Adaptive prediction for stochastic processes with markov jump parameters

This paper is concerned with the adaptive prediction for stochastic processes with abruptly changing parameters modelled as a finite-state Markov chain. The Markov transition matrix is assumed to be known. For the coloured noise disturbance case, it is shown that the optimal prediction algorithm requires a bank of elemental predictors running in parallel with its number growing exponentially with time. If the noise disturbance is white, it is found that the number of the elemental predictors required increases exponentially with the prediction ahead step instead of time. A suboptimal predictor is proposed with substantial reduced storage and computational requirements. Simulation examples show the good performance of the proposed algorithms.     

Scepticism,relativism and the argument from the criterion

This article explores the relationship between epistemic relativism and Pyrrhonian scepticism. It is argued that a fundamental argument for contemporary epistemic relativism derives from the Pyrrhonian problem of the criterion. Pyrrhonian scepticism is compared and contrasted with Cartesian scepticism about the external world and Humean scepticism about induction. Epistemic relativism is characterized as relativism due to the variation of epistemic norms, and is contrasted with other forms of cognitive relativism, such as truth relativism, conceptual relativism and ontological relativism. An argument from the Pyrrhonian problem of the criterion to epistemic relativism is presented, and is contrasted with three other arguments for epistemic relativism. It is argued that the argument from the criterion is the most fundamental argument for epistemic relativism. Finally, it is noted how the argument of the present paper fits with the author’s previous suggestion that a particularist response to the Pyrrhonian sceptic may be combined with a naturalistic view of epistemic warrant to meet the challenge of epistemic relativism.     

基于光学衍射的纳米尺度深度重建

传统的离焦深度恢复方法（depth from defocus,DFD）在计算离焦图像的模糊程度时,均是基于几何光学成像原理,并没有考虑光波衍射对图像模糊的影响.然而,衍射现象是波的基本特性,以针孔成像为基础的光学成像系统中必然存在光波衍射.本文基于光学衍射和图像模糊机理,提出了一种精确的单目视觉全局景物3D深度信息获取方法.首先,详细分析了光学成像系统中的菲涅耳衍射机理,建立了衍射模糊与景物深度之间的关系曲线;然后,采用曲线拟合的方式建立了衍射模糊的模糊程度（点扩散函数扩散程度）与景物深度的数学关系模型,结合热辐射和图像相对模糊原理,构建了衍射模糊热辐射方程组,并把衍射模糊深度获取问题转换成一个深度信息动态优化问题.最后,使用标准的纳米栅格模板验证了衍射模糊深度重建算法在纳米尺度相对深度和绝对深度重建中的有效性和精确性.     

Radiation physics

A review is presented of the recent literature in the areas of physics which deal with radiation effects on man and animals. Some consideration is given to natural and artificial radiation sources such as cosmic rays, radon and high energy accelerators. The interaction of radiation with matter is treated if it is related to an energy deposition pattern relevant to biological effects. Dosimetry is also treated, with special emphasis on papers dealing with spatial dose distribution on a microscopic level, and radiobiological models relating the energy deposition pattern to biological effects are cited. New techniques in the medical application of radiation in diagnostics and therapy are briefly mentioned.     

Phosphorylation and activation of the atypical kinase p53-related protein kinase (PRPK) by Akt/PKB

p53-related protein kinase (PRPK), the human homologue of yeast Bud32, belonging to a small subfamily of atypical protein kinases, is inactive unless it is previously incubated with cell lysates. Here we show that such an activation of PRPK is mediated by another kinase, Akt/PKB, which phosphorylates PRPK at Ser250. We show that recombinant PRPK is phosphorylated in vitro by Akt and its phospho-form is recognized by a Ser250-phospho-specific antibody; that cell co-transfection with Akt along with wild-type PRPK, but not with its Ser250Ala mutant, results in increased PRPK phosphorylation; and that the phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15, the only known substrate of PRPK, is markedly increased by co-transfection of Akt with wild-type PRPK, but not PRPK dead mutant, and is abrogated by cell treatment with the Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002. Our data disclose an unanticipated mechanism by which PRPK can be activated and provide a functional link between this enigmatic kinase and the Akt signaling pathway.     

Radiation physics

Summary A review is presented of the recent literature in the areas of physics which deal with radiation effects on man and animals. Some consideration is given to natural and artificial radiation sources such as cosmic rays, radon and high energy accelerators. The interaction of radiation with matter is treated if it is related to an energy deposition pattern relevant to biological effects. Dosimetry is also treated, with special emphasis on papers dealing with spatial dose distribution on a microscopic level, and radiobiological models relating the energy deposition pattern to biological effects are cited. New techniques in the medical application of radiation in diagnostics and therapy are briefly mentioned.     

多时间步长结冰数值模拟方法研究

时间步长是影响飞机结冰数值模批精度的重要参数之一。本文通过求解雷诺时均N-S方程，湍流模型采用k-ε两方程模型，获得空气流场，求解水滴运动轨迹方程获得水滴撞击特性，基于Messinger热力学模型求解能量和质量守恒方程计算冰形。并采用扇形分区法，更新机翼前缘结冰区网格，保持网格拓扑结构不变，实现多时间步长结冰数值计算。比较了采用单时间步长法争多时间步长法对翼型表面结冰增长数值模拟的计算结果，并与冰风洞试验数据及LEWICE预测数据进行对比。在此基础上，计算分析了不同时间步长对部件表面的结冰冰形的影响。结果表明，只有采用多时间步长法进行飞机结冰数值模拟方是有效的，并且存在一个合适的时间步长，既满足计算精度要求，又能提高计算效率。     

大型商用厨房室内热舒适性的数值分析

大型商用厨房是一个复杂的高温高湿环境。在夏季若未采用有效的室外新风补给措施,则需要给厨房提供大量空调冷风以满足排烟需求,造成大量的能耗。本文提出一种大型中餐厨房布局,并基于分析软件FLUENT进行数值模拟,采用PMV-PPD预测模型对4种不同比例的送风情况进行热舒适性评价。结果表明,对于这种厨房布局,采用20%冷风比例的组合气幕通风方式,不仅能防止污染物逸出、降低厨房所需空调冷风风量,减少能耗,同时可获得满意的热舒适性环境。     

Cholesterol esterification activities in the intestines and pancreas of the albino rat

Summary Cholesterol esterification activities in intestines and pancreas are much greater with unsaturated fatty acids than with the saturated ones; the maximum activity is with arachidonic acid in intestines and with oleic acid in pancreas. The pancreatic cholesterol esterification activity is higher than the intestinal one.     

Technical note about simultaneous recording of oxygen partial pressure and neuronal activity in cat cortex.

A method is described for simultaneous measurements of pO2 and action potentials with microelectrodes using prefabricated gold wires. The construction and measuring with such gold electrodes is easier than with traditionally used platinum electrodes. Single electrodes recording is done with a specially adapted electronic circuit, allowing the separation of both signals (pO2 and action potentials. A measurement in cat brain illustrates this procedure.     

Effects of octylguanidine on the electrical activity of Xenopus heart.

The effects of laboratory synthesized octylguanidine are described. There is an early decease of the maximum rate of rise of the action potential with negligible reduction of the overshoot although the membrane resting potential is unchanged. Subsequently, there is a remarkable reduction of both membrane potential and overshoot, while the plateau is shortened. The former effects resemble those seen with tetrodotoxin, the latter ones, with metabolic poisons.     

Technical note about simultaneous recording of oxygen partial pressure and neuronal activity in cat cortex

Summary A method is described for simultaneous measurements of pO₂ and action potentials with microelectrodes using prefabricated gold wires. The construction and measuring with such gold electrodes is easier than with traditionally used platinum electrodes. Single electrode recording is done with a specially adapted electronic circuit, allowing the separation of both signals (pO₂ and action potentials. A measurement in cat brain illustrates this procedure.     

Aging and TOR: interwoven in the fabric of life

Longstanding results with calorie and growth factor restriction plus recent results with the first interventional drug suggest that retarding the pace of aging to improve the quality of life of older people is at hand. The biological system targeted by these approaches is the target of rapamycin (TOR), which is central for cellular responses to a variety of stimuli including stressors, growth factors, and nutrients and energy states. That the life-extending response to reducing its activity is highly conserved from yeast to mammals is consistent with the evolution of aging as a strategy to preserve reproductive potential of young cells and animals.     

Interaction of chlorpromazine with organic solvents and fatty acids as studied by UV-spectrophotometry

Summary The magnitude of the UV-spectral change of chlorpromazine increases in the presence of increasing concentrations of alcohols or fatty acids and with increasing chain length. A maximum is reached with 14.0- or 16.0-fatty acids. The difference spectrum is still larger with unsaturated fatty acids, a maximum effect being obtained with one cis-double bond. The spectral change is abolished by chaotropic and enhanced by antichaotropic agents.Supported by a grant of the Swiss National Science Foundation.     

Genetic code 1990. Outlook

The genetic code is evolving as shown by 9 departures from the universal code: 6 of them are in mitochondria and 3 are in nuclear codes. We propose that these changes are preceded by disappearance of a codon from coding sequences in mRNA of an organism or organelle. The function of the codon that disappears is taken by other, synonymous codons, so that there is no change in amino acid sequences of proteins. The deleted codon then reappears with a new function. Wobble pairing between anticodons and codons has evolved, starting with a single UNN anticodon pairing with 4 codons. Directional mutation pressure affects codon usage and may produce codon reassignments, especially of stop codons. Selenocysteine is coded by UGA, which is also a stop codon, and this anomaly is discussed. The outlook for discovery of more changes in the code is favorable, and open reading frames should be compared with actual sequential analyses of protein molecules in this search.     

物流业服务水平与制造业外包绩效关系的实证研究

经验表明，物流业的服务水平和制造企业对物流的观念与认知直接影响到制造企业物流外包水平．而它们又直接或间接影响到企业绩效。根据以上这些变量建立相应的关系假设模型，通过设计调查问卷收集一手数据，并利用结构方程模型方法进行数据的拟舍分析与实证研究。研究结果显示：物流业的服务水平与制造企业物流外包水平正相关；制造企业物流外包水平与制造企业绩效正相关；制造企业现代物流观念和认知与制造企业物流外包水平呈现弱相关性，并且不显著。最后，在此基础之上还进一步提出有关制造业和物流业联动发展的若干建议。     

Everett and the Born rule

During the last 10 years or so, derivations of the Born rule based on decision theory have been proposed and developed, and it is claimed that these are valid in the context of the Everett interpretation. This claim is critically assessed and it is shown that one of its key assumptions is a natural consequence of the principles underlying the Copenhagen interpretation, but constitutes a major additional postulate in an Everettian context. It is further argued that the Born rule, in common with any interpretation that relates outcome likelihood to the expansion coefficients connecting the wavefunction with the eigenfunctions of the measurement operator, is incompatible with the purely unitary evolution assumed in the Everett interpretation.     

Serglycin – Structure and biology

Serglycin is a proteoglycan found in hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. It has important functions related to formation of several types of storage granules. In connective tissue mast cells the covalently attached glycosaminoglycan is heparin, whereas mucosal mast cells and activated macrophages contain oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (type E). In mast cells, serglycin interact with histamine, chymase, tryptase and carboxypeptidase, in neutrophils with elastase, in cytotoxic T cells with granzyme B, in endothelial cells with tissue-type plasminogen activator and in macrophages with tumor necrosis factor-α. Serglycin is important for the retention of key inflammatory mediators inside storage granules and secretory vesicles. Serglycin can further modulate the activities of partner molecules in different ways after secretion from activated immune cells, through protection, transport, activation and interactions with substrates or target cells. Serglycin is a proteoglycan with important roles in inflammatory reactions. Received 2 October 2007; received after revision 7 November 2007; accepted 12 November 2007     

Apparent inhibition of erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in subjects on large dosages of B-6

Summary An apparent inhibition of the erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase E-GOT system of Kishi and Folkers has been observed with erythrocytes from individuals on large amounts of B-6. Evidence is presented that this inhibition is an artefact due to excess pyridoxal phosphate reacting with 2,4,dinitrophenylhydrazine. Excess pyridoxal phosphate competes with pyruvic acid for the available 2,4,dinitrophenylhydrazine which results in a product that is not extractable into toluene, therefore, less chromophore is present as more pyridoxal phosphate is available.We would like to acknowledge the Tom and Marion Peters' Foundation for their support of this research.     

协同多点传输中迫零预编码和天线选择技术

MIMO无线传输技术极大地提高了系统的容量，在实际通信系统中，整个网络是一个干扰受限的系统，小区间干扰对MIMO系统传输的影响是显著的，每个相邻小区的基站天线都可以看成一个干扰源．由于基站端数据处理能力的提升和回程容量的增加，多个小区协同多点传输技术引起了人们的广泛关注．目前的大部分工作都是集中于研究系统的容量（吞吐量），而在实际系统中，每个用户的接收等效信噪比（即公平性）对系统的性能如误帧率等有重要的影响．对于每个用户为单天线的情形，研究了总功率受限和每天线功率受限下采用迫零预编码的系统容量和公平性．对两种功率约束条件下的公平性进行了分析，得到了公平性算法的闭式表达式．当每个用户为多天线的情形，为了降低计算的复杂度，引入了信道范数最大的接收天线选择算法，把每个用户为多天线的情形转化成等效的每个用户单天线情形，推导的每用户为单天线的公平性算法仍然适用．仿真结果显示，采用迫零预编码的多小区协作可以使系统性能显著提升．在相同的迫零预编码下，不同的功率分配策略对系统的容量和公平性有显著的影响．和用户为单天线相比，采用天线选择算法可以提升系统的容量和公平性．考虑了用户公平性时的吞吐量和最大系统吞吐量之间的折中关系，并给出了仿真结果．