中国城市居民生活碳排放的量化——个人碳排放计算器的设计与应用

根据IPCC温室气体清单方法,以投入产出表为基础,测算直接和间接碳排放系数,确定我国城市居民日常生活碳排放的量化公式.使用Visual Studio软件开发工具,制作出可以独立运行于WindowsXP、Win7等操作系统的碳排放计算器.以问卷调查和计算器为基础,分析我国城市居民的消费模式,计算人均每天碳排放.针对特定案例,对个人碳排放进行动态分析,为个人减少碳排放提供简便易行的帮助指导.     

基于投入产出分析的建筑业碳排放核算

为了研究中国建筑业的碳排放情况、衡量建筑业的碳排放影响力、并与其他行业进行比较,该文提出关联碳排放的概念,在碳排放核算过程中将其分为直接碳排放与间接碳排放2个部分,利用投入产出分析计算间接碳排放。在计算了2002、2005及2007年建筑业及其他行业的直接碳排放、间接碳排放和关联碳排放后,还利用关联碳排放系数和碳排放拉动系数比较了主要工业行业单位产出的碳排放能力。文章通过碳排放核算研究,计算得到建筑业2002、2005和2007年的关联碳排放量分别为9 512.43万t、130 066.85万t和181 143.54万t;关联碳排放系数分别为3.41t.亿元-1、3.26t.亿元-1和2.89t.亿元-1。2007年建筑业关联碳排放在25个主要行业中排名第2,而关联碳排放系数排名第9。评价结果显示:建筑业碳排放影响力巨大,尤其具有很强的碳排放拉动能力。     

基于投入产出分析的中国国际贸易碳排放研究

采用投入产出分析法,结合部门能源消费数据,从最终需求的角度评估了2002年中国进出口贸易中国家和部门的碳排放.2002年中国为贸易隐含碳排放的净出口国,净出口的碳排放介于22.60～168.14Mt,占国内总排放的2.03%～15.09%.其中,满足国外需求的国内出口碳排放为261.19Mt,约占当年国内总排放的23.45%,相当于总出口排放的79.03%～90.62%;实际用于中国国内使用的进口碳排放为93.05～238.59Mt,约占总进口排放的77.49%,占国内总排放的8.35%～21.42%.2002年中国因进口而间接向全球减少的碳污染排放高达187.81Mt.约67%的总出口碳排放来自11个部门,超过50%的总进口碳排放主要来自5个部门;化学原料及化学制品制造业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业是进出口碳排放净平衡中受生产技术影响最显著的部门.     

辽宁省碳排放量及其效率时空差异研究

由碳排放引起的全球气候变暖给人类社会可持续发展带来了严峻挑战,研究碳排放量及其效率的时空差异对指导碳减排具有重要意义.本研究基于碳排放系数法、数据包络分析法对辽宁省的碳排放量、碳排放效率进行了测算,运用探索性空间数据分析、时空跃迁方法,对2006—2017年辽宁省碳排放量及其效率进行动态研究,探讨了二者的时空差异.结果显示:(1)辽宁省碳排放总量先升后降,各地级市呈现增长型、下降型、倒U型和波动型4种演变类型;总碳排放效率先降后升,西北地区、中部地区和东南沿海地区碳排放效率变动趋势与总效率保持一致.(2)辽宁省碳排放量的空间相关性逐渐凸显,由单一低高集聚区增至低低、高高和低高3类集聚区.朝阳市为低低集聚区,低高集聚区由沈阳市向丹东市转变,高高集聚区以营口市为主;碳排放效率在空间分布中呈分散状态,高高集聚区主要为鞍山市,低高集聚区有丹东市和营口市.(3)时空跃迁方法测度下的辽宁省碳排放量及其效率存在一定的空间依赖性,东南沿海地区稳定性高于其他地区.     

基于LMDI模型的贵阳市交通碳排放及其影响因素分析

交通部门是继能源部门和工业部门之后的第三大碳排放部门,成为当前研究的一个热点。通过"自上而下"的方法,测算了2007—2013年贵阳市交通运输业能源消费碳排放,对交通碳排放总量、人均碳排放量、交通能源碳排放结构及碳排放强度进行动态分析,并采用LMDI因素分解方法对交通运输能源消费碳排放量进行因素分解分析。结果表明贵阳市交通碳排放量呈不断上升的趋势,能源强度效应交通碳排放表现为显著的负效应,起抑制作用;而经济产出效应、能源结构效应和人口规模效应始终表现为正效应,起促进作用;其中,经济产出效应对交通碳排放的贡献最大。     

中国区域间贸易隐含碳排放转移空间特征研究

贸易将导致隐含碳排放转移,与研究较为丰富的国际贸易隐含碳排放转移成果相比,中国区域间贸易隐含碳排放研究尤显不够,导致地区间生产者与消费者碳排放责任不明确,不利于区域间协作减排.本文利用2002,2007年中国8大区域间投入产出数据,建立多区域投入产出(MRIO)模型,在核算区域间贸易流量的基础上,探讨了隐含碳排放转移空间特征,得出以下结论:消费基础区域贸易隐含碳排放主要转出区集中在东部沿海、中部地区、北部沿海等区域,而西北、东北等地区是主要的转入区;出口驱动区域贸易隐含碳排放转出区主要在东部沿海、南部沿海、京津等地区,而中部、西北、东北等地区是主要转入区,且相比消费型隐含碳排放,出口驱动区域贸易隐含碳排放总量要小得多;在行业上,消费基础和出口驱动隐含碳排放转移较大的行业都集中在电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业、石化工业、采选业等高耗能、高排放行业.因此,应建立"生产者与消费者共同责任"的区域协同减排政策,并推进产业结构和技术升级的进程.     

河南省城乡居民消费碳足迹研究

本文以河南省为研究区域,利用投入产出法,深入分析研究了2002~2012年河南省城乡居民消费碳足迹,结果显示：①河南省城乡居民碳足迹总量、直接碳足迹、间接碳足迹都呈逐渐增加的趋势,2002年、2007年、2012年的碳排放量分别为4694.914万吨、10820.02万吨、19282.38万吨;②城镇居民碳排放总量增加幅度大于农村居民。城镇居民直接碳排放量增加幅度大于农村,两者都以原煤和电为主,且城镇居民生活产生的间接碳排放量多于农村居民。最后针对城乡居民煤炭消费的特征,给出了相应的建议。     

内蒙古碳排放核算的实证分析

以内蒙古投入产出表中的国民经济42个部门为基础,另增加居民为核算部门,运用IPCC(2006)的方法理论对碳排放进行核算,并以内蒙古为例进行了实证分析.该核算方法不仅与现行的国民经济核算体系的统计口径一致,还在固定源及移动源燃烧核算的基础上,增加了一直被忽略的农业、废弃物及工业过程和产品使用部分,能够全面、完整地反映内蒙古各核算部门的碳排放量.实证分析发现,在内蒙古的各个核算部门中,居民部门产生的碳排放量所占比例最高,为25.7169%;其次是电力、热力的生产和供应业部门与金属冶炼及压延加工业部门,排放量所占比例分别为18.4775%和16.3682%;从排放总量的角度来看,能源的碳排放总量最大,为26952.776万吨所占比例为54.94%.     

基于碳排放与经济关联的完全碳排放强度重新测度

尽管已有研究在测度完全碳排放强度时已经考虑了省际间的碳排放关联,但由于忽视经济关联,可能导致测算结果出现偏差.基于该问题,同时考虑区域间碳排放与经济的双重关联,使用区域间投入产出模型,重新测度2010和2015年中国省际完全碳排放强度,并分析其时空演变特征.结果表明,从时间变化看,"十二五"期间我国碳减排成效显著,各地...     

基于 EIO-LCA 模型的中国 1992—2012 年碳排放结构特征研究

构建非竞争型投入产出表, 计算1992—2012年中国碳排放数据, 利用EIO-LCA方法对排放结构特征进行分析。结果表明: 我国碳排放总体上呈快速上升趋势。从部门结构来看, 隐含排放量最多的为建筑业。从类型结构来看, 1992—2012年我国碳排放增长的主要原因在于投资活动、出口及城镇居民消费规模的大幅增长。投资活动占最终需求总增量的55.83%, 其隐含排放主要在部门28 (建筑业)。出口占最终需求总增量的24.38%, 其隐含排放主要集中在制造业, 我国出口隐含碳排放总体上较高。城镇居民消费占最终需求总增量的14.99%, 其隐含排放主要集中在部门 25 (电力、热力的生产和供应业)。1992—2012年间, 部门28,17 (通用、专用设备制造业)和35(其他服务业)的增幅最明显, 三者共占总增量的60.45%; 部门22 (其他制造业), 2 (煤炭开采和洗选业), 5 (非金属矿采选业), 3 (石油和天然气开采业)和8 (纺织业)的碳排放保持下降趋势。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-