生态挡土结构面层与加筋连接强度的试验研究

生态袋加筋柔性挡土结构对地基承载力要求低,具有良好的地基条件适应性,并可以形成绿色挡土墙或边坡,是工程措施与自然和谐共存的一种挡土结构形式.生态袋面层和面层后填土与加筋格栅的连接强度大小,是控制生态挡土结构稳定性的关键.采用室内试验的方法,研究生态袋和填土与加筋格栅的连接强度,结果表明:生态袋与加筋格栅界面摩擦角仅在9°-15°,远小于生态袋间的界面摩擦角(20°以上).为解决生态袋与加筋格栅界面摩擦强度低的问题,提出了反包加筋连接的新连接形式,反包加筋连接的界面摩擦强度高于生态袋间的界面摩擦强度,解决了生态袋墙面可能在生态袋与加筋格栅界面发生滑动破坏的问题.试验结果还表明,生态袋装不同填土时其抗剪强度(摩擦强度)有明显差别,袋装红粘土时,生态袋界面摩擦角为20.4°,袋装碎石时,生态袋界面摩擦角为25.5°.     

双向和三向土工格栅筋土界面特性对比试验研究

以双向土工格栅SS20和三向土工格栅TX160为对象,通过开展室内直剪试验和拉拔试验,并对拉拔试验中土工格栅试样4个断面的位移进行量测,研究了SS20和TX160的变形及筋土界面特性,对比分析了SS20和TX160方案的筋土界面剪应力发挥过程和作用机制、土工格栅变形、筋土界面剪胀(缩)特性和强度参数,同时探讨了试验方法对试验结果的影响.研究结果表明:拉拔试验中,TX160的筋土相互作用集中在拉拔端附近,而SS20沿试样全长均能较好地发挥其作用;相比于SS20,增大竖向压力可以更好地增强TX160与周围填料颗粒的相互作用;SS20方案的峰值摩擦角和残余摩擦角均大于TX160方案,但黏聚力刚好相反;竖向压力对直剪试验和拉拔试验所得筋土界面强度参数均有明显影响,实际工程应用中应根据土工格栅的实际应力状态确定合理的试验竖向压力.     

不同含水率花岗岩残积土-格栅界面剪切特性

花岗岩残积土可作为回填土应用于加筋土结构,含水率对结构的稳定性具有重要影响。以广州市增城区花岗岩残积土为研究对象,通过室内大型直剪试验,研究了不同含水率（13%、19%、25%、32%）、竖向应力（50、100、150、200kPa）对花岗岩残积土-格栅界面剪切特性曲线、抗剪强度、体变特性的影响。试验结果表明：含水率为13%、竖向应力为50kPa时,残积土-格栅界面剪应力随着剪切位移的增大先升后降,降幅较小,其余条件下剪应力随着剪切位移的增大而升高;格栅加筋能够缓解花岗岩残积土剪应力达到峰值后大幅降低的剪切软化趋势;筋土界面抗剪强度随着含水率的升高而大幅降低,界面抗剪强度系数整体上随着含水率的升高先增加后降低,含水率为19%和25%时格栅加筋的增强效果最佳;筋土界面黏聚力随着含水率的增加先增大后减小,界面内摩擦角随着含水率的升高而降低;13%、19%含水率下筋土界面在50kPa竖向应力作用下发生了剪胀,其余条件下体积应变以剪缩为主。     

格栅节点加强对风积沙筋土界面力学性能的影响

在普通双向土工格栅上附加节点,可形成具有立体加筋效果的加强节点土工格栅。在普通双向土工格栅加筋风积沙拉拔试验和离散元数值模型的基础上,构建加强节点土工格栅加筋风积沙的三维离散元拉拔模型,研究加强节点排布方式、厚度、数量、相邻节点间距对筋土界面力学性能的影响。研究结果表明：在节点上侧加强、节点下侧加强和节点上、下两侧同时加强的排布方式中,上下两侧同时加厚对极限拉拔阻力和界面摩擦角的增幅最大;加强节点可优化土工格栅的加筋性能;当节点布置方式不变时,加强节点厚度和节点数量均与极限拉拔阻力增量呈现出良好的线性相关性;与普通土工格栅相比,加强节点土工格栅的剪切带范围更大,且限制土体位移的能力更强;当多个节点同时工作且相邻节点的间距较小时,相邻节点的影响区域互相重叠,使节点提供的极限拉拔阻力增量降低,产生节点群体效应;随着相邻节点的间距增大,节点影响区域的重叠范围减少,群体效应逐渐减弱。     

蠕变作用对土工格栅加筋土界面特性影响的研究

为了研究土工格栅的蠕变特性对加筋土界面特性的影响,采用蠕变试验设备及大型直剪试验装置,以两种常用的双向土工格栅为研究对象开展加筋土界面特性试验研究,分析了蠕变作用对土工格栅加筋土的筋土界面工作性能的影响规律。试验结果表明,与纯砂相比,土工格栅加筋后试样内摩擦角变化较小、黏聚力增大,土体的抗剪强度提高;与未蠕变土工格栅加筋砂土相比,蠕变后的土工格栅黏聚力降低,且蠕变加载等级越高,黏聚力下降越多;蠕变加载等级为极限荷载的40%时,土工格栅加筋土的黏聚力下降约30%。在同样的加载等级下,初始抗拉强度较低土工格栅的蠕变变形较初始抗拉强度较高的土工格栅蠕变应变略小。     

土工格栅加筋路堤现场试验研究

对包裹式加筋路堤进行了现场试验测试分析.试验分别对2种格栅类型、3种不同加筋间距等工况下的土压力、格栅应变、路堤沉降进行了跟踪观测,研究了加筋层数及加筋类型对路堤结构性能的影响.通过试验结果的比较分析发现,包裹式柔性支挡结构土压力受加筋形式及加筋率的影响,双向格栅在降低土压力方面作用更为显著,水平土压力在加筋路堤坡面处接近静止土压力,而加筋体后部则较接近朗肯主动土压力,其分布同时还受到加筋形式和加筋率的影响.应变沿格栅分布并不均匀且各层的分布规律也不尽相同;应变随时间持续会增大,且早期增长快.包裹式加筋对于早期沉降及冻胀的限制作用并不明显.试验显示了加筋路堤的真实工作状态,结果可为土工格栅加筋结构的后续研究和工程实践提供参考.     

填料粒径对经编格栅界面作用特性影响试验研究

加筋材料与填料间的界面抗剪摩擦强度特性指标在有关加筋土工程中非常关键,对加筋土工程的安全和稳定影响较大.分别选择粉土,砂土,碎石3种填料对应工程常用的细中粗3种不同粒径工程填料与经编土工格栅分别进行室内拉拔试验来研究其界面作用特性.得到了抗剪摩擦强度与法向应力的关系,填料粒径对突变范围影响,颗粒粒径对拉拔试验峰值的影响,并对相关工程设计施工监测给出一定指导建议.     

砂土侧限下土工合成材料拉伸试验离散元模拟

为研究土工格栅拉伸性能,以室内无约束拉伸试验为基础,建立侧限约束下的格栅拉伸试验离散元PFC3D模型,分析拉伸速率、上覆荷载对其拉伸性能的敏感程度,探讨侧限约束下土体位移与格栅拉伸变形相互作用的机理,揭示筋土界面孔隙率的发展规律。结果表明:增大拉伸速率、上覆荷载均能提高格栅极限拉伸强度,其中上覆荷载在较小拉伸速率时对格栅的应变影响较大,其由8%减少到5.2%;靠近土工格栅筋土界面区域的土体位移最大,已初步形成筋土拉伸剪切位移带,上覆荷载越大,筋土拉伸剪切位移带的位移越小;随着土工格栅拉伸变形的增加,逐渐形成了筋土界面区域疏密相间的孔隙率分布特征,筋土上下界面部分区域的孔隙率变大,界面砂土发生剪胀现象。     

刚性基础下柔性桩加筋复合地基室内模型试验研究

为了研究刚性基础下柔性桩加筋复合地基在静力荷载下的受力性能,本文采用自行研制的室内模型试验设备,考虑是否加筋、不同桩径、格栅上预应力等影响因素,对刚性基础下柔性桩加筋复合地基开展室内模型试验研究。试验结果表明:垫层中格栅下土压力大于格栅上土压力,随着荷载增大而增大,桩径较大的复合地基中垫层格栅下土压力与上土压力之比较大;土工格栅上预应力增大,土工格栅下土压力与格栅上土压力之比减小;与未加筋的柔性桩复合地基相比,柔性桩加筋复合地基垫层中格栅下土压力与格栅上土压力之比较小,应力扩散效果更好。     

土工格栅拉拔试验及筋材受力特性分析

为了研究土工格栅的筋土界面作用特性与受力变形特征,利用自行研发的土工合成材料拉拔试验装置,对土工格栅进行不同竖向荷载的室内拉拔试验,分析格栅不同嵌固长度处的位移及应变特性,以揭示筋土相互作用的受力机理。结果表明,随着拉拔力的增加,土中格栅受力沿着嵌固长度方向发展,格栅前部分的应变持续明显增大;拉拔力沿格栅嵌固长度对周围土体的影响减少减弱,格栅嵌固长度越大,其相对位移与格栅应变越小;随着竖向荷载的增加,土工格栅的应变总趋势是变小;在拉拔力相对较小时,25 k Pa、50 k Pa和75 k Pa竖向荷载作用下格栅应变发展趋势相近,但随着拉拔力的变大,格栅受到土体摩擦力沿嵌固长度扩展,嵌固长度越大格栅后半段变形越少,末段格栅受力越小。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.