Precise orbit determination for Jason-1 satellite using on-board GPS data with cm-level accuracy

The joint US/French Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission, launched from the Vandenberg Air Force Base on December 7, 2001, continues the time series of centimeter-level ocean topography observations as the follow-on to the highly successful T/P radar altimeter satellite. Orbit error especially the radial orbit error is a major component in the overall budget of all altimeter satellite missions, in order to continue the T/P standard of observations. Jason-1 has a radial orbit error budget requirement of 2.5 cm. In this work, two cycles (December 19, 2002 to January 7, 2003) of the Jason-1 on-board GPS data were processed using the zero-difference (ZD) dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) technique. The resulting Jason-1 orbit accuracy was assessed by comparison with the precise orbit ephemeris (POE) produced by JPL, orbit overlaps and SLR residuals. These evaluations indicate that the RMS radial accuracy is in the range of 1－2 cm.     

Precision ERS-2 orbit determination combining multiple tracking techniques

Both of the oceanographic research by using altimetry and the application of InSAR of ERS-2 satellite need the precise ephemerides of the satellite. In this note, the ERS-2 orbit is precisely determined by using SLR and PRARE observations to take advantage of the high accuracy of SLR and the widespread data coverage of PRARE. Based on the software system SODS-VCE established by us, the ERS-2 orbits in 1997 are calculated. The evaluation from tracking data fits, endpoint consistency of orbital arcs and comparison with independent orbit implies an orbit accuracy of 5–6 cm in radial component which can satisfy the requirement of being better than 10 cm in oceanographic research by altimetry, being less than 20 cm in cross-track component which can meet the requirement of InSAR. In orbit computation, the method of variance component estimation is employed to weight the SLR, PRARE range and Doppler measurements properly. The results indicate that the application of the method can improve the computation accuracy efficiently.     

JASON-2卫星精密轨道确定：GPS，SLR和DORIS分析

本文针对GPS,SLR和DORIS3种观测手段的定轨问题进行了研究．以JASON-2卫星为例,讨论了GPS,SLR和DORIS的定轨策略、轨道精度评价和轨道叠加问题．并基于2009-01-21—25日实测数据进行了试验．试验结果表明,DORIS定轨结果要优于GPS和SLR;不同的轨道验证方法得到的GPS和SLR轨道的相对精度不同;基于SLR验证和轨道重叠验证的结果定权,综合GPS,SLR和DORIS进行轨道叠加,其叠加轨道的精度是一致的,通过与JPL轨道比较,其径向精度为2cm．     

我国海洋水色卫星发展概述

目前国外拥有海洋水色卫星的国家和地区有美国、欧洲欧空局、日本、韩国和印度。我国先后成功发射有HY-1A卫星和HY-1B卫星,其中HY-1A卫星为试验型业务卫星;HY-1B卫星在HY-1A卫星基础上研制而成,其技术指标和性能均优于HY-1A卫星。我国常用的海洋水色遥感数据是SeaWiFS数据和M OD IS数据。我国海洋水色卫星主要应用在海洋资源开发利用、海洋灾害监测应用、海洋权益维护、全球气候变化研究、国际交流与合作等方面。我国的海洋水色卫星研究起步较晚,应用水平还不够高,大力发展海洋水色卫星对维护我国海洋权益,加强海洋综合管理,促进海洋资源合理开发利用和海洋环境保护等方面都有非常重要的作用。     

Zero-difference and single-difference precise orbit determination for LEO using GPS

Various methods for precise orbit determination (POD) of low earth orbiters (LEO) are briefly intro-duced in this paper. Based on the software named SHORD-Ⅲ developed by our institute,sin-gle-difference (SD) and zero-difference (ZD) dynamic POD based on LEO carrying an on-board GPS receiver is mainly discussed. The approaches are tested using real GRACE data (November 5―25,2002) and independently validated with Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) measurements over the same 21 days. Comparisons with the scientific orbits provided by GFZ indicate that the SD POD RMS accuracy can achieve 5,10 and 6 cm in radial,along and cross the track,and the ZD POD RMS accuracy can achieve 4,8 and 4 cm in radial,along and cross the track. SLR validation shows that SD POD accuracy is better than 8 cm in distance,and ZD POD accuracy is better than 6 cm.     

卫星轨道完备性监测研究

为了解决高精度定位中的卫星轨道粗差判别问题,采用轨道积分方法和轨道拟合方法,重点分析了卫星精密星历SP3文件的轨道积分精度,利用对卫星轨道加入不同粗差的计算方案,讨论了轨道积分的精度以及其对定位的影响,研究了利用卫星轨道积分精度实现完备性监测的方法。结果表明:通过卫星轨道积分精度的方法,可以反映卫星的粗差信息并予以将粗差卫星剔除;当剔除粗差卫星后,精密单点定位精度提高;当对正常卫星加入粗差,且随着加入粗差的增大,卫星轨道积分精度越来越差。该成果对完备性监测的研究具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

海洋卫星微波遥感技术发展现状与展望

 主动式和被动式微波遥感可以得到大量的地球物理参数和上层海洋信息,包括海表温度、海面矢量风、海面高度、海表盐度、海冰等。微波遥感可以穿透云层,全天候不间断观测海况信息。中国计划2011年发射运行的“海洋”2号（HY-2A）卫星有效载荷为3个微波遥感器,主要用来观测海面矢量风、海表温度和海面高度。HY-2A卫星将有效提高全球海洋卫星观测在时间和空间上的采样频率。本文介绍了与HY-2A卫星相关的海洋微波遥感技术现状,对微波遥感的优势和目前业务化运行的海洋微波卫星的局限性进行分析,总结了微波遥感的新技术进展和全球下一代微波遥感卫星的发射计划,最后指出发展中国立体海洋监测和中国“海洋”3号（HY-3）卫星（其主载荷为C频段多极化合成孔径雷达）对于更深入了解大洋和海岸带的必要性。     

卫星姿态对JASON-2卫星精密定轨影响分析

针对因姿态不稳定性对轨道的影响而难以评估的问题, 详细讨论了卫星的姿态模型, 推导了卫星姿态变化对观测值影响的解析表达式。模拟试验结果表明, 随着姿态不稳定性加剧, 轨道精度随之急剧下降, 另一方面姿态不稳定会随坐标轴不同而对轨道精度产生不同影响。为获得高精度的卫星轨道, 需要卫星姿态稳定性满足一定的要求, 尤其是相位中心偏大的坐标轴方向, 以JASON-2为例, 姿态在轴向变化必须稳定在2°内。基于JASON-2实测姿态计算表明, 该卫星姿态稳定性处在1°左右, 对轨道精度影响为0.036 m。该模拟实验方法为评估姿态稳定性对卫星精密轨道的影响提供了有效的方法。     

Variation of satellite transponder delay

For precise orbit determination of geosynchronous earth orbit(GEO)satellites using transfer ranging observations,it is generally assumed that the variation of the satellite transponder delay is very small and that it can be solved as a constant parameter together with satellite orbit parameters.However,this assumption is too general and it reduces the accuracy of orbit determination for GEO satellites.To study and analyse the impact of the satellite transponder delay on GEO satellites orbit determination,two schemes were proposed.First,the satellite transponder delay was eliminated by forming single-difference observations between two ground stations;second,the satellite transponder delay was described as a constant parameter.The preliminary results demonstrate a difference of about1–2 m between the two schemes when used for precise orbit determination of GEO satellites.By fixing the GEO satellite orbit and other relevant parameters estimated by single-difference model,we inversed the instantaneous transponder delay from non-difference observation.It was found that the satellite transponder delay has a distinct diurnal variation,with an amplitude of 3–4 m.The findings of this paper are helpful in establishing an accurate model of satellite transponder delay and in improving the accuracy of GEO satellites orbit determinations and predictions.     

Precise orbit determination for geostationary satellites with multiple tracking techniques

A new precise orbit determination (POD) strategy based on the combination of satellite laser ranging (SLR) and C-band transfer ranging for geostationary satellites (GEO) is presented.Two approaches to calibrate ranging biases of the C-band ranging system are proposed,namely the two tracking system co-location comparison and the combined POD method,with calibration accuracies estimated to be 0.5 ns and 1 ns respectively.Using data from a C-band tracking network in China,POD experiments indicate that meter-le...     

GEO导航卫星多种观测资料联合精密定轨

针对跟踪站少、观测几何条件差以及轨道机动后GEO导航卫星精密定轨问题,提出了用激光观测数据解算无线电测距离观测数据设备时延、用CODE模型参数和多频载波相位数据进行电离层延迟精确修正的精密定轨和轨道快速恢复的处理体制.通过在轨实测数据实验证明,利用激光标定的距离观测数据组合设备时延精度优于1ns;基于3站观测数据GEO卫星精密定轨结果,RMS为0.25m;24h数据定轨结果重叠12小轨道径向互差0.55m,位置互差约1.62m;预报12h轨道重叠弧段互差为径向3.63m,位置互差8.51m;定轨结果与激光比对残差约0.10m,预报2h轨道比对残差约0.18m,预报24h轨道比对残差约2.04m.GEO卫星轨道机动后2～3h,动力学定轨结果能够恢复到与激光比对残差小于1m、与精密定轨结果比对位置互差约30m的水平.试验及分析结果表明,所提出的GEO精度定轨技术方案可靠、稳定.     

Mars Express tracking and orbit determination trials with Chinese VLBI network

With strong support from European Space Agency (ESA), Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (SHAO) organized a tracking and orbit determination trails using Chinese VLBI Network (CVN) to track Mars Express, the first Mars probe launched by ESA. Using a high-resolution VLBI software correlator and Doppler measurement system developed in-house, two sets of tracking data, VLBI and Doppler, were acquired. The trials represent the first successful foray held in China to track a probe about 360 million kilometers away from the Earth. The tracking data are analyzed using a Mars satellite orbit determination software system developed at SHAO. The results show that the accuracy of 5 s integrated three-way-Doppler data is about 0.3 mm/s, or roughly the same accuracy as ESA’s tracking data. Position discrepancies between the Doppler-based orbit solution of 8 h arc-length (about 1 orbital revolution) and ESA’s reconstructed orbit are of the order of several hundred meters. In preparing for the Russia-China co-sponsored Mars exploration mission Phobos-Grunt-YingHuo, simulations were carried out to evaluate the achievable orbital accuracy levels and the contributions of VLBI and Doppler data respectively. Results show that Doppler data provide better orbit accuracy, so that for VLBI to be able to provide kilometer level orbit solutions, the accuracy of VLBI measurement needs to be improved by at least one order of magnitude.     

低轨星座导航增强能力研究与仿真

低轨卫星星座具有几何图形变化快、落地信号功率强、全球天基监测覆盖等天然优势,可对中高轨全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)星座进行有效补充和增强,提升全球定位、导航与授时(Positioning,Navigation and Timing,PNT)服务的精度、完好性、可用性和抗干扰等能力,已成为下一代卫星导航系统重要的发展方向.本文总结了国内外低轨星座发展现状,对不同低轨星座进行了分析和设计,对低轨星座提升导航定位精度、加速精密单点定位(Precise Point Positioning,PPP)收敛、全球天基监测等导航增强能力进行了分析,重点论证了低轨星座突破现有中高轨GNSS技术瓶颈的机遇和体系增量能力,给出了相应的仿真分析结果,以期对我国低轨星座和北斗卫星导航系统的融合发展提供参考和建议.     

In-orbit cross-calibration of HY-1A satellite sensor COCTS

The Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) is the main sensor launched in May of 2002 on the Chinese first ocean color satellite named HY-IA. In this paper, first, the properties of HY-IA and COCTS are introduced briefly. Second, the theory and methodology of cross-calibration for COCTS ocean color bands by using the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data are discussed in detail. Third, with the quasi-synchronized SeaWiFS data, we simulate the COCTS radiances at the top of atmosphere (TOA), and then obtain the calibration coefficients for COCTS ocean color bands. The results show that the cross-calibration TOA radiances are consistent with the in situ vicarious calibration TOA radiances at the COCTS ocean color bands. Finally, we compare the COCTS-retrieved water leaving radiances with SeaWiFS-retrieved ones and the results show that the cross-calibration method could provide reasonable accuracy for ocean color measurement.     

Satellite orbit determination by transfer with differenced ranges

The original idea of orbit determination called "determination of satellite orbit by transfer" was proposed by the National Time Service Center,Chinese Academy of Sciences.It shows that the system is very stable and the orbit determination accuracy is improved greatly.A new observation mode called "differenced ranges between master station and slave stations by transfer" is introduced.It is the development of "determination of satellite orbit by transfer".In principle,the differenced ranges between master station and slave stations have a high angular resolution,and strongly constrains in the transverse direction of satellite orbit,perpendicular to the line-of-sight.The principle of "differenced ranges between master station and slave stations by transfer" is discussed in detail.And differenced ranges in combination with ranging data were used to determine satellite’s orbit and orbit prediction under different arc observations.It shows that orbit determination accuracy for orbit prediction can be improved with differenced ranges in combination with ranging data.     

北斗卫星整网集中式自主定轨算法研究

由于分布式定轨算法只能得到局部次优解,为进一步提升北斗卫星自主导航算法精度,对北斗卫星整网 集中式定轨算法在轨实现方法进行研究。设计了基于推广卡尔曼滤波算法的整网集中式定轨算法及其在轨实 现流程,并利用北斗卫星上的龙芯1E300 处理器对算法精度及工程可行性进行了评估。仿真结果表明,整网集 中式算法精度优于分布式导航算法。且通过在龙芯1E300 处理器上仿真验证可知,集中式导航算法已具备星 上使用条件。     

PANDA software and its preliminary result of positioning and orbit determination

PANDA (Position And Navigation Data Analyst) software is designed for data analysis of different satellite positioning and navigation systems, such as SLR, GPS and the future GALIEO.The software has being developed since 2000 at GPS Research Center of Wuhan University. A brief introduction of the software and its developing progress are given at first, and then the results of static positioning and GPS satellite orbit determination archived with PANDA are presented in this paper.     

星载GPS非差精密定轨精度分析

采用一种变相的“非差”动力定轨方法，建立了相应的数学模型，编制了星栽GPS低轨卫星的定轨软件，并以此分析了定轨过程中各主要误差源对定轨的影响以及所能达到的定轨精度和预报精度。该方法以相位平滑伪距为观测值，通过对同一历元的现测值进行卫星间求差，消除了星栽GPS接收机钟差，模型简单，求解参数少。在只估计初始坐标和速度参数、考虑各种误差的综合影响时，定轨一天的径向精度约为3m，能满足一定的定轨精度要求。     

卫星测控系统中的大气折射在线修正模型研究

在卫星发射和运行过程中,精确测量其飞行的轨道参数是地面卫星测控系统的主要任务之一.要使地面测控系统对卫星进行精确地定位,就必需对引起测控系统误差源之一的大气折射误差进行修正.根据电波传播理论和我国大气环境特点,针对地面卫星测控系统要求的高精度、实时性等特点,利用我国10年探空环境资料,建立了基于母函数的大气折射误差在线...     

基于多时相高分四号影像的雪盖范围提取

积雪覆盖监测是地球科学研究的基础,对于研究全球气候变化,开展防灾减灾救灾等工作都有重要的意义.高分四号卫星是我国高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项中唯一一颗民用高轨卫星,也是世界上首颗静止轨道高分辨率光学成像卫星,其机动灵活、高频次观测能力在积雪遥感业务化监测中具有广阔的应用前景.该文利用高分四号卫星多谱段、高时效、大幅宽和中分辨率等成像优势,紧密结合积雪和移动云层在多时相图像上的反射特点,提出了基于多时相高分四号卫星数据的积雪覆盖范围提取方法.首先对高分四号卫星全色图像进行二值化分割以消除低反射目标的影响;然后对多时相云雪覆盖区域进行合成来剔除移动云层的干扰;在此基础上,利用云、雪在多时相近红外图像上反射值变化的差异性,通过对多时相高分四号卫星近红外图像的最小值合成和阈值分割精细化地提取积雪覆盖范围,进一步去除变化云层的影响.以新疆中西部为试验区,通过与基于HJ-1B卫星的积雪覆盖结果比较,实验表明：两类数据提取的积雪空间分布具有较好的趋势一致性,高分四号卫星影像监测积雪范围更广,总体精度达92.19%,高于HJ-1B卫星图像的89.84%;但受空间分辨率和“不变云层”的影响,基于高分四号卫星影像的积雪识别精度为85.16%,低于基于HJ-1B卫星图像的识别精度94.53%.