Laterite ores especially the saprolitic laterite ore are one refractory nickel resource, the nickel and iron of which can be effectively recovered by direct reduction and magnetic separation. Alkaline metal salts were usually added to enhance reduction of laterite ores. The feasibility of co-reduction roasting of a saprolitic laterite ore and red mud was investigated. Results show that the red mud addition promoted the reduction of the saprolitic laterite ore and the iron ores in the red mud were co-reduced and recovered. By adding 35wt% red mud, the nickel grade and recovery were 4.90wt% and 95.25wt%, and the corresponding iron grade and total recovery were 71.00wt% and 93.77wt%, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis results revealed that red mud addition was helpful to increase the liquid phase and ferronickel grain growth. The chemical compositions “CaO and Na₂O” in the red mud replaced FeO to react with SiO₂ and MgSiO₃ to form augite.     

Two-stage reduction for the preparation of ferronickel alloy from nickel laterite ore with low Co and high MgO contents

The preparation of ferronickel alloy from the nickel laterite ore with low Co and high MgO contents was studied by using a pre-reduction-smelting method. The effects of reduction time, calcination temperature, quantity of reductant and calcium oxide (CaO), and pellet diameter on the reduction ratio of Fe and on the pellet strength were investigated. The results show that, for a roasting temperature >800℃, a roasting time >30 min, 1.5wt% added anthracite coal, 5wt% added CaO, and a pellet size of~10 mm, the reduction ratio of Fe exceeds 70% and the compressive strength of the pellets exceeds 10 kg per pellet. Reduction smelting experiments were performed by varying the smelting time, temperature, quantity of reductant and CaO, and reduction ratio of Fe in the pellets. Optimal conditions for the reduction smelting process are as follows:smelting time, 30-45 min; smelting temperature, 1550℃; quantity of reductant, 4wt%-5wt%; and quantity of CaO, 5wt%; leading to an Fe reduction ratio of 75% in the pellets. In addition, the mineral composition of the raw ore and that during the reduction process were investigated by process mineralogy.     

Preparation of ferronickel from nickel laterite via coal-based reduction followed by magnetic separation

The sticking phenomenon between molten slag and refractory is one of the crucial problems when preparing ferronickel from laterite ore using rotary hearth furnace or rotary kiln processes. This study aims to ameliorate sticking problems by using silicon dioxide (SiO₂) to adjust the melting degree of the briquette during reduction roasting. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the melting temperature of the slag gradually increases with an increase in the SiO₂ proportion (SiO₂/(SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + MgO) mass ratio). Experimental validations also prove that the briquette retains its original shape when the SiO₂ proportion is greater than 75wt%, and sticking problems are avoided during reduction. A ferronickel product with 8.33wt% Ni and 84.71wt% Fe was prepared via reductive roasting at 1500℃ for 90 min with a SiO₂ proportion of 75wt% and a C/O molar ratio of 1.0 followed by dry magnetic separation; the corresponding recoveries of Ni and Fe reached 75.70% and 77.97%, respectively. The microstructure and phase transformation of reduced briquette reveals that the aggregation and growth of ferronickel particles were not significantly affected after adding SiO₂ to the reduction process.     

Ferronickel enrichment by fine particle reduction and magnetic separation from nickel laterite ore

Ferronickel enrichment and extraction from nickel laterite ore were studied through reduction and magnetic separation. Reduction experiments were performed using hydrogen and carbon monoxide as reductants at different temperatures (700–1000°C). Magnetic separation of the reduced products was conducted using a SLon-100 cycle pulsating magnetic separator (1.2 T). Composition analysis indicates that the nickel laterite ore contains a total iron content of 22.50wt% and a total nickel content of 1.91wt%. Its mineral composition mainly consists of serpentine, hortonolite, and goethite. During the reduction process, the grade of nickel and iron in the products increases with increasing reduction temperature. Although a higher temperature is more favorable for reduction, the temperature exceeding 1000°C results in sintering of the products, preventing magnetic separation. After magnetic separation, the maximum total nickel and iron concentrations are 5.43wt% and 56.86wt%, and the corresponding recovery rates are 84.38% and 53.76%, respectively.     

Evolution of ferronickel particles during the reduction of low-grade saprolitic laterite nickel ore by coal in the temperature range of 900–1250℃with the addition of CaO–CaF2–H3BO3

The method of producing ferronickel at low temperature(1250–1400℃)has been applied since the 1950s at Nippon Yakin Kogyo,Oheyama Works,Japan.Limestone was used as an additive to adjust the slag composition for lowering the slag melting point.The ferronickel product was recovered by means of a magnetic separator from semi-molten slag and metal after water quenching.To increase the efficiency of magnetic separation,a large particle size of ferronickel is desired.Therefore,in this study,the influences of CaO,CaF₂,and H₃BO₃ additives on the evolution of ferronickel particle at≤1250℃were investigated.The experiments were conducted at 900–1250℃with the addition of CaO,CaF₂,and H₃BO₃.The reduction processes were carried out in a horizontal tube furnace for 2 h under argon atmosphere.At 1250℃,with the CaO addition of 10 wt%of the ore weight,ferronickel particles with size of 20μm were obtained.The ferronickel particle size increased to 165μm by adding 10 wt%CaO and 10 wt%CaF₂.The addition of boric acid further increased the ferronickel particle size to 376μm,as shown by the experiments with the addition of 10 wt%CaO,10 wt%CaF₂,and 10 wt%H₃BO₃.     

Effects of Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>SO<Subscript>4</Subscript> on iron and nickel reduction in a high-iron and low-nickel laterite ore

This study investigates the reactions of Na₂SO₄ and its effects on iron and nickel reduction in the roasting of a high-iron and low-nickel laterite ore through gas composition, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope analyses. Results showed that a reduction reaction of Na₂SO₄ to SO₂ was performed with roasting up to 600℃. However, no clear influence on iron and nickel reductions appeared, because only a small amount of Na₂SO₄ reacted to produce SO₂. Na₂SO₄ reacted completely at 1000℃, mainly producing troilite and nepheline, which remarkably improves selective reduction of nickel. Furthermore, the production of low-melting-point minerals, including troilite and nepheline, accelerated nickel reduction and delayed iron reduction, which is attributed to the concurrent production of magnesium magnetite, whose structure is more stable than the structure of magnetite. Reduction reactions of Na₂SO₄ resulted in weakening of the reduction atmosphere, and the main product of Na₂SO₄ changed and delayed the reduction of iron. Eventually, iron metallization was effectively controlled during laterite ore reduction roasting, leading to iron mainly being found in wustite and high iron-containing olivine.     

低品位复杂红土镍矿微波干燥及矿相分析

研究了在碳化硅辅助吸波作用下,低品位红土镍矿在微波场中的干燥过程.采用热重分析(DTG)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析考察了添加不同质量分数碳化硅对失重率和产物物相的影响.结果表明:碳化硅与红土矿配比R为2.2:1时,微波干燥处理低镍、铁品位红土矿30min,既可快速脱除矿物绝大部分表面吸附水和部分结晶水;通过控制碳化硅的比例还可以避免过热现象.微波能够改变红土矿的微观结构,促进矿物的分解.进一步的氢还原实验表明,微波干燥有利于红土矿中镍和铁氧化物的还原,其还原率高于常规干燥.