Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea

The availability of fixed inorganic nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite and ammonium) limits primary productivity in many oceanic regions. The conversion of nitrate to N2 by heterotrophic bacteria (denitrification) is believed to be the only important sink for fixed inorganic nitrogen in the ocean. Here we provide evidence for bacteria that anaerobically oxidize ammonium with nitrite to N2 in the world's largest anoxic basin, the Black Sea. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences shows that these bacteria are related to members of the order Planctomycetales performing the anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process in ammonium-removing bioreactors. Nutrient profiles, fluorescently labelled RNA probes, 15N tracer experiments and the distribution of specific 'ladderane' membrane lipids indicate that ammonium diffusing upwards from the anoxic deep water is consumed by anammox bacteria below the oxic zone. This is the first time that anammox bacteria have been identified and directly linked to the removal of fixed inorganic nitrogen in the environment. The widespread occurrence of ammonium consumption in suboxic marine settings indicates that anammox might be important in the oceanic nitrogen cycle.     

Deciphering the evolution and metabolism of an anammox bacterium from a community genome

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has become a main focus in oceanography and wastewater treatment. It is also the nitrogen cycle's major remaining biochemical enigma. Among its features, the occurrence of hydrazine as a free intermediate of catabolism, the biosynthesis of ladderane lipids and the role of cytoplasm differentiation are unique in biology. Here we use environmental genomics--the reconstruction of genomic data directly from the environment--to assemble the genome of the uncultured anammox bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis from a complex bioreactor community. The genome data illuminate the evolutionary history of the Planctomycetes and allow us to expose the genetic blueprint of the organism's special properties. Most significantly, we identified candidate genes responsible for ladderane biosynthesis and biological hydrazine metabolism, and discovered unexpected metabolic versatility.     

N2 production by the anammox reaction in the anoxic water column of Golfo Dulce,Costa Rica

In oxygen-depleted zones of the open ocean, and in anoxic basins and fjords, denitrification (the bacterial reduction of nitrate to give N2) is recognized as the only significant process converting fixed nitrogen to gaseous N2. Primary production in the oceans is often limited by the availability of fixed nitrogen such as ammonium or nitrate, and nitrogen-removal processes consequently affect both ecosystem function and global biogeochemical cycles. It was recently discovered that the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium with nitrite--the 'anammox' reaction, performed by bacteria--was responsible for a significant fraction of N2 production in some marine sediments. Here we show that this reaction is also important in the anoxic waters of Golfo Dulce, a 200-m-deep coastal bay in Costa Rica, where it accounts for 19-35% of the total N2 formation in the water column. The water-column chemistry in Golfo Dulce is very similar to that in oxygen-depleted zones of the oceans--in which one-half to one-third of the global nitrogen removal is believed to occur. We therefore expect the anammox reaction to be a globally significant sink for oceanic nitrogen.     

2类氨氧化菌的生态特性及其应用研究进展

氮素作为组成生物体的重要元素，一直以其独特的方式在自然界中循环。经典氮循环理论认为细菌的好氧氨氧化是氧化氨氮的唯一途径，然而，随着生物技术的发展，新的氮循环途径被不断发现，其中的古菌好氧氨氧化以及厌氧氨氧化过程，由于其突出的生态及工程应用重要性，成为学术界的研究热点。本文主要综述了氮循环新途径中的厌氧氨氧化以及古菌好氧氨氧化过程的发现及研究现状，并进一步探讨了这两类氨氧化菌的研究及应用前景。     

亚铁离子对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响

研究通过投加厌氧氨氧化污泥,待反应器稳定运行后考察不同浓度Fe2+对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响.实验结果表明:经过210 d的连续培养,发现Fe2+可以促进厌氧氨氧化菌的细胞合成并且增加其基质代谢,当溶液中Fe2+浓度为0.085 mmol/L(4.76 mg/L)时,氨氮转化率维持在90%以上;添加Fe2+可以增加厌氧氨氧化菌亚铁血红素含量.此时样品中亚铁血红素C含量达到0.143μmol/mg,是同期对照反应器的2.04倍.通过SEM电镜发现当Fe2+浓度为0.085 mmol/L时,厌氧氨氧化菌群结构与形态趋于稳定.     

A possible nitrogen crisis for Archaean life due to reduced nitrogen fixation by lightning.

Nitrogen is an essential element for life and is often the limiting nutrient for terrestrial ecosystems. As most nitrogen is locked in the kinetically stable form, N2, in the Earth's atmosphere, processes that can fix N2 into biologically available forms-such as nitrate and ammonia-control the supply of nitrogen for organisms. On the early Earth, nitrogen is thought to have been fixed abiotically, as nitric oxide formed during lightning discharge. The advent of biological nitrogen fixation suggests that at some point the demand for fixed nitrogen exceeded the supply from abiotic sources, but the timing and causes of the onset of biological nitrogen fixation remain unclear. Here we report an experimental simulation of nitrogen fixation by lightning over a range of Hadean (4.5-3.8 Gyr ago) and Archaean (3.8-2.5 Gyr ago) atmospheric compositions, from predominantly carbon dioxide to predominantly dinitrogen (but always without oxygen). We infer that, as atmospheric CO2 decreased over the Archaean period, the production of nitric oxide from lightning discharge decreased by two orders of magnitude until about 2.2 Gyr. After this time, the rise in oxygen (or methane) concentrations probably initiated other abiotic sources of nitrogen. Although the temporary reduction in nitric oxide production may have lasted for only 100 Myr or less, this was potentially long enough to cause an ecological crisis that triggered the development of biological nitrogen fixation.     

FA和pH值对低C／N污水生物亚硝化的影响

采用活性污泥法SBR工艺研究低C／N含氮污水实现亚硝化要求的适宜pH值和游离氨（FA）浓度．结果表明：低C／N含氮污水可实现稳定的亚硝化，其亚硝化率最高可达90％；pH值为6．5～8．5适宜亚硝化细菌的生长；当游离氨刚升高时，亚硝化菌对游离氨的抑制反应迅速，而硝化菌对游离氨的抑制反应滞后，经过一段时间适应之后，亚硝化菌逐渐赢得了生长或／和活性上的竞争优势，而硝化菌处于劣势，导致亚硝化现象出现，即处于较高FA环境有利于亚硝化菌的优势竞争；试验得出亚硝化系统适宜的FA浓度为7-10mg／L；而长SRT系统长期运行污泥将会逐渐失去活性；亚硝化现象的出现与消失是各种环境因素的综合表现导致污泥本质结构发生变化的结果，杆状絮体可能是良好亚硝化现象的特征污泥相．     

单级自养脱氮污泥的厌氧氨氧化代谢特征

以单级自养脱氮污泥为研究对象,采用批式试验的方式,分析在不同进水水质条件下系统内生成的中间产物的种类及其含量,研究了单级自养脱氮污泥的厌氧氨氧化反应的代谢特征.实验结果表明,单级自养脱氮污泥具有厌氧氨氧化反应功能.部分NH+4和NO-2是按照Graaf提出的厌氧氨氧化代谢途径去除的:NO-2首先被还原为NH2OH,生成的NH2OH则与系统内的NH+4反应生成N2H4,N2H4继续被转化为N2实现氮的去除.还有部分NH+4和NO2是按照另外一条厌氧氨氧化反应代谢途径去除的:NH2OH与NO-2在缺氧条件下被转化为N2O,N2O则进一步被转化为N2而实现氮的去除,同时NH+4被氧化为NH2OH.该途径中NH+4转化为NH2OH的反应和N2O转化为N2的反应可能是相互耦合的过程,但关于这点还需进一步证实.     

木本植物氨同化作用研究进展

氨同化作用是植物将无机氮转化成有机氮的一个重要过程。笔者对木本植物的氨同化进程、氨同化作用的关键酶、氨同化作用的分子机理等方面进行了综述,着重论述了几种木本植物氨同化关键酶的定位、生化特性、基因表达与调控等方面的研究进展,并就氨同化作用分子生物学机理研究对提高木本植物的氮素利用效率、促进植物生长等方面的前景进行了展望。     

The N-end rule pathway as a nitric oxide sensor controlling the levels of multiple regulators

The conjugation of arginine to proteins is a part of the N-end rule pathway of protein degradation. Three amino (N)-terminal residues--aspartate, glutamate and cysteine--are arginylated by ATE1-encoded arginyl-transferases. Here we report that oxidation of N-terminal cysteine is essential for its arginylation. The in vivo oxidation of N-terminal cysteine, before its arginylation, is shown to require nitric oxide. We reconstituted this process in vitro as well. The levels of regulatory proteins bearing N-terminal cysteine, such as RGS4, RGS5 and RGS16, are greatly increased in mouse ATE1-/- embryos, which lack arginylation. Stabilization of these proteins, the first physiological substrates of mammalian N-end rule pathway, may underlie cardiovascular defects in ATE1-/- embryos. Our findings identify the N-end rule pathway as a new nitric oxide sensor that functions through its ability to destroy specific regulatory proteins bearing N-terminal cysteine, at rates controlled by nitric oxide and apparently by oxygen as well.     

富氧燃烧气氛中钢坯的氧化过程

为了研究在冶金轧钢加热炉富氧燃烧条件下炉内钢坯的氧化状况,自行设计搭建了可控气氛钢坯传热传质过程实验平台,研究富氧燃烧气氛对钢坯氧化传质的影响规律及不同温度下氧化层的形貌特征。结果表明：钢坯的氧化过程可以分为快速氧化阶段和慢速氧化阶段。在高温环境中,随着氧化温度的提高,CO2和H2 O的浓度变化对钢坯氧化的影响逐渐加强,随着CO2和H2 O浓度的提高,钢坯的氧化烧损程度也变得越来越严重。钢坯氧化层主要是由Fe3 O4和FeO组成。     

Thermal oxidation of SiAlON powders synthesized from coal gangue

The oxidation behavior of different SiAlON phases (β-SiAlON, X-phase SiAlON and 12H powders) synthesized from coal gangue in air atmosphere was investigated using isothermal thermogravimetry (TG) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The effect of ferric oxide impurities in coal gangue was studied. The results show that ferric oxide contributes to the growth of SiAlON crystalline during the synthesis process. In the oxidation experiment, the existence of ferric oxide decreases the oxidation resistance of SiAlON. The reason is that the impurity causes the formation of a liquid phase at a higher temperature. At 1423–1623 K, the oxidation of SiAlON powders is diffusion controlled and it can be described by Chou’s model. A fair agreement is found between theoretical calculations and the experimental data.     

树脂负载铬酸氢根氧化试剂的制备及其对醇的氧化作用

合成了负载铬酸氢根的季铵盐树脂 ,研究了负载铬酸氢根的季铵盐树脂作为一种氧化醇为醛的氧化剂 ,在不同温度、不同时间、不同溶剂和不同的树脂与醇的投料比对苯甲醇的氧化作用 .在优化反应条件下 ,即以苯为溶剂 ,树脂与醇的摩尔比为 3.0 ,反应回流 12h ,产物苯甲醛产率达6 5 % .并考察了该种氧化剂对肉桂醇、环己醇、丙烯醇、丁醇的氧化效果 .实验结果表明 ,铬酸氢根季铵盐树脂是一种氧化醇为醛或酮的有效选择性氧化剂 .     

氨氮厌氧氧化的微生物反应机理

推导了以ＮＨ＾＋４作为电子供体,以ＮＯ＾－２、ＮＯ＾－３为电子受体,在厌氧条件下,氨氮生物氧化反应的计量方程式,并对细胞ＣαＨβＯεＮδ＝ＣＨＯＮ时的情形进行了讨论,从理论上明确了氨氮厌氧生物氧化反应的一些重要特征。     

The oxidation state of Hadean magmas and implications for early Earth's atmosphere

Magmatic outgassing of volatiles from Earth's interior probably played a critical part in determining the composition of the earliest atmosphere, more than 4,000 million years (Myr) ago. Given an elemental inventory of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur, the identity of molecular species in gaseous volcanic emanations depends critically on the pressure (fugacity) of oxygen. Reduced melts having oxygen fugacities close to that defined by the iron-wüstite buffer would yield volatile species such as CH(4), H(2), H(2)S, NH(3) and CO, whereas melts close to the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer would be similar to present-day conditions and would be dominated by H(2)O, CO(2), SO(2) and N(2) (refs 1-4). Direct constraints on the oxidation state of terrestrial magmas before 3,850?Myr before present (that is, the Hadean eon) are tenuous because the rock record is sparse or absent. Samples from this earliest period of Earth's history are limited to igneous detrital zircons that pre-date the known rock record, with ages approaching ～4,400?Myr (refs 5-8). Here we report a redox-sensitive calibration to determine the oxidation state of Hadean magmatic melts that is based on the incorporation of cerium into zircon crystals. We find that the melts have average oxygen fugacities that are consistent with an oxidation state defined by the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer, similar to present-day conditions. Moreover, selected Hadean zircons (having chemical characteristics consistent with crystallization specifically from mantle-derived melts) suggest oxygen fugacities similar to those of Archaean and present-day mantle-derived lavas as early as ～4,350?Myr before present. These results suggest that outgassing of Earth's interior later than ～200?Myr into the history of Solar System formation would not have resulted in a reducing atmosphere.     

高价钨砷杂多酸盐的合成及其氧化性质的研究

报道了高价钨砷杂多酸盐［（Ｃ＿４Ｈ＿９）＿４Ｎ］＿２１；［ＫＡｓ＿４Ｗ＿４０Ｏ＿１４０（ＣｒＯ）＿２］、［（Ｃ＿４Ｈ＿９）＿４Ｎ］＿２１［ＫＡｓ＿４Ｗ＿４０Ｏ＿１４０Ｃｏ＿２］和［（Ｃ＿４Ｈ＿９）＿４Ｎ］＿２１［ＫＡｓ＿４Ｗ＿４０Ｏ＿１４０Ｍｎ＿２］的合成，表征及其氧化性质．通过元素分析、磁化率、电子吸收光谱及ｅ．ｓ．ｒ谱证明，标题化合物中取代元素Ｃｒ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｏ的氧化态分别为５，３，３．合成化合物具有氧化性质，在甲苯中能将三苯基磷、苯乙烯及反－二苯乙烯氧化成氧化物．     

沸石载体恢复受饥饿影响厌氧氨氧化菌的性能研究

利用沸石良好的吸氨能力和微生物载体功能, 将受饥饿影响的厌氧氨氧化菌在含沸石的反应器内进行活性恢复, 研究沸石对长期饥饿影响下厌氧氨氧化菌恢复过程中菌群活性及结构的影响。结果表明, 经过82天的运行, 沸石反应器和对照反应器(无沸石添加)内厌氧氨氧化菌均获得恢复。沸石反应器的脱氮效率从第59天开始与对照反应器拉开差距, 运行第82天时, 沸石反应器中氮去除负荷(NRR)为177.8 mgN/(L·d), 显著大于对照反应器 (154.3 mgN/(L·d))。利用16S rRNA高通量测序方法, 对反应器内菌群的微生物组成与功能进行分析, 发现投加沸石载体使得恢复后的厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus Brocadia的丰度更高, 可以更好地促进受饥饿抑制的厌氧氨氧化菌的恢复。     

金属锰JMn93A渗氮的实验研究

应用真空电阻炉高温渗氮,X射线衍射分析等实验测试方法,研究了粒度,温度,气相组成等因素对金属锰渗氮的影响,工业用气态氮作为渗氮气体的主要气相组成,可同时发生金属锰的氮化和氧化,生成Mn4N和MnO化合物,随渗氮温度的提高,锰氧化物的含量相应增高,渗氮气氛中配加氨气,使氨气的分压相应降低,平衡吸附浓度降低。渗氮试样的含氮量降低。     

Constraining the atmospheric N2O budget from intramolecular site preference in N2O isotopomers

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important trace gas in the atmosphere. It is an active greenhouse gas in the troposphere and it also controls ozone concentration in the stratosphere through nitric oxide production. One way to trace the geochemical cycle of N2O is by measuring the natural abundance of stable isotopes, namely 15N and 18O (refs 2-15). Here we report the intramolecular distribution of 15N within the linear NNO molecule, determined by measuring molecular and fragment ions of N2O on a modified mass spectrometer. This revealed a preference for 15N at the central N position, or alpha-site, within N2O isotopomers (isotope-containing molecules). Moreover, this preference varied significantly throughout the atmosphere. In the troposphere, low alpha-site preference indicates local emission of N2O from soils and fossil-fuel combustion, each with distinct isotopomer signatures, which then mixes with background N2O. In the stratosphere, on the other hand, loss of N2O is observed as enhanced alpha-site preference for 15N, due to fractionation during ultraviolet photolysis of N2O. We have constructed an atmospheric mass balance of N2O, incorporating isotopomer abundance, which shows that the intramolecular distribution of 15N is a parameter that has the potential to increase significantly the resolution with which sources and sinks of N2O can be identified and quantified in the atmosphere.     

H4C2N+氮杂阳离子的结构与反应性

组成为H4C2N^ 氮杂阳离子有烯丙基型和烯酮亚胺型两类，它们都有较强的亲电性和反应活性，通过环加成反应能导入一种含氮的杂环结构，生成新的氮杂环化合物，由于反应能在常温下进行，反应的原料容易得到，使得氮杂阳离子的反应在有机合成中有着重要的实用价值．应用量子化学理论及其计算方法，从理论上研究这类体系的骨架原子在不同位置时的结构及其异构体的稳定性，以及它们与含双键的分子进行环加成反应的机理，寻找其反应规律，对于在有机合成中正确认识和应用这类反应有着重要的指导意义。