先进材料与高性能零件陕速凝固激光加工研究进展

金属材料快速凝固激光表面加工与高性能金属零件快速凝固激光成形技术，是材料科学与工程及先进制造技术交叉学科前沿热点研究领域之一。本文介绍了作者所在实验室近年来在先进高温耐磨耐蚀金属间化合物多功能涂层新材料快速凝固激光熔覆合成／制备技术、钛合金及高温合金等高性能金属零件快速凝固激光成形技术等领域的研究进展，主要内容包括：激光熔覆高温耐磨耐蚀多功能金属间化合物涂层、钛合金及高温合金高性能零部件激光快速成形、难熔高活性金属材料及定向生长柱状晶钛合金激光约束熔铸成形技术等。     

先进材料与高性能零件快速凝固激光加工研究进展

金属材料快速凝固激光表面加工与高性能金属零件快速凝固激光成形技术,是材料科学与工程及先进制造技术交叉学科前沿热点研究领域之一.本文介绍了作者所在实验室近年来在先进高温耐磨耐蚀金属间化合物多功能涂层新材料快速凝固激光熔覆合成/制备技术、钛合金及高温合金等高性能金属零件快速凝固激光成形技术等领域的研究进展,主要内容包括:激光熔覆高温耐磨耐蚀多功能金属间化合物涂层、钛合金及高温合金高性能零部件激光快速成形、难熔高活性金属材料及定向生长柱状晶钛合金激光约束熔铸成形技术等.     

基于眼波前像差的视觉矫正及超视觉的光学研究

结合眼波前像差和角膜面形的实际测量、视功能检测和激光角膜手术的临床、光学系统像差的矫正和优化, 给出了在基于眼波前像差的视觉光学矫正和超视觉领域所取得的研究成果, 其中包括不同孔径、不同视场、不同物距和瞬态调节下眼波前像差的特点, 可见光复光波段对超视觉的局限, 以及现行激光角膜手术对眼波前像差的影响等. 研究结果表明, 人眼的波前像差是一个动态、多元的像差的综合, 需找到最优化的切削数据, 才能从激光手术中获得趋于超视觉的效果, 即使如此也涉及到动态自由面形光学; 准分子激光角膜原位磨镶术虽能矫正一定程度的近视, 却对暗视场情况下的视力起负面作用.     

ArF准分子激光晶化非晶硅薄膜微结构研究

利用ArF准分子激光对非晶硅薄膜的表层进行晶化后,采用拉曼光谱(Raman)、透射电镜(TEM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)等实验方法研究不同激光能量密度下晶化层硅薄膜微结构变化。实验结果表明:随激光能量密度的增大,薄膜结晶度增大,晶化层厚度加厚;晶粒尺寸则是先增大,直到激光能量密度增大到210 mJ/cm~2后,晶粒尺寸开始减小并且均匀性逐渐变差。最佳的激光能量密度范围为120～180 mJ/cm~2,这时薄膜表面晶化层晶粒比较均匀致密,薄膜质量较好。     

掺镱激光玻璃光谱性质的优化

实验研制得到 4种高发射截面掺镱 (Yb3 )激光玻璃 .根据光谱性质计算了激光性能参数 ,并与国外一些发展中的激光玻璃进行了比较 .结果表明掺Yb3 锗碲酸盐、硅铌酸盐玻璃具有最高的发射截面、增益系数和最低的最小泵浦强度、饱和泵浦强度和激发态最小粒子数 ;硼酸盐玻璃次之 .这 3种玻璃的光谱性质和激光性能参数明显优于国外发展中的掺Yb3 激光玻璃 .掺Yb3 磷酸盐玻璃与日本HOYA公司近期开发的高发射截面磷酸盐玻璃相近 .这些光谱性质优化的玻璃有望成为高平均功率激光器和高峰值功率激光器特别是激光核聚变驱动器核心材料的候选基质 .     

ZnO薄膜的L-MBE动力学机制

利用自制高纯ZnO陶瓷靶材进行了ZnO薄膜的激光分子束外延(L-MBE)生长, 发现ZnO薄膜的L-MBE生长的沉积速率远低于脉冲激光沉积(PLD)的沉积速率, 并且基于ZnO薄膜生长过程中ZnO靶材与纳秒脉冲激光的刻蚀实验现象, 利用脉冲激光烧蚀ZnO陶瓷靶材的热控制理论对ZnO靶材的低刻蚀速率和ZnO薄膜的低生长速率进行了分析讨论, 对实验结果进行了合理的解释. 分析了等离子体羽辉的形成过程及其动力学特征, 揭示了ZnO薄膜L-MBE生长所具有的独特动力学特性, 即高能等离子体冲击过程中的超饱和超快生长和脉冲间隙的热平衡弛豫的交替过程. 高能沉积粒子和低生长速率对于高结晶质量ZnO薄膜的外延制备是十分有利的.     

抗疲劳断裂的激光冲击强化技术研究

描述了激光冲击产生强应力波的机制，并用ＰＶＤＦ压电传感器对应力波进行了测量，建立了激光冲击强化效果的直观检验与控制方法。采用小型高功率调Ｑ钕玻璃激光装置进行激光冲击处理，大幅度地提高了铝合金的疲劳寿命，在９５％置信度下，激光冲埚２０２４Ｔ６２铝合金试件的中值疲劳是未冲击试件中值疲劳寿命的４．５￣９．８倍，对试件冲击前后的硬度，断口及增寿机理进行了对比研究，并分析了激光冲击强化技术的广阔的应用前景。     

飞秒激光脱附的随机运动模型的研究

以飞秒脉冲激光的非平衡态传热和原子分子激发态的微观机理为基础, 建立了飞秒激光对微纳米结构中基体表面层的杂质进行脱附的随机运动物理模型. 由脱附过程的数值模拟结果, 获得了脱附概率随激光辐射时间的演化规律以及不同激光参数对脱附概率的影响.     

啁啾飞秒激光脉冲在ZK7玻璃中成丝传输的物理特性

采用具有不同初始负啁啾量的飞秒激光脉冲, 研究了其在ZK7玻璃中非线性成丝传输的物理特性. 实验表明激光成丝的阈值功率随着脉冲初始啁啾量的增大而升高, 但啁啾导致的光学细丝长度将逐渐变长. 通过光丝超连续谱的测量与分析, 发现了啁啾激光成丝过程中等离子体的非线性作用随着初始啁啾量的增大而减弱, 并在较长空间距离内形成了非电离特性占主导的光学成丝的新现象. 另外, 实验观察到了啁啾脉冲激光成丝过程中的多光丝干涉图像, 理论分析和讨论了非电离光学成丝的物理机制. 这些研究结果表明初始啁啾量对于超短激光脉冲成丝过程将起到至关重要的作用.     

激光冲击强化机理研究

研究表明,高功率密度激光作用于材料表面时,表层材料吸收激光能量产生等离子体,它喷射爆炸时形成强烈冲击波。当材料表面覆以约束介质和吸收涂层时可大大增强冲击波强度,从而有一个强大的冲击动量作用材料表面,当冲击强度超过材料的动态屈服强度时,就在材料上造成一个塑性变形层,塑性层中存在着表面残余应力和高密度位错,这些因素的综合作用延长了材料的抗疲劳寿命。     

韩国政府科技政策变革研究

2008年2月,李明博就任韩国总统后推出一系列科技新政.本文主要介绍李明博政府推出的〈第二期科技基本计划（2008-2012年）〉内容,对其科技政策进行分析和总结,供相关人士参考.     

Collaboration,interdisciplinarity, and the epistemology of contemporary science

Over the last decades, science has grown increasingly collaborative and interdisciplinary and has come to depart in important ways from the classical analyses of the development of science that were developed by historically inclined philosophers of science half a century ago. In this paper, I shall provide a new account of the structure and development of contemporary science based on analyses of, first, cognitive resources and their relations to domains, and second of the distribution of cognitive resources among collaborators and the epistemic dependence that this distribution implies. On this background I shall describe different ideal types of research activities and analyze how they differ. Finally, analyzing values that drive science towards different kinds of research activities, I shall sketch the main mechanisms underlying the perceived tension between disciplines and interdisciplinarity and argue for a redefinition of accountability and quality control for interdisciplinary and collaborative science.     

Just before Nature: The purposes of science and the purposes of popularization in some english popular science journals of the 1860s

Popular science journalism flourished in the 1860s in England, with many new journals being projected. The time was ripe, Victorian men of science believed, for an 'organ of science' to provide a means of communication between specialties, and between men of science and the public. New formats were tried as new purposes emerged. Popular science journalism became less recreational and educational. Editorial commentary and reviewing the progress of science became more important. The analysis here emphasizes those aspects of popular science which have been identified by Frank Turner as 'public science' and by Thomas Gieryn as 'boundary-work'. the religious, intellectual, and utilitarian values claimed for science by editors and contributors in their tasks of persuading the public to support science and of distinguishing science from what they often called 'applied science' are discussed. These values are shown to vary among editors and, for the editors examined here, Shirley Hibberd, Henry Slack, James Samuelson, William Crookes, and Henry Lawson, to differ significantly from those of T. H. Huxley, John Tyndall, and Norman Lockyer, on whom much study of the popularization of science in the 1860s has focused.     

A new twist to the No Miracles Argument for the success of science

J. D. Trout has recently developed a new defense of scientific realism, a new version of the No Miracles Argument. I critically evaluate Trout's novel defense of realism. I argue that Trout's argument for scientific realism and the related explanation for the success of science are self-defeating. In the process of arguing against the traditional realist strategies for explaining the success of science, he inadvertently undermines his own argument.     

Value-entanglement and the integrity of scientific research

Throughout much of the 20th century, philosophers of science maintained a position known as the value-free ideal, which holds that non-epistemic (e.g., moral, social, political, or economic) values should not influence the evaluation and acceptance of scientific results. In the last few decades, many philosophers of science have rejected this position by arguing that non-epistemic values can and should play an important role in scientific judgment and decision-making in a variety of contexts, including the evaluation and acceptance of scientific results. Rejecting the value-free ideal creates some new and vexing problems, however. One of these is that relinquishing this philosophical doctrine may undermine the integrity of scientific research if practicing scientists decide to allow non-epistemic values to impact their judgment and decision-making. A number of prominent philosophers of science have sought to show how one can reject the value-free ideal without compromising the integrity of scientific research. In this paper, we examine and critique their views and offer our own proposal for protecting and promoting scientific integrity. We argue that the literature on research ethics and its focus on adherence to norms, rules, policies, and procedures that together promote the aims of science can provide a promising foundation for building an account of scientific integrity. These norms, rules, policies, and procedures provide a level of specificity that is lacking in most philosophical discussions of science and values, and they suggest an important set of tasks for those working in science and values—namely, assessing, justifying, and prioritizing them. Thus, we argue that bringing together the literature on research ethics with the literature on science and values will enrich both areas and generate a more sophisticated and detailed account of scientific integrity.     

Edison and science: a curious result

In November 1875, Thomas Edison made the sensational announcement that he had discovered a new force of nature, etheric force. It was to emerge some years later that the phenomenon Edison described was a form of wireless transmission, but Edison failed both to advance his theory and to exploit his discovery in new inventions. I contrast Edison’s approach to doing science with what he did when inventing, and also with the approach used by his principal scientific opponents. This contrast reveals that he failed, not so much because he was an inventor who did science badly, but because when he ventured into scientific theory-making he abandoned key techniques that made him America’s most successful inventor. From this I argue that we can identify artefact creation processes in science that parallel the process of invention, and that Edison failed because his opponents created better artefacts.     

Analogical reflection as a source for the science of life: Kant and the possibility of the biological sciences

In contrast to the previously widespread view that Kant's work was largely in dialogue with the physical sciences, recent scholarship has highlighted Kant's interest in and contributions to the life sciences. Scholars are now investigating the extent to which Kant appealed to and incorporated insights from the life sciences and considering the ways he may have contributed to a new conception of living beings. The scholarship remains, however, divided in its interest: historians of science are concerned with the content of Kant's claims, and the ways in which they may or may not have contributed to the emerging science of life, while historians of philosophy focus on the systematic justifications for Kant's claims, e.g., the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of Kant's statement that living beings are mechanically inexplicable. My aim in this paper is to bring together these two strands of scholarship into dialogue by showing how Kant's methodological concerns (specifically, his notion of reflective judgment) contributed to his conception of living beings and to the ontological concern with life as a distinctive object of study. I argue that although Kant's explicit statement was that biology could not be a science, his implicit and more fundamental claim was that the study of living beings necessitates a distinctive mode of thought, a mode that is essentially analogical. I consider the implications of this view, and argue that it is by developing a new methodology for grasping organized beings that Kant makes his most important contribution to the new science of life.     

State of the field: Latin American decolonial philosophies of science

Today, new histories of science are producing skeptical questions about the supposedly international philosophies of science that prevail in the North. The conceptual resources of such philosophies seem inadequate to enable them to interact effectively with how sciences and their philosophies do, could, and should function in today's economic, political, social and cultural, local and global contexts. How international, or universal, are these philosophies of science in reality? Here the focus will be on just one strain of these challenges. This one has emerged from Latin Americans who are creating anti-colonial histories and philosophies of knowledge production. They have named it modernity/coloniality/decolonial theory (MCD). They intend to develop a philosophy of science adequate for its own, Latin American needs. In the process, they transform typical Northern assumptions about modernity, its origins and its effects on Northern philosophies of science, as these are understood in both Latin America and around the globe.Five aspects of the MCD accounts will be discussed here. The first is historical differences between the worlds of the Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas in the sixteenth century and of the worlds of the mostly British colonization of India and Africa in the ‘long nineteenth century’. Second is feminist and anti-racist issues in these Latin American histories. Third is the neglect of these histories in the North. Fourth is the continuing effects of the rise and fall of a positivist philosophy of science in Latin America. The fifth is two progressive post-positivist tensions for Northern philosophy of science produced in this work.     

A revolution without tooth and claw—Redefining the physical base units

A case study is presented of a recent proposal by the major metrology institutes to redefine four of the physical base units, namely kilogram, ampere, mole, and kelvin. The episode shows a number of features that are unusual for progress in an objective science: for example, the progress is not triggered by experimental discoveries or theoretical innovations; also, the new definitions are eventually implemented by means of a voting process. In the philosophical analysis, I will first argue that the episode provides considerable evidence for confirmation holism, i.e. the claim that central statements in fundamental science cannot be tested in isolation; second, that the episode satisfies many of the criteria which Kuhn requires for scientific revolutions even though one would naturally classify it as normal science. These two observations are interrelated since holism can provide within normal science a possible source of future revolutionary periods.