有中程力的旋转物质引力场及粒子的运动

本文从徐济仲提出的标量—张量引力场方程出发,在弱场的条件下,求得旋转物质的引力场,探讨中程力对引力场的贡献;并讨论有中程力的旋转物质引力场中粒子的运动。所得的结果表明,在一级近似下,中程力只影响试验粒子的径向加速度,而不影响Lense—Thirring进动角速度。     

场统一之后的思考

在场统一的基础上，提出并论证静电场E和磁场B1的统一体就是电磁运动所表现的“电磁空间”，万有引力场g和磁场B2的统一体就是机械运动表现的空间，称它为“牛顿空间”；明确磁场B1和磁场B2分别属电磁物质和机械物质的“动量场”；论证电荷属电磁运动的“电磁物质”；指出空间与物质是运动表现的矛盾的两个方面，都是运动存在的表现形式，肯定运动绝对性的概念，批评“唯物质论”者们坚持物质绝对化的错误；将物质的原概念进行必要延伸，给出物质新定义；又一次揭示空间的机械能势转换和守恒定律；根据空间和物质的本质关系，将力统一成矛盾的两类力，即“统一力”和“破坏力”；简述依据空间属性否定电磁波属物质的观点，强调应充分重视它传递信息的本质属性。     

Collapse and revival of the matter wave field of a Bose-Einstein condensate

A Bose-Einstein condensate represents the most 'classical' form of a matter wave, just as an optical laser emits the most classical form of an electromagnetic wave. Nevertheless, the matter wave field has a quantized structure owing to the granularity of the discrete underlying atoms. Although such a field is usually assumed to be intrinsically stable (apart from incoherent loss processes), this is no longer true when the condensate is in a coherent superposition of different atom number states. For example, in a Bose-Einstein condensate confined by a three-dimensional optical lattice, each potential well can be prepared in a coherent superposition of different atom number states, with constant relative phases between neighbouring lattice sites. It is then natural to ask how the individual matter wave fields and their relative phases evolve. Here we use such a set-up to investigate these questions experimentally, observing that the matter wave field of the Bose-Einstein condensate undergoes a periodic series of collapses and revivals; this behaviour is directly demonstrated in the dynamical evolution of the multiple matter wave interference pattern. We attribute the oscillations to the quantized structure of the matter wave field and the collisions between individual atoms.     

离心式中间包流场的大涡模拟研究

为了研究离心式中间包的流动过程,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法针对3种不同情况,即(a)电磁力加直水口注流;(b)利用钢液的位能使用弯水口注流;(c)电磁力和弯水口注流共同作用,考察了影响旋流强度和中间包内流动结构的工艺参数.结果表明,LES方法可以成功模拟离心式中间包的三维湍流流场.与单纯电磁力或单纯弯水口相比,旋转电磁力和弯水口共同作用时可使水平面的旋流强度显著增强.在原有电磁力作用的基础上,使用弯水口注流可比原流场最大速度值增加约15%~19%.     

试论Tesla标量波

Nikola Tesla是现代科技文明的创始人之一;他的标量波不但可用于能量和信息传输,而且非常有趣。如所周知无线电波和光波都是横波,但Tesla标量波更像电磁势在传播方向上的扩张和收缩。在电磁理论研究中,实验均证明了矢势和标势的物理实在性,这是对Tesla标量波理念的支持。我们已知像Aharonov-Bohm效应和量子纠缠态这类非力效应的情况,Tesla标量波也是这种效应。本文提出了Tesla波可能有超光速性的原因:首先是Aharonov-Bohm效应具有量子力学非局域性;其次是类消失态的近场效应;因此Tesla纵波以超光速传播是可能的。但还应做更多的实验。     

施加电场的单量子阱中束缚态的能级

超晶格由2种不同晶体材料交替生长的具有周期性结构的多层薄膜构成,2种材料的势垒-势阱结构就是量子阱.通过理想的无限深势阱模型,讨论了施加电场作用的超晶格中单量子阱束缚态的能级结构和态密度,得到了体系的本征能量与本征函数.分析表明:沿超晶格生长方向能量量子化,量子化能量构成了一系列子能带(微带);在电场作用下,超晶格量子阱能级向低能方向移动,施加电场不影响超晶格量子阱子能带的电子态密度.     

自作用电子在外场中的非定态状态

论述了在非相对论近似下自组织带电物质的量子理论．得到了关于自作用电子在外场中的Ehrenfest定理和量子力学Newton运动方程,利用它们研究了自作用电子的非定态状态．结果表明：在任意外场中自作用电子的质心作如此的运动,就象没有Coulomb自作用力一样．自作用电子在均匀外场中的波函数不随时间扩散而保待自己的大小和几何形状．     

How atomic nuclei cluster

Nucleonic matter displays a quantum-liquid structure, but in some cases finite nuclei behave like molecules composed of clusters of protons and neutrons. Clustering is a recurrent feature in light nuclei, from beryllium to nickel. Cluster structures are typically observed as excited states close to the corresponding decay threshold; the origin of this phenomenon lies in the effective nuclear interaction, but the detailed mechanism of clustering in nuclei has not yet been fully understood. Here we use the theoretical framework of energy-density functionals, encompassing both cluster and quantum liquid-drop aspects of nuclei, to show that conditions for cluster formation can in part be traced back to the depth of the confining nuclear potential. For the illustrative example of neon-20, we show that the depth of the potential determines the energy spacings between single-nucleon orbitals in deformed nuclei, the localization of the corresponding wavefunctions and, therefore, the degree of nucleonic density clustering. Relativistic functionals, in particular, are characterized by deep single-nucleon potentials. When compared to non-relativistic functionals that yield similar ground-state properties (binding energy, deformation, radii), they predict the occurrence of much more pronounced cluster structures. More generally, clustering is considered as a transitional phenomenon between crystalline and quantum-liquid phases of fermionic systems.     

Electronic read-out of a single nuclear spin using a molecular spin transistor

Quantum control of individual spins in condensed-matter devices is an emerging field with a wide range of applications, from nanospintronics to quantum computing. The electron, possessing spin and orbital degrees of freedom, is conventionally used as the carrier of quantum information in proposed devices. However, electrons couple strongly to the environment, and so have very short relaxation and coherence times. It is therefore extremely difficult to achieve quantum coherence and stable entanglement of electron spins. Alternative concepts propose nuclear spins as the building blocks for quantum computing, because such spins are extremely well isolated from the environment and less prone to decoherence. However, weak coupling comes at a price: it remains challenging to address and manipulate individual nuclear spins. Here we show that the nuclear spin of an individual metal atom embedded in a single-molecule magnet can be read out electronically. The observed long lifetimes (tens of seconds) and relaxation characteristics of nuclear spin at the single-atom scale open the way to a completely new world of devices in which quantum logic may be implemented.     

基于力、能量、动量和作用量框架的物理学基础理论结构统一性探讨

研究表明:如果把作用量视为一个与力、能量和动量平权的物理量，那么经典牛顿力学、量子力学、相对论和狄拉克的相对论电子理论有了统一的数学基础. 由此推测“反物质”本质上是超光速物质的亚光速表象，并预言它们在引力场中是受到引力场的排斥的. 本文进一步讨论基于芬斯勒时空结构中的相对论的物理特征，特别指出爱因斯坦相对论中的“光锥”作为突变临界面的特殊性质，构成了以光速为相互作用传递速度的“作用力”的“吸引”和“排斥”表象间的相互转换.      

爱因斯坦在1916:从引力波到量子电磁辐射理论

 1916年,爱因斯坦预言引力波,并提出量子电磁辐射理论、完善光子概念、指出量子过程的内在随机性。百年之后,爱因斯坦预言的引力波通过激光的干涉被探测到,而激光正是基于爱因斯坦的量子电磁辐射理论。引力波探测技术还与爱因斯坦的光子概念和布朗运动理论相关。因此引力波首次被直接探测是对爱因斯坦广义相对论、量子电磁辐射理论2 方面工作的100 周年纪念。本文梳理引力波探测技术中的“爱因斯坦元素”,即激光、光子和热噪声,然后通过对第一手资料特别是爱因斯坦那段时期的信件的分析考证,回顾爱因斯坦在1916年的研究历程,寻找爱因斯坦在引力波和量子电磁辐射理论2方面工作的历史联系。     

Dark matter maps reveal cosmic scaffolding

Ordinary baryonic particles (such as protons and neutrons) account for only one-sixth of the total matter in the Universe. The remainder is a mysterious 'dark matter' component, which does not interact via electromagnetism and thus neither emits nor reflects light. As dark matter cannot be seen directly using traditional observations, very little is currently known about its properties. It does interact via gravity, and is most effectively probed through gravitational lensing: the deflection of light from distant galaxies by the gravitational attraction of foreground mass concentrations. This is a purely geometrical effect that is free of astrophysical assumptions and sensitive to all matter--whether baryonic or dark. Here we show high-fidelity maps of the large-scale distribution of dark matter, resolved in both angle and depth. We find a loose network of filaments, growing over time, which intersect in massive structures at the locations of clusters of galaxies. Our results are consistent with predictions of gravitationally induced structure formation, in which the initial, smooth distribution of dark matter collapses into filaments then into clusters, forming a gravitational scaffold into which gas can accumulate, and stars can be built.     

相对论中引力场性质研究

相对论是现代科学的重要基础,是物理学通向宇宙的桥梁.对爱因斯坦建立广义相对论的过程进行了分析,引力问题是自然界乃至整个宇宙世界的一个基本问题.引力场是一种矢量场,广义相对论对引力问题的描述是非常有效的.通过对引力场的分析,得到了引力场的高斯定理,讨论了引力场的环路定理.通过方程,求出了引力场中的势函数,探讨了引力场的基本性质.     

运动物体的场及其场的波动方程

为了明确地研究引力场和引力波的性质,提出了一种假设：电中性运动质量流、运动物体或变化的引力场可以激发一种场,这种场可以对在其中运动的物体施加力,这种场的变化可以激发引力场.之后提出了这种场与引力场的关系方程组,并且从这个方程组出发推导出波动方程,波中的三个矢量：引力场、这个新场和波传播方向矢量满足左手定则.此与电磁波中的电场矢量、磁场矢量和电磁波的传播方向满足右手定则形成明显的对照.     

Evidence for Efimov quantum states in an ultracold gas of caesium atoms

Systems of three interacting particles are notorious for their complex physical behaviour. A landmark theoretical result in few-body quantum physics is Efimov's prediction of a universal set of bound trimer states appearing for three identical bosons with a resonant two-body interaction. Counterintuitively, these states even exist in the absence of a corresponding two-body bound state. Since the formulation of Efimov's problem in the context of nuclear physics 35 years ago, it has attracted great interest in many areas of physics. However, the observation of Efimov quantum states has remained an elusive goal. Here we report the observation of an Efimov resonance in an ultracold gas of caesium atoms. The resonance occurs in the range of large negative two-body scattering lengths, arising from the coupling of three free atoms to an Efimov trimer. Experimentally, we observe its signature as a giant three-body recombination loss when the strength of the two-body interaction is varied. We also detect a minimum in the recombination loss for positive scattering lengths, indicating destructive interference of decay pathways. Our results confirm central theoretical predictions of Efimov physics and represent a starting point with which to explore the universal properties of resonantly interacting few-body systems. While Feshbach resonances have provided the key to control quantum-mechanical interactions on the two-body level, Efimov resonances connect ultracold matter to the world of few-body quantum phenomena.     

电磁场与物质耦合系统真空态和Casimir效应物理解释

采用一种简洁的方法讨论电磁场与物质耦合系统的能量本征态，在新的理论基础上给出关于Casimir效应物理根源的新的定性解释，采用类压缩态的假设找到了该耦合系统新的真空态，其能量比以往工作中量子力学二阶微扰方法给出的能量更低，该方法不仅适用于不同子体系间有弱相互作用的系数，给出系统能量更低的真空态，而且还能处理子体系间有较强相互作用的系统并给出其基态及能量的精确解析解，得出了对Casimir效应的物理解释，Casimir效应不是单纯来源于电磁场或物质的零点能的量子涨落，而是来源于电磁场与物质耦合系统真空态量子涨落，电磁场和物质对系统的真空态能量以及Casimir效应都有贡献。     

旋转物质二次引力场中粒子的运动

从二次引力场方程出发，在弱场条件下，给出了旋转物质的引力场，继而探讨粒子在旋转物质二次引力场中的运动。所得结果表明，二次引力场中Yukaws型力既影响实验粒子的径向加速度，又影响Lense-Thiming进动角速度。     

关于质-能关系

对Einstein质能关系成立的条件进行了较严格的讨论,所得的结果是:如果物质中只有强引力场控制其演化,则正质量物质粒子的能量不仅可以取负值,而且可以取任意大的负值.因此,任何非零线度(r≠0)的高密度物质,如果具有稳定结构,则在物质中除了强引力场之外,强相互作用的斥力势是必然具有的.     

双势垒中杂质原子对量子隧穿的影响

采用计算穿越任意势之透射系数的数值计算方法,得到了在双势垒阱区中有正电杂质时电子隧穿的共振能级、波函数、透射系数.通过与无杂质原子的双势垒量子隧穿情形对比,详细讨论了杂质原子对量子隧穿的影响.数值结果显示,体系的有效势是双势垒与杂质原子库仑势的叠加,当电子能量处于叠加势中的本征能级时,发生共振隧穿,对纯束缚态,不可能发生共振隧穿.此外,还给出势阱中有、无杂质两种情形的波形图,通过对比,可以进一步看出杂质原子对共振隧穿的影响.     

Superallowed Gamow-Teller decay of the doubly magic nucleus 100Sn

The shell structure of atomic nuclei is associated with 'magic numbers' and originates in the nearly independent motion of neutrons and protons in a mean potential generated by all nucleons. During β(+)-decay, a proton transforms into a neutron in a previously not fully occupied orbital, emitting a positron-neutrino pair with either parallel or antiparallel spins, in a Gamow-Teller or Fermi transition, respectively. The transition probability, or strength, of a Gamow-Teller transition depends sensitively on the underlying shell structure and is usually distributed among many states in the neighbouring nucleus. Here we report measurements of the half-life and decay energy for the decay of (100)Sn, the heaviest doubly magic nucleus with equal numbers of protons and neutrons. In the β-decay of (100)Sn, a large fraction of the strength is observable because of the large decay energy. We determine the largest Gamow-Teller strength so far measured in allowed nuclear β-decay, establishing the 'superallowed' nature of this Gamow-Teller transition. The large strength and the low-energy states in the daughter nucleus, (100)In, are well reproduced by modern, large-scale shell model calculations.