合成气预混层流火焰结构的实验和数值研究

利用OH-PLIF方法获得了当量比分别为0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2,CO2或N2稀释比分别为3%、5%时,合成气/空气/稀释气本生灯预混层流火焰中OH基的分布,结合STAR-CD模拟计算所得火焰中的流场和组分分布进一步分析了火焰结构。研究结果表明:随着混合气当量比的增加,OH基高浓度分布区域由火焰前锋面附近转移到火焰边缘;混合气较稀时,火焰前锋面附近OH基浓度最高且沿已燃区方向逐步递减,火焰顶端处OH基浓度减小,模拟计算结果显示火焰顶端并未发生燃料泄漏;化学当量比下,火焰前锋面附近和火焰边缘区域OH基浓度较高,火焰前锋面附近出现了预混燃烧区和扩散燃烧区,该区域中OH基呈现"W"型分布;受N2和CO2稀释的影响,混合气层流燃烧速度降低,火焰前锋面拉长,CO2对火焰结构的影响比N2更显著;火焰前锋面附近OH基浓度减小,扩散燃烧区OH基浓度增大,说明火焰的预混燃烧有所减弱,扩散燃烧有所加强。     

不同初始条件下页岩气层流燃烧火焰结构分析

应用Chemkin4.5中预混层流火焰速度模型,调节燃烧初始条件,针对页岩气层流燃烧的火焰结构开展了研究.探讨了页岩气层流燃烧时,初始温度、初始压力和氮气稀释度对页岩气反应物、生成物和自由基摩尔分数的影响,分析了H+OH基摩尔分数峰值和绝热火焰温度的变化规律.结果表明:当燃烧初始温度升高时,燃烧反应速度加快,H+OH基摩尔分数峰值提高,页岩气预混层流燃烧速度加快;燃烧反应速度随初始压力的增大而加快,自由基摩尔分数下降,由于反应速度的增加小于密度的增加,火焰传播速度下降;由于反应物裂解作用减弱,初始压力增大时,绝热火焰温度提高;氮气稀释度升高,空燃比提高,反应物、生成物和自由基摩尔分数下降,绝热火焰温度降低,燃烧速度下降.     

CH_2CH_2OH与HO_2反应机理及动力学性质的理论研究

在B3LYP/CBSB7水平上优化了CH2(β)CH2(α)OH+HO_2反应各驻点物种的几何构型,并在相同水平上通过频率计算和内禀反应坐标(IRC)对过渡态结构进行了分析,并对其连接性进行了验证.采用CBS-QB3方法对B3LYP/CBSB7水平上优化后各驻点物种做了单点能校正,分别构建了CH2(β)CH2(α)OH+HO_2反应体系在单、三重态的势能剖面.研究结果表明,在单、三重态势能剖面上,反应分别经历了:(a)HO_2中的端基(非端基)O抽取CH_2CH_2OH羟基中的H;(b)HO_2中的端基(非端基)O抽取CH_2CH_2OH中C(α)上的H原子;(c)CH_2CH_2OH中C(β)抽取HO_2中的H.从势能面看,三重态反应通道R9为优势通道.此外,通过200～1 000K内各通道的速率常数以及分支比,证实了生成产物CH3CH2OH+3 O_2的通道R9为反应主通道.     

湿度变化对双旋流合成气非预混燃烧特性的影响

利用平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)、高温细丝热电偶及红外气体分析仪对不同空气湿度下的双旋流合成气非预混燃烧流场进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,随着空气湿度的增加,合成气火焰的基本形态已经发生很大变化,燃烧室中心轴线处OH自由基浓度越来越低,荧光信号强度明显变弱,火焰根部逐渐出现W型分布特征,燃烧室排气温度缓慢下降;当空气加湿量φ(空气中水蒸气体积与干空气体积之比)为0~30%时,CO排放量变化不大,但是当φ=40%时CO排放迅速增加,而当φ=50%时,CO排放已经不稳定,燃烧振荡,容易熄火.此外,NOx排放随着φ增加下降明显,但是当φ20%时,NOx排放的下降趋势会变慢,继续增加水蒸气对NOx排放的影响不大.     

CO2/N2稀释对H2/CH4层流火焰传播特性的影响

利用本生灯-纹影系统实验研究含有CO₂，N₂的掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播速度，并应用GRI-3.0机理模拟计算不同组分预混燃气绝热火焰温度、敏感性系数及重要自由基浓度等，详细讨论CO₂，N₂的稀释效应.研究表明，GRI-3.0机理能较好地预测掺氢天然气层流预混火焰传播速度；CO₂，N₂稀释组分会显著抑制掺氢天然气层流预混火焰速度及其绝热火焰温度；与N₂相比，CO₂不仅具有较强的热力学效应，且随着CO₂稀释比的增加，火焰中重要自由基H浓度显著减少，抑制氧化反应H+O₂O+OH对燃烧的主导促进效应，使预混燃料的层流火焰传播速度显著降低.     

醇燃烧反应机理探讨

利用公式ΔH =- 0 .1196n/λ计算了甲醇和乙醇燃烧反应的理论火焰温度 ,提出了醇燃烧反应的机理 .该机理为 :(1)O2 +ν→ 2O· ;(2 )CmH2m + 1OH→CmH2m +H2 O ;(3)CmH2m →mC +mH2 ;(4 )H2 +O·→H2 O +hν ;(5 )C +O·→CO +hν;(6 ) 2CO +O2 → 2CO2 .     

一氧化碳掺混对甲烷火焰碳烟生成特性的影响

文章采用化学动力学模型模拟了甲烷对冲火焰中掺CO对碳烟生成的影响,在数值模拟中引入假想一氧化碳(fiction CO,FCO)得到了将稀释效应区分后CO的化学效应。计算结果表明:在甲烷燃料中掺CO和FCO都会由于稀释效应导致碳烟生成量单调减少。但是,与掺FCO的工况对比发现,CO对碳烟生成的化学效应通过抑制反应C_2H_2+O=CH_2+CO正向发生减少C_2H_2的消耗,进而促进碳烟表面质量生长,最终促进碳烟生成。在氧化剂中掺CO会导致碳烟生成量出现先增加后减少的非单调变化。掺少量CO会促进反应CO+OH=CO_2+H正向进行增加H摩尔分数,进而促进燃料裂解最终促进碳烟生成;但是掺过量CO时,CO很快就会在氧化剂端喷嘴处反应,反而会使碳烟区域的H摩尔分数降低,从而降低碳烟表面生长速率。此外,CO会生成大量CO_2抑制碳烟生成。     

甲醇空气预混层流燃烧的简化化学反应动力学机理

基于甲醇氧化的详细反应历程,利用敏感性分析的方法,提出了一个用于描述甲醇空气预混层流燃烧速度的包含18种组分、28步基元反应的简化化学反应动力学机理.研究发现,在甲醇的氧化过程中,甲醇的分解反应及H、OH等自由基的链锁反应具有十分高的敏感性,其中HCO+M和H+O2分别是产生H、OH自由基的主要反应.计算结果与实验结果对比表明,该简化机理可以较合理地模拟当量比为0.6～1.2以及不同初始温度下的层流燃烧速度和火焰结构.与详细机理相比,该机理更适合与CFD三维数值模拟软件耦合.     

二甲醚层流预混火焰试验及数值模拟

为了研究层流预混火焰中二甲醚的氧化分解路径,利用同步辐射真空紫外光电离及分子束取样质谱技术,测量了二甲醚浓燃火焰主要物种及主要中间物种的摩尔分数空间分布曲线。基于典型的二甲醚燃烧化学反应机理和CHEMKIN化学反应动力学模拟软件,对相同条件的一维平面火焰进行了数值模拟,结合试验及数值模拟结果对二甲醚的氧化分解路径进行了分析。研究结果表明:甲醛和甲基是二甲醚燃烧过程中最主要的C1中间物种,乙烯和乙炔是主要C2中间物种;浓燃条件下,二甲醚主要通过脱氢反应消耗,使二甲醚产生脱氢反应的最主要的原子是H,其次是OH、CH3和O;二甲醚的脱氢产物甲氧基甲基极不稳定,在火焰中一经生成马上就被消耗掉,试验中没有观测到它的存在;CH2O脱氢生成HCO,HCO脱氢生成CO,CO再被OH氧化成CO2;反应CO+OHCO2+H是火焰后期生成CO2的主要方式。     

乙炔在NO中燃烧反应机理探讨

利用公式ΔH=-0.1196n λ计算了乙炔在NO中燃烧反应的火焰温度,计算值为3587K,与实际温度3368K非常接近.根据火焰温度,提出了乙炔在NO中燃烧反应的机理.该机理为:(1)NO+hν→N·+O·,(2)N·+NO→N2+O·,(3)C2H2→2C+H2,(4)H2+O·→H2O+hν,(5)C+O·→CO+hν,(6)CO+O·→CO2+hν.     

S、H2S及CS2在氧气中燃烧反应机理

利用公式△H=-0.1196n/λ计算了S、H2S及CS2在氧气中燃烧反应的火焰温度,并推测了三种物质燃烧反应的机理.S在氧气中燃烧反应的火焰温度计算值为2086 K,与测定值2093K接近,误差为-0.30％.H2S在氧气中燃烧反应的火焰温度计算值为2238K,测定温度2383K,误差为-6.1％.CS2在氧气中燃烧反应的火焰温度计算值为2502K,测定温度2468K,误差为0.14％.根据燃烧反应的火焰温度,推测S、H2S及CS2在氧气中燃烧反应机理.S燃烧反应机理为：（1）O2＋ hv→2O·,（2）S ＋O·→SO＋hv,（3）2SO＋O2→2SO2,（4）SO2＋O·→SO3 ＋hv.H2S燃烧反应机理为：（1）O2＋ hv→2O·,（2） H2S→H2 ＋S,（3）H2 ＋O·→H2O＋hv,（4）S＋O·→SO＋hv,（5） 2SO＋ O2→2SO2,（6）SO2 ＋O·→SO3＋ hv.CS2燃烧反应机理为：（1）O2＋hv→2O·,（2） CS2→C ＋2S,（3）C＋O·→CO＋ hv,（4）CO＋O·→CO＋hv,（5）S＋O·→SO＋ hv,（6）2SO＋ O2→2SO2,（7）SO2＋O·→SO3＋ hv.     

Reaction zone characterization of counter-flow diffusion flame with diluted and preheated reactants

Reaction zone characteristics were studied using hydroxy radical planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF) technique for a counter-flow preheated (CH₄+N₂)/(Air+N₂) diluted diffusion flames. The effects of preheat temperature and dilute ratio on the reaction zone characteristics were investigated by demonstrating the OH intensity distribution and reaction zone thickness from OH-PLIF images. Under the experimental conditions of constant cold flow velocity, the results show that the OH intensity and reaction zone thickness decrease with the increase of dilute ratio at constant preheat temperature and increase with preheat temperature at fixed dilute ratio. The OH maximum intensity shifts towards the "lean" side of counter flow at constant preheat temperature, and it shifts towards the fuel side with the increase of dilute ratio of fuel stream and towards the oxidizer side with the increase of dilute ratio of oxidizer stream respectively. The feasibility of OH as a reaction zone marker in this diluted combustion is verified further. The variation of diffusion and chemical reaction rate of reactants due to preheat and dilution contributes to the reaction zone characteristics simultaneously. The effect of strain on the flame reaction zone should be included in the future work.     

Premixed jet flame characteristics of syngas using OH planar laser induced fluorescence

Lean premixed flame characteristics of several typical low calorific value (LCV) syngases (basis CO/H2/CH4/CO2/N2),including bituminous coal,wood residue,corn core,and wheat straw gasification syngas,were investigated using OH planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) technology.OH radical distributions within the turbulent flame were measured for different turbulence intensities.Flame structures of syngases were analyzed and characterized with respect to burnt and unburnt regions,flame curvature (sharp cusp),local extinction (holes and penetration),OH reaction layer thickness,wrinkling,and other features,with OH-PLIF instantaneous images and statistical analysis.Results show that H2 content,LCV,and turbulence intensity are the most effective factors influencing the OH radical intensity and thickness of OH radical layers.The bituminous coal gasification syngas with relatively higher LCV and H2 content tends to burn out easily.Through changes in thickness of the OH radical layers and signal intensities,the reaction layer can be compressed by intensifying turbulence and thereby the combustion processes of syngas.     

Measurement of laminar burning velocities and analysis of flame stabilities for hydrogen-air-diluent premixed mixtures

The laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths of the hydrogen-air-diluent mixtures were meas-ured at different equivalence ratios (0.4―1.5), different diluents (N2, CO2 and 15%CO2+85%N2) and di-lution ratios (0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15) by using the outwardly expanding flame. The influences of flame stretch rate on the flame propagation characteristics were analyzed. The results show that both the laminar burning velocities and the Markstein lengths of the hydrogen-air-diluent mixtures decrease with the ...     

稀释气体对甲烷层流预混火焰燃烧速度的影响

基于GRI-Mech 3.0详细化学反应机理,利用预混燃烧模型(PREMIX Code)研究了甲烷-空气-稀释气层流预混火焰燃烧特性及火焰结构.重点探讨了不同化学当量比(0.5～1.5)、初始压力(0.05～0.40 MPa)、稀释气体种类(N2,CO2及H2O)和稀释摩尔比(0～0.35)对甲烷-空气-稀释气混合气层...     

Shock tube study on auto-ignition characteristics of kerosene/air mixtures

Ignition delay times are obtained for kerosene/air mixtures behind the reflected shock waves at temperatures between 1445 and 1650 K,at a pressure of 0.11 MPa and an equivalence ratio of 1.0.A nebulization device with Laval nozzle is used to nebulize kerosene and form an aerosol phase,which evaporates and diffuses rapidly behind the incident shock waves.Mixtures auto-ignite behind the reflected shock waves.An ICCD is used to visualize the kerosene/air mixture’s ignition characteristics.The mixture’s ignition intensity increases with increase in initial temperature.Continuous and irregular flames exist below 1515 K while plane and discontinuous flames exist over 1560 K.Ignition delay times decrease with increase in initial temperature.Experimental data shows good agreement with results reported previously in the literature.A new surrogate (consisting of 10% toluene,10% ethylbenzene and 80% n-decane) is proposed for kerosene.Honnet et al.’s mechanism is used to simulate the ignition of kerosene with calculations agreeing well with the experimental data.The sensitivity of reaction H+O2 <=>OH+O,which shows the highest sensitivity to the ignition delay time,increases with an increase in temperature.The chain breaching reaction of CH3 with O2 accelerates the total reaction rate and the H-atom abstraction of n-decane controls the total reaction rate.The rate of production and instantaneous heat production indicate that two reactions,H+O2 <=>OH+O and O+H2 <=>OH+H,are the key reactions to the formation of OH radicals,as well as the main endothermic reaction.However,the reaction of R3 is the main heat release reaction during ignition.Flame structure analysis shows that initial pressure is increased slightly as CO and H2O will appear before main ignition.     

碱性钙基膨润土协同卤锑阻燃HDPE的研究

【目的】解决卤锑阻燃高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)复合材料燃烧时发烟量大、熔融滴落严重等问题。【方法】采用自制的碱性钙基膨润土(Ca-MMT)与卤锑阻燃剂复配阻燃HDPE,通过极限氧指数(LOI)、水平燃烧等级、力学性能和热稳定性等测试,研究Ca-MMT和卤锑阻燃剂对HDPE的协同阻燃效应。【结果】HDPE/DBDPE/Sb2O3/Ca-MMT复合材料的LOI由纯HDPE的19.60%提高至32.77%,水平燃烧等级由HB75级提高至HB级,且燃烧时不产生熔滴,具有良好的成炭效应;拉伸强度由13.35MPa提高至23.33MPa,力学性能良好;失重率由纯HDPE的96.17%降至86.50%,热稳定性明显提高。碱性钙基膨润土的最佳添加量为4%。【结论】自制的Ca-MMT与卤锑阻燃剂有较好的协同阻燃作用。     

掺氢对天然气燃烧室燃烧及排放特性影响

天然气混合氢气燃烧可有效降低含碳物质的排放。但掺混氢气会改变燃料性质,进而影响燃烧进程,故有必要对掺氢燃烧进行深入研究。本文主要研究了以混氢天然气为燃料的燃气轮机的燃烧特性和排放特性,采用数值模拟的方法研究不同的掺氢比（H2体积含量0~100%一共6种工况）对GE-10实验型燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧过程的影响。研究结果表明,随着掺氢比的增加,火焰温度上升,燃烧反应区前移。在低掺混比下火焰筒出口处的温度分布随掺氢比增大趋向均匀,当掺氢比超过0.6时,出口处温度分布均匀性大幅下降。此外,混合燃料中氢气成分的增加会导致局部释热量提高,进而导致NOx排放增加,当掺氢比超过0.8时NOx排放量增加的幅度变大。同时,随着掺氢比的提高CO和CO2的排放量显著减少,H2O的生成量显著增加。研究结果将为后续混氢燃烧技术在工业燃气轮机上的应用提供理论指导。     

基于Python的CO2/O2氛围下柴油燃烧火焰特征分析

为分析柴油在CO2/O2氛围下燃烧的火焰特征,利用光学定容燃烧室测试并拍摄了6种不同工况下的柴油燃烧过程. 基于自编的Python代码对火焰图像进行后处理,提取出火焰浮起长度、红绿分量比、平均亮度、相关性系数、面积变化率和重叠率等特征参数并进行分析. 结果表明：在空气和CO2/O2氛围下,柴油火焰浮起长度和相关性均随燃烧进程先增大后减小再增大,平均亮度则先增大后减小,其在空气下和35% CO2+65% O2氛围下的峰值分别为210.75 px和138.89 px. 在火焰发展阶段,红绿分量比保持在0.8~1.2之间,而在火焰熄灭阶段,随着CO2浓度减小和O2浓度增大,红绿分量比有所减小. 与在空气下燃烧相比,柴油在CO2/O2氛围下的燃烧火焰形状更加细长,湍流现象更加明显,火焰浮起长度缩短,平均亮度下降.     

Direct numerical simulation of hydrogen turbulent lifted jet flame in a vitiated coflow

The direct numerical simulation (DNS) method with 16 steps detailed chemical kinetics was applied to a lifted turbulent jet flame with H2/N2 fuel issuing into a wide hot coflow of lean combustion products,at temperature of 1045 K and low oxygen concentrations. The chemical reactions were handled by the library function of CHEMKIN which was called by the main program in every time step. Parallel com-putational technology based on message passing interface method (MPI) was used in the simulation. All the cases were run by 12 CPUs on a high performance computer system. Faver-averaged DNS re-sults were obtained by long time averaging the transient profile and compared with the experimental data. The roll-up and evolution of the vortices in jet flame were well captured. The vortices in the same rotating direction attracted each other and those in different rotating directions repulsed each other. Through complex interactions between vortices,the original symmetrical vortex structure could be converted into nonsymmetrical and more complex structures by combination,distortion and splitting of the vortices. The transient profiles of H,OH and H2O mass fraction at 5.76 ms showed the flame structure in jet flame,especially the autoignition regions clearly. The lift-off height was about 9 d―11 d,in agreement with the experimental observation. At the corner point of the flame sheet indicated by OH and H profiles,the combustion was always enhanced by the flame curvature and extended resident time. The profiles of turbulence intensities show that the flames were diffused from the original two outside flame sheets into the core. The DNS results can be considered in developing more accurate and more universal turbulence models.