斑马鱼视网膜神经节细胞数量及分布特点

研究了斑马鱼（ Brachydanio rerio） 视网膜整体装片的组织结构,着重观察和分 析了视网膜神经节细胞的数目及密度分布情况. 结果表明,其视网膜组织结构符合脊椎动物 的基本模式. 视网膜面积为3.04±0.29 mm2,视神经乳头位于视网膜的偏腹颞侧. 视网膜 神经节细胞总数约为40　000～56 000个,分成6级密度水平. 在视神经乳头偏颞侧部位有一 高密度区即中央区,沿鼻颞轴分布. 神经节细胞核大小均匀,呈规则的圆形.     

鱼类视神经损伤和再生的研究

综术了鱼类视网膜－顶盖系统的研究概况，包括视网膜、视神经和顶盖的组织结构特点；同时介绍了损伤视神经引起的视网膜神经节细胞的变化及其跨神经元的影响；最后综述了视神经再生与神经传入活性，相邻神经纤维间的相互作用及靶区选择的关系等方面的研究进展。     

鱼类视神经损伤和再生的研究

综述了鱼类视网膜－顶盖系统的研究概况，包括视网膜、视神经和顶盖的组织结构特点；同时介绍了损伤视神经引起的视网膜神经节细胞的变化及其跨神经元的影响；最后综述了视神经再生与神经传入活性、相邻神经纤维间的相互作用及靶区选择的关系等方面的研究进展     

科学家发现青光眼致盲新机制

复旦大学脑科学研究院、复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院王中峰教授、孙兴怀教授、杨雄里院士率领视网膜研究团队,发现了青光眼视网膜胶质细胞激活新机制,为临床上防止青光眼恶化以及有效阻止青光眼所导致的视网膜神经细胞的死亡(失明)提供了新的理论依据。青光眼是由于视网膜神经节细胞损伤导致的不可逆     

大鼠高眼压动物模型中视网膜热休克蛋白70的表达及其热耐受的调节作用

目的探讨大鼠急性高眼压后视网膜神经节细胞HSP70的表达,并给予预先的热刺激(热休克),观察热休克对视网膜神经节细胞HSP70表达的调节.方法56只Spragne-Dawley(SD)大鼠随机分为高眼压组、水浴 高眼压组,右眼为实验眼.高眼压组右眼前房穿刺,BBS灌注产生102mmHg静水压持续加压2h.水浴 高眼压组给大鼠体温提高至40.5～41.5℃/10min诱导出热耐受,3h后再给予前房穿刺,产生102mmHg静水压持续加压灌注2h.免疫组化法测定视网膜神经节细胞HSP70的表达强度.结果正常大鼠视网膜神经节细胞可见少许HSP70的表达,高眼压组及水浴 高眼压组均在4小时后视网膜经节细胞HSP70的表达增加,12小时后达高峰,24小时后开始回落,水浴后大鼠视网膜神经节细胞HSP70的表达基础水平提高.结论热应激能诱导大鼠视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)内源性HSP70的表达,从而提高RGCs对急性高眼压的耐受性,起到保护视神经的作用.     

视神经损伤的修复与保护机制研究年度报告

该研究计划通过分子生物学技术、神经电生理技术、组织化学与免疫组化方法以及视觉行为学检测方法,研究视神经损伤的病理及修复机制,探讨纳米材料、神经营养因子、新型Nogo受体抑制剂及抗炎因子等对视神经损伤的修复与保护机制,防治视神经及节细胞的损伤,为视神经假体的成功应用奠定基础。该年度主要在以下几个方面开展了研究:(1)探索微电极刺激视神经的安全电流强度范围、刺激时间时程;(2)测试电极假体插入视神经后的缺血状态以及缺血对视网膜的影响;(3)探索3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯(MDHB)对氧化应激所致RGC-5细胞凋亡的拮抗作用及其作用机制;(4)探索原花青素对视网膜节细胞的保护作用及其作用机制;(5)探索Eph A2基因在视网膜神经节细胞损伤中的作用。     

麻雀视网膜的组织学研究

为了研究麻雀(PAsser montanus)视网膜与其白昼活动的关系，以常见麻雀视网膜为材料，用组织学方法进行某些定量研究，并观察其结构．观察结果表明：麻雀视网膜中有大量的视锥细胞，视锥细胞分为单锥(SC)和双锥(DC)两大类，视细胞在中央区较多，在周边区较少，视锥与视杆比为9．2：1，视细胞与神经节细胞比为5：1,视网膜中视神经节细胞的密度、直径及排列方式随距离中央区的远近而变化．     

马氏巴蜗牛眼的形态学研究

马氏巴蜗牛的眼由外角膜、内角膜、晶状体、玻璃体、视网膜和视神经构成．视网膜由两种感光细胞和支持细胞构成，感光细胞呈细长形、多突起，具有微绒毛样的远端节段和带有轴突的细胞体，它们与支持细胞相互嵌合，伴随分布，构成了具有四层结构的视网膜，即微绒毛层、色素层、核层及神经毡层．在神经毡内，首次发现两种突触小泡，小泡内有无电子致密核心是它们的主要区别．视神经含大量平行排列的神经纤维，少量的色素颗粒和细胞成分．在视神经内还首次发现一种类似于髓鞘的片层结构．     

视神经损伤后视网膜细胞凋亡的研究

目的：探讨凋亡在视神经撞击和挤压的损伤导致视网膜视网膜神经节细胞死亡中的作用。方法：应用活细菌悬液荧光染色法和流式细胞仪ＰＩ染色法检测损伤后多膜神经元凋亡的形态和数据。结果：荧光染色法见视野内有散在细胞出现核染色质凝聚现象（不规则核块）,流式细胞仪ＤＮＡ直方图见正常对照组有直而高的Ｇ０／Ｇ１峰和低平的Ｇ２峰,在Ｇ０／Ｇ１之前有一细胞群体大约占细胞总数的１．６３％,损伤组在Ｇ０／Ｇ１之前有一低小的亚     

骨髓间充质干细胞在视网膜疾病研究中的应用

视网膜疾病是眼科疾病研究中的难点,也是致盲的重要原因。多种原因引起的视网膜疾病的共同结果是光感受器细胞或神经节细胞的变性坏死。当前对坏死的视神经细胞缺乏有效治疗措施。因此,利用干细胞,尤其是具有多向分化潜能的骨髓间充质干细胞(Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells,MSCs),诱导分化成为视网膜细胞;恢复和重建视网膜的结构和功能有望成为视网膜疾病治疗的新途径。     

Substance P-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells and their central axon terminals in the rabbit

Retinal ganglion cells are the projection neurons that link the retina to the brain. Peptide immunoreactive cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of the mammalian retina have been noted but their identity has not been determined. We now report that, in the rabbit, 25-35% of all retinal ganglion cells contain substance P-like (SP) immunoreactivity. They were identified by either retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers injected into the superior colliculus, or by retrograde degeneration after optic nerve section. SP immunoreactive cells are present in all parts of the retina and have medium to large cell bodies with dendrites that ramify extensively in the proximal inner plexiform layer. Their axons terminate in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus and accessory optic nuclei, and these terminals disappear completely after contralateral optic nerve section and/or eye enucleation. In the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus large, beaded, immunoreactive axons and varicosities make up a narrow plexus just below the optic tract, where they define a new geniculate lamina. The varicosities make multiple synaptic contacts with dendrites of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus projection neurons and presumptive interneurons in complex glomerular neuropil. This is direct evidence that some mammalian retinal ganglion cells contain substance P-like peptides and strongly suggests that, in the rabbit, substance P (or related tachykinins) may be a transmitter or modulator in a specific population or populations of retinal ganglion cells.     

视神经损伤治疗的进展

视神经损伤以视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)的丢失为主的病理变化导致了视功能障碍,随着一定数量存活的RGCs在合适环境下的修复再生,视功能可有一定的恢复,综述相关研究文献,旨在了解视神经损伤及修复再生可能存在的规律,以及促进其再生的方法,客观评价视功能恢复的情况。     

Non-retinotopic arrangement of fibres in cat optic nerve

Fibres in the mammalian optic nerve are generally thought to be organised retinotopically. Recording electrophysiologically from the cat optic nerve, we found little evidence to support this notion, which led us to investigate the problem by anatomical methods. We made a localised injection of horseradish peroxidase into the lateral geniculate body of the cat, labelling a small clump of retinal ganglion cells and their axons in the optic nerve. These fibres, emanating from neighbouring cells in the retina, became widely scattered through the optic nerve, indicating that retinotopic order is essentially lacking.     

Changes in geniculate cell size following brief monocular blockade of retinal activity in kittens

When a kitten is subjected to monocular lid suture early in life, cells in laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) connected to the sutured eye grow less than normal and cells in those laminae connected to the non-sutured eye grow more than normal. These changes are seen primarily in the binocular segment of the LGN, which corresponds to the central visual field, and are due to competition either between intracortical afferents originating from the different LGN laminae, or directly among cells within the LGN. The afferent deprivation induced by lid suture, however, is not complete, as retinal ganglion cells fire tonically both in darkness and in light. It is generally thought that this tonic retinal activity is necessary to maintain neuronal excitability at normal threshold in the central visual pathway. In the visual cortex of developing kittens, we previously showed a long-lasting change in ocular dominance of binocular cells by a brief blockade of retinal activity in one optic nerve. We report here that a complete blockade of retinal activity in one eye causes major changes in LGN cell size within 1 week. These changes occur throughout the LGN, including the monocular segment where binocular competition does not occur. The results indicate that tonic retinal activity may have an important role in the control of geniculate cell size.     

大鼠不完全性视网膜缺血的组织学变化

采用双侧颈总动脉阻断血流（２ＶＯ）的方法，造成大鼠不完全性视网膜缺血，用组织学方法观察了不同缺血时间（３０、９０ｍｉｎ，４、７、３０ｄ）的缺血后再灌注与不再灌流对视网膜变化的影响。结果显示：缺血３０和９０ｍｉｎ再灌流４ｄ后，内炕网膜（包括外网层、内核层、内网层、节细胞层、神经纤维怪和内界膜）明显增厚；其他不再灌流的缺血组，厚度趋向减少。节细胞计数随缺血时间延长逐渐减少；缺血４ｄ后明显减少。提示不完     

Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN

Human vision starts with the activation of rod photoreceptors in dim light and short (S)-, medium (M)-, and long (L)- wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors in daylight. Recently a parallel, non-rod, non-cone photoreceptive pathway, arising from a population of retinal ganglion cells, was discovered in nocturnal rodents. These ganglion cells express the putative photopigment melanopsin and by signalling gross changes in light intensity serve the subconscious, 'non-image-forming' functions of circadian photoentrainment and pupil constriction. Here we show an anatomically distinct population of 'giant', melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in the primate retina that, in addition to being intrinsically photosensitive, are strongly activated by rods and cones, and display a rare, S-Off, (L + M)-On type of colour-opponent receptive field. The intrinsic, rod and (L + M) cone-derived light responses combine in these giant cells to signal irradiance over the full dynamic range of human vision. In accordance with cone-based colour opponency, the giant cells project to the lateral geniculate nucleus, the thalamic relay to primary visual cortex. Thus, in the diurnal trichromatic primate, 'non-image-forming' and conventional 'image-forming' retinal pathways are merged, and the melanopsin-based signal might contribute to conscious visual perception.     

Melanopsin cells are the principal conduits for rod-cone input to non-image-forming vision

Rod and cone photoreceptors detect light and relay this information through a multisynaptic pathway to the brain by means of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). These retinal outputs support not only pattern vision but also non-image-forming (NIF) functions, which include circadian photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex (PLR). In mammals, NIF functions are mediated by rods, cones and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Rod-cone photoreceptors and ipRGCs are complementary in signalling light intensity for NIF functions. The ipRGCs, in addition to being directly photosensitive, also receive synaptic input from rod-cone networks. To determine how the ipRGCs relay rod-cone light information for both image-forming and non-image-forming functions, we genetically ablated ipRGCs in mice. Here we show that animals lacking ipRGCs retain pattern vision but have deficits in both PLR and circadian photoentrainment that are more extensive than those observed in melanopsin knockouts. The defects in PLR and photoentrainment resemble those observed in animals that lack phototransduction in all three photoreceptor classes. These results indicate that light signals for irradiance detection are dissociated from pattern vision at the retinal ganglion cell level, and animals that cannot detect light for NIF functions are still capable of image formation.     

Cortical magnification factor and the ganglion cell density of the primate retina

It has long been contentious whether the large representation of the fovea in the primate visual cortex (V1) indicates a selective magnification of this part of the retina, or whether it merely reflects the density of retinal ganglion cells. The measurement of the retinal ganglion-cell density is complicated by lateral displacements of cells around the fovea and the presence of displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer. We have now identified displaced amacrine cells by GABA immunohistochemistry and by retrograde degeneration of ganglion cells. By reconstructing the fovea from serial sections, we were able to compare the densities of cones, cone pedicles and ganglion cells; in this way we found that there are more than three ganglion cells per foveal cone. Between the central and the peripheral retina, the ganglion cell density changes by a factor of 1,000-2,000, which is within the range of estimates of the cortical magnification factor. There is therefore no need to postulate a selective magnification of the fovea in the geniculate and/or the visual cortex.