姜黄素、维拉帕米联合应用逆转胃癌细胞株 SGC7901/ADR多药耐药性的研究

目的本研究探讨姜黄素、维拉帕米联合应用对胃癌耐药细胞株 SGC7901/ADR多药耐药的逆转作用及可能机制.方法采用 MTT法进行药物敏感试验,RT PCR法检测多药耐药基因 MDR1mRNA水平的变化,免疫荧光法和 Westernblot法检测 MDR1基因蛋白产物 P gp的表达部位及表达水平的变化.结果采用非细胞毒性剂量20μmol/l的姜黄素、20mg/l的维拉帕米可以使SGC7901/ADR细胞对盐酸阿霉素的药物敏感性明显增加,同时可以使 SGC7901/ADR的 MDR1基因表达水平和 P gp糖蛋白表达降低,两者联合使用效果更显著.结论姜黄素与维拉帕米两者在逆转胃癌细胞系 SGC7901/ADR多药耐药性方面具有协同作用,其机制可能与下调 MDR1基因表达及降低 P gp水平有关     

靶向CD133的RNA干扰对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞的生长抑制作用

目的利用RNA干扰技术下调SMMC-7721肝癌细胞中CD133的表达,观察其在肝癌细胞增殖和侵袭方面的作用.方法构建CD133特异性的siRNA真核表达载体,转染SMMC-7721肝癌细胞并筛选出稳定表达siRNA的转染克隆;应用RT-PCR和Western blot检测CD133 mRNA和蛋白的表达;流式细胞仪检...     

胃癌侧群细胞耐药性研究及干细胞相关基因检测

目的研究胃癌侧群（Side Population,sP）细胞对化疗药物5-Fu（氟尿嘧啶）的耐药性及可能机制,并检测干细胞相关基因Nanog、Musashi-1及cD44的表达情况。方法选择人胃癌细胞株sGc-7901,以荧光染料H0echst 33342染色,维拉帕米桔抗对照,应用流式细胞仪分选sP细胞和nonsP细胞。细胞耐药实验比较sP细胞与nonsP细胞对化疗药物5．Fu的耐药性差异;westem_h10t检测ABcG2和bcl-2蛋白表达情况;流式细胞仪分析细胞周期;荧光定量PcR检测两组细胞中干细胞相关基因Nanog、Musashi-1及cD44mRNA的表达差异。结果胃癌细胞株sGc．790l中sP细胞的比例为2．8％,sP细胞对5-Fu的耐药存活率明显高于non-sP细胞（P〈0．05）,与nonsP细胞相比,sP细胞高表达耐药蛋白ABcG2和抗凋亡蛋白bcl-2,有更多的细胞处于c0／G1期（P〈0．05）,并高表达干细胞相关基因Musashi-1和cD44。结论胃癌sGC_7901细胞株中sP细胞对化疗药物5．Fu的耐药性明显高于nonsP细胞,其耐药机制可能与sP细胞高表达耐药蛋白ABcG2和抗凋亡蛋白bcl-2,有更多细胞处于G0／Gl期有关;Musashi-1和cD44可能是相对特异性的胃癌干细胞标志物。     

转录因子TCF7L2在HePG2细胞IDE表达调控中的作用

目的 TCF7L2是一种重要的转录因子,与2型糖尿病(T2DM)发生发展密切相关.本研究探讨慢病毒介导的RNA干扰抑制TCF7L2基因表达对人肝癌细胞株HePG2胰岛素降解酶(IDE)基因的影响.方法 以人TCF7L2 mRNA编码序列作为干扰靶点,构建TCF7L2特异性短发卡RNA慢病毒表达载体(LV-TCF7 L2-shRNA)感染HePG2细胞.应用实时定量PCR及Western blot检测转染后TCF7L2与IDE表达的变化.结果 成功构建TCF7L2 shRNA慢病毒载体LV-TCF7L2-shRNA.qPCR及Westem blot结果显示干扰组HePG2细胞TCF7L2和IDE mRNA及蛋白的表达水平较空白组及阴性对照组显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 LV-TCF7L2-shRNA载体有效地抑制了IDE的表达,结果证明TCF7L2是IDE表达调控中重要的转录因子,为探讨TCF7L2与IDE在2型糖尿病发病机制中的作用奠定了基础.     

RNA干扰靶向沉默COX 2基因对MG 63骨肉瘤细胞生物学特性的研究

目的 通过构建小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)降低MG 63骨肉瘤细胞环氧合酶 2(COX 2)基因的表达,并进一步研究其对MG 63骨肉瘤细胞增值、侵袭、迁移能力的影响及分子机制。方法 设计靶向干扰COX 2基因的siRNA,通过脂质体转染MG 63骨肉瘤细胞,使其抑制MG 63骨肉瘤细胞COX 2基因的表达,后采用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法、Transwell小室实验研究其对MG 63骨肉瘤细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移能力的影响,采用RFQ PCR和Western blot分别从基因和蛋白的水平检测MG 63骨肉瘤细胞侵袭性相关因子基质金属酶(MMP 9)的表达及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达。结果 转染MG 63骨肉瘤细胞后,实验组与阴性对照组和空白对照组比较,通过RFQ PCR和Western blot检测COX 2基因表达降低约90%(P0.05),MTT检测MG 63骨肉瘤细胞增值能力明显受到抑制(P0.05),Transwell实验检测MG 63骨肉瘤细胞侵袭、迁移能力明显下降(P0.05),经RFQ PCR、Western blot检测侵袭性相关因子MMP 9和血管内皮生长因子VEGF的mRNA及蛋白表达降低(P0.05)。空白对照组和阴性对照组比较无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 人MG 63骨肉瘤细胞COX 2基因被抑制后,MG 63骨肉瘤细胞增值、侵袭、迁移能力明显下降。     

沉默Maspin基因对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7侵袭迁移能力的影响

目的 探讨靶向沉默maspin基因对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞侵袭和迁移能力的影响.方法 构建针对maspin基因的具有荧光蛋白表达的shRNA真核表达载体,稳定转染入乳腺癌细胞MCF-7中.通过划痕实验和Transwell小室侵袭实验分别观察转染前后细胞迁移及侵袭能力的影响.分别用RT-PCR及Western Blot检测转染重组质粒前后细胞maspin mRNA和蛋白表达情况.结果 成功构建表达质粒pGenesil-HK、pGenesil-maspin-1和pGenesil-maspin-2,并成功稳定转染MCF-7细胞.与未转染组和pGenesil-HK组相比,转染pGenesil-maspin-1和pGenesil-maspin-2后的MCF-7细胞划痕伤口愈合速度加快(P＜0.05),细胞侵袭至小室下层的细胞数明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).RT-PCR及Western Blot结果表明转染pGenesil-maspin-1和pGenesil-maspin-2后的细胞maspin的mRNA和蛋白表达明显下降.结论 靶向maspin基因的RNA干扰能够下调maspin基因在乳腺癌MCF-7细胞中的表达,并能增强肿瘤细胞的侵袭和迁移能力.     

环磷酰胺抑瘤作用及含药血清对肿瘤细胞凋亡水平的影响

目的:采用小鼠腋下接种瘤株的方法,建立肝癌荷瘤小鼠动物模型;利用血清药理学的方法,观察环磷酰胺(CTX)舍药血清体外的抑制肿瘤细胞生长及调亡作用的研究.方法 :小鼠肝癌细胞混悬液用生理盐水按1:1进行稀释制成含瘤腹水混悬液,在给药前24 h,每只小鼠腋窝皮下接种0.2 ml.CTX对小鼠肝癌抑瘤实验连续给药10 d,测定肿瘤作用端粒酶活性与细胞凋亡表达.结果:(1)CTX能够明显抑制肝癌肿瘤的生长(P＜0.01);(2)30%、20%和10%含药血清高中低剂量含药血清对HepG2肿瘤细胞具有明显的抑瘤作用,Hochest染色肿瘤细胞出现凋亡形态;而流式细胞仪检测可见含药血清高中低剂量的促肿瘤凋亡率,明显高于正常血清组.CTX能够明显升高肝癌荷瘤小鼠体内bc1-2的水平(P＜0.01);(3)CTX能够明显促进肝癌细胞的凋亡.结论 :CTX具有抑制小鼠肝癌的作用;能够明显促进肝癌细胞的凋亡;CTX的抑瘤作用可能与升高动物体内的bcl-2水平及促进癌细胞的凋亡有关,从而表现抗肿瘤的作用.     

磁性丹参微球在骨折大鼠体内定位试验及对成骨细胞增殖分化的影响

目的观察磁性丹参微球在骨损伤后的体内分布特点及对成骨细胞的增殖与功能分化的影响,探讨磁性微球促骨愈合缓释诱导的作用机制。方法建立大鼠股骨骨折模型,在磁靶向作用下注射磁性丹参微球制剂,筛选最佳浓度,考察其磁响应性。MTT法检测1 d、4 d、8 d和12 d成骨细胞的增殖情况,Western blotting检测BMP2和BMP7蛋白的表达情况,RT-PCR检测BMP2和BMP7 mRNA的表达。结果 (1)在3500Oe磁场下给予60 mg/L的微球制剂后,骨折组织的丹参素含量检测达到最大值(P0.05)。(2)MTT试验显示在成骨细胞对数生长期第4天和第8天药物组+磁场组增殖效果明显高于其他三组(P0.01),药物组高于空白组和磁场组(P0.05)。(3)Western blotting检测药物+磁场组的BMP2和BMP7在所有时间点表达量均高于空白组(P0.05),BMP2、BMP7药物组表达量高于空白组和磁场组(P0.05)。(4)实时荧光定量PCR检测第12d时BMP2、BMP7 mRNA表达升高最为明显(P0.05),药物组和药物+磁场组表达量高于空白组和磁场组(P0.05)。结论磁性丹参微球在大鼠体内有较好的磁响应性,并对成骨细胞的增殖以及骨形态蛋白BMP2和BMP7的表达有明显促进作用。     

EGCG通过TGF-β1信号通路抑制PLA-802细胞的机制研究

目的 观察表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯(EGCG)对人横纹肌肉瘤细胞株PLA-802的抑制作用,以及对细胞内TGF-β1/Smad4的表达的影响,探索EGCG抑制横纹肌肉瘤细胞生长的机制.方法 体外培养人横纹肌肉瘤细胞株PLA-802,并用不同浓度的EGCG作用不同的时间.用MTT检测EGCG对PLA-802细胞生长情况的影响,用流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化情况,RT-PCR和Westernblot分别检测细胞内TGF-β1和Smad4的mRNA和蛋白水平的表达.结果 MTT结果显示EGCG显著降低了PLA-802细胞的存活率((P＜0.05).流式细胞结果表明EGCG明显降低了S期而增加了G1期(P＜0.05).而TGF-β1和其下游因子Smad4的mRNA和蛋白水平的表达也明显受到EGCG的抑制,且这种抑制作用呈浓度-时间依赖性(P＜0.05).结论 EGCG发挥其抑制PLA-802细胞的作用可通过抑制TGF-β1信号通路,这或许将为临床治疗横纹肌肉瘤提供新的思路.     

RU49953: a non-hormonal steroid derivative that potently inhibits P-glycoprotein and reverts cellular multidrug resistance

Progesterone and the antiprogestin RU38486 have been reported as non-transported modulators of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux. However, their hormonal properties limit their potential for clinical trials. The present work shows that some derivatives from either progesterone/RU38486 or estradiol, displaying differential interaction with hormone receptors, bind to P-glycoprotein and chemosensitize the growth of MDR1-transfected cells to vinblastine more strongly than does RU38486. Structure comparison of the compounds indicates that the highly hydrophobic estradiol derivative RU49953, which does not interact with any hormone receptor, inhibits P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux very efficiently, as monitored by flow cytometry, and prevents drug site photoaffinity labeling by azidopine. It induces a much higher chemosensitization than the well-known P-glycoprotein modulator verapamil, which is itself more efficient than RU38486. RU49953 therefore constitutes a promising new lead for steroid-type modulators of multidrug resistance.     

Cytoprotective effects of acidosis via heat shock protein HSP27 against the anticancer drug doxorubicin

Drug resistance continues to be a stumbling block in achieving better cure rates in several cancers. Doxorubicin is commonly used in treatment of a wide range of cancers. The aim of this study was to look into the mechanisms of how low ambient pH may contribute to down-regulation of apoptotic pathways in a gastric tumour cell line. Low pH culture conditions were found to dramatically prolong cell survival after doxorubicin treatment, an effect that was in part reversed by co-incubation with the specific p38 mitoge-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) inhibitor SB203580, only mildly inhibited by blockade of the multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) transporter, but completely abolished by siRNA-mediated knockdown of the heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). In conclusion, acidic pH causes less accumulation of cytotoxic drug in the nucleus of adeno gastric carcinoma (AGS) cells and HSP27-dependent decrease in FasR-mediated gastric epithelial tumour cell apoptosis.     

From MDR to MXR: new understanding of multidrug resistance systems, their properties and clinical significance

The ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of membrane transporters is one of the largest protein classes known, and counts numerous proteins involved in the trafficking of biological molecules across cell membranes. The first known human ABC transporter was P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which confers multidrug resistance (MDR) to anticancer drugs. In recent years, we have obtained an increased understanding of the mechanism of action of P-gp as its ATPase activity, substrate specificity and pharmacokinetic interactions have been investigated. This review focuses on the functional characterization of P-gp, as well as other ABC transporters involved in MDR: the family of multidrug-resistance-associated proteins (MRP1-7), and the recently discovered ABC half-transporter MXR (also known as BCRP, ABCP and ABCG2). We describe recent progress in the analysis of protein structure-function relationships, and consider the conceptual problem of defining and identifying substrates and inhibitors of MDR. An in-depth discussion follows of how coupling of nucleotide hydrolysis to substrate transport takes place, and we propose a scheme for the mechanism of P-gp function. Finally, the clinical correlations, both for reversal of MDR in cancer and for drug delivery, are discussed.     

The role of P-glycoprotein/cellular prion protein interaction in multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells treated with paclitaxel

We previously reported that treatment with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates promotes in vitro invasion in multidrug-resistant (MDR) breast cancer cells. This effect is initiated by the P-gp pump function and mediated by interaction of P-gp with some unknown component(s). However, the underlying mechanism(s) remains poorly understood. Here we confirm a novel physical interaction between P-gp and cellular prion protein (PrP^c). Blocking P-gp activity or depletion of PrP^c inhibited paclitaxel (P-gp substrate)- induced invasion. Paclitaxel further facilitated the formation of P-gp/PrP^c clusters residing in caveolar domains and promoted the association of P-gp with caveolin-1. Both caveolin-1 and the integrity of caveolae were required for the drug-induced invasion. In addition, the P-gp/PrP^c complex also played an important role in anti-apoptotic activity of MCF7/Adr cells.These data provide new insights into the mode by which MDR breast cancers evade cytotoxic attacks from P-gp substrates and also suggest a role for P-gp/ PrP^c interaction in this process. Received 4 September 2008; received after revision 16 November 2008; accepted 18 November 2008     

Expression of multidrug resistance (mdr) gene(s) in primary lymphoid organs of chicken immune system during embryonic development

The presence of a multidrug resistance (MDR) related protein, P-170, in normal and pathological lymphoid cells has been described. The present report evaluates the expression of themdr 1 gene by using the reverse Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on cells obtained from the thymus and bursa of chicken embryos starting from day 12 until hatching. Results show that the thymic cells are positive from day 12 to the end of the observation period. In contrast,mdr mRNA was detected in the bursa from day 14 to day 17 of embryonic life. Possible relationships between the expression ofmdr and the development of T and B lymphocytes are discussed.     

Opposite pattern of MDR1 and caveolin-1 gene expression in human atherosclerotic lesions and proliferating human smooth muscle cells

Cholesterol esterification and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation are the crucial events in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The objective of this study was to analyse cholesterol esterification and the expression of MDR1 (multidrug resistance), ACAT (acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase) and caveolin-1 genes in atherosclerotic and healthy vascular walls, in SMCs obtained from atherosclerotic lesions and saphenous veins. Results demonstrated higher levels of cholesterol esters, ACAT and MDR1 mRNAs and lower levels of caveolin-1 mRNA in atherosclerotic segments compared to adjacent serial sections of the same artery and the corresponding non-atherosclerotic arteries from cadaveric donors. SMCs isolated from atherosclerotic plaques manifested an increased capacity to esterify cholesterol and to grow at a faster rate than SMCs isolated from saphenous veins. In addition, when SMCs from atherosclerotic plaques were cultured in the presence of progesterone, a potent inhibitor of cholesterol esterification, significant growth suppression was observed. An increase in ACAT and MDR1 expression and a concomitant decrease in caveolin-1 expression were also observed in SMCs isolated from atherosclerotic arteries as early as 12 h after serum stimulation. An opposite pattern was found when SMCs were treated with progesterone. These findings support the idea that cholesterol esterification plays a role both in early atherogenesis and in clinical progression of advanced lesions and raise the possibility that the cholesterol ester pathway might directly modulate the proliferation of SMCs. Received 5 February 2001; received after revision 15 May 2001; accepted 15 May 2001     

Modulation by flavonoids of cell multidrug resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein and related ABC transporters

Cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy is often mediated by overexpression of P-glycoprotein, a plasma membrane ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter which extrudes cytotoxic drugs at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. P-glycoprotein (ABCB1, according to the human gene nomenclature committee) consists of two homologous halves each containing a transmembrane domain (TMD) involved in drug binding and efflux, and a cytosolic nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) involved in ATP binding and hydrolysis, with an overall (TMD-NBD)2 domain topology. Homologous ABC multidrug transporters, from the same ABCB family, are found in many species such as Plasmodiumfalciparum and Leishmania spp. protozoa, where they induce resistance to antiparasitic drugs. In yeasts, some ABC transporters involved in resistance to fungicides, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pdr5p and Snq2p, display a different (NBD-TMD)2 domain topology and are classified in another family, ABCG. Much effort has been spent to modulate multidrug resistance in the different species by using specific inhibitors, but generally with little success due to additional cellular targets and/or extrusion of the potential inhibitors. This review shows that due to similarities in function and maybe in three-dimensional organization of the different transporters, common potential modulators have been found. An in vitro 'rational screening' was performed among the large flavonoid family using a four-step procedure: (i) direct binding to purified recombinant cytosolic NBD and/or full-length transporter, (ii) inhibition of ATP hydrolysis and energy-dependent drug interaction with transporter-enriched membranes, (iii) inhibition of cell transporter activity monitored by flow cytometry and (iv) chemosensitization of cell growth. The results indicate that prenylated flavonoids bind with high affinity, and strongly inhibit drug interaction and nucleotide hydrolysis. As such, they constitute promising potential modulators of multidrug resistance.     

Protein kinase D inhibitor CRT0066101 suppresses bladder cancer growth in vitro and xenografts via blockade of the cell cycle at G2/M

The protein kinase D (PKD) family of proteins are important regulators of tumor growth, development, and progression. CRT0066101, an inhibitor of PKD, has antitumor activity in multiple types of carcinomas. However, the effect and mechanism of CRT0066101 in bladder cancer are not understood. In the present study, we show that CRT0066101 suppressed the proliferation and migration of four bladder cancer cell lines in vitro. We also demonstrate that CRT0066101 blocked tumor growth in a mouse flank xenograft model of bladder cancer. To further assess the role of PKD in bladder carcinoma, we examined the three PKD isoforms and found that PKD2 was highly expressed in eight bladder cancer cell lines and in urothelial carcinoma tissues from the TCGA database, and that short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of PKD2 dramatically reduced bladder cancer growth and invasion in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that the effect of the compound in bladder cancer is mediated through inhibition of PKD2. This notion was corroborated by demonstrating that the levels of phospho-PKD2 were markedly decreased in CRT0066101-treated bladder tumor explants. Furthermore, our cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry revealed that CRT0066101 treatment or PKD2 silencing arrested bladder cancer cells at the G2/M phase, the arrest being accompanied by decreases in the levels of cyclin B1, CDK1 and phospho-CDK1 (Thr161) and increases in the levels of p27^Kip1 and phospho-CDK1 (Thr14/Tyr15). Moreover, CRT0066101 downregulated the expression of Cdc25C, which dephosphorylates/activates CDK1, but enhanced the activity of the checkpoint kinase Chk1, which inhibits CDK1 by phosphorylating/inactivating Cdc25C. Finally, CRT0066101 was found to elevate the levels of Myt1, Wee1, phospho-Cdc25C (Ser216), Gadd45α, and 14-3-3 proteins, all of which reduce the CDK1-cyclin B1 complex activity. These novel findings suggest that CRT0066101 suppresses bladder cancer growth by inhibiting PKD2 through induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest, leading to the blockade of cell cycle progression.