Zum Schlüpfprozess bei Fischen: I. Der Aufbau der Eihülle und ihre Veränderungen während der Keimesentwicklung bei der Forelle (Salmo trutta fario L.)

Summary The investigation of the egg shell ofSalmo trutta fario L. reveals several layers, which are chemically and physically different. During development of the egg, the chorion does not show notable changes in structure. Immediately at hatching the dissolution of the egg takes place as a result of the glands being on the head of the embryo.

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FräuleinBarbara Blum danken wir für ihre technische Hilfe.

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Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft sei für finanzielle Unterstützung gedankt.     

Développement cyclique du réticulum endoplasmique agranulaire dans les glandes thoraciques (glandes ecdysiales) deRhodnius prolixus Stäl (Insecte: Hétéroptère) aux deux derniers stades larvaires

Summary Ultrastructural study of the thoracic glands ofRhodnius prolixus at the 2 last larval instars demonstrates the cyclic differentiation of meshed networks of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. At the time of abdomen apolysis the ecdysial cells are compartmentalized into a peripheral array of agranular reticulum with sparsely mitochondria. The close association of agranular reticulum and mitochondria is interpreted as indicative of functional coupling in relation with steroid like ecdysone synthesis.

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Les auteurs tiennent à remercier le Dr J.-M. Pinet (I.N.A., Paris) pour l'envoi de la souche deRhodnius utilisée dans nos élevages.     

Brain factor fromGalleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) stimulating silk gland activity

Brain extracts from day 1–4 last instar larvae ofGalleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) stimulate RNA synthesis in cultured silk glands from day 3 last instar larvae. When the fibroin-synthesizing posterior parts of silk glands were incubated for 3 h in vitro in the presence of brain extract (0.1 brain equivalent), [³H]-uridine incorporation into RNA was stimulated more than twofold. The stimulating effect of brain extract showed a dose response relationship. It is suggested that the heat-resistant and protease-sensitive brain factor is a peptide.     

Über den enzymatischen Zuckerumbau in Nektarien

Summary The nectaries ofEuphorbia pulcherrima secrete small quantities of invertase. This secretion is more independent of environmental factors than the production of sugar sap. Floating on C¹⁴-glucose the nectaries transform this sugar into fructose and saccharose. From these statements it is concluded that the nectaries are not merely valvelike organs for the exsudation of phloem sap, but that they represent real glands with a characteristic active metabolism.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde durch Mittel der Fritz-Hoffmann-La-Roche-Stiftung zur Förderung wissenschaftlicher Arbeitsgemeinschaften in der Schweiz ermöglicht. Wir danken bestens für die Unterstützung.     

Untersuchungen über die Reinigung des Protektins Anti-Ahel (Anti-AHP) ausHelix pomatia

Summary A method is described which allows separation of the protectin Anti A _hel (Anti A _HP from crude extracts of the protein gland ofHelix pomatia. A solution of the crude extract in 0.05M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, is applicated on a Sephadex G 200 column. The protectin is retained on the gel matrix, while the other components of the mixture are eluted. The protectin is eluted with a 0.5M solution of glucose in buffer, and is isolated by dialyzation against aqua dest. and lyophilization.

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Frau R.John und Frau B.Hoffmann sind wir für die gewissenhafte Durchführung der experimentellen Arbeiten zu Dank verpflichtet.     

Beitrag zur Ätiologie der Hexenbesenkrankheit der KakteeOpuntia tuna (=tuna monstrosa)

Summary Mycoplasma-like bodies, as well as virus-like particles, were observed in phloem elements ofOpuntia tuna monstrosa. The mycoplasma-like bodies, but not the virus-like particles, disappeared in tetracycline hydrochloride treated plants, which indicated a mycoplasma etiology of the witches' broom disease ofOpuntia tuna.

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This investigation was supported, in part, by a grant from the National Science Foundation No. GB-11861, Washington, D.C.     

Osservazioni preliminari,chimiche e farmacologiche,sulla murexina

Summary (1) Murexine, a new choline derivative found in the hypobranchial body ofMurex trunculus, Murex brandaris, andTritonalia erinacea, was isolated as picrate, picrolonate, styphnate, flavianate, and reineckate. Some preliminary characteristics of these salts are given.(2) The murexine content of the median zone of the hypobranchial body ofMurex trunculus is extremely high: murexine picrate equivalents of 45–70 mg per g fresh tissue are commonly observed.(3) Murexine manifests intense nicotinic and curariform actions, but is practically wanting in any muscarinic activity.The central nervous system is strongly affected by the substance: at first stimulation seems to prevail, but later on, with larger doses, a deep depression regularly develops.In decapitated cats and dogs murexine causes a significant rise in blood pressure, which is due, at least partially, to a liberation of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla and from the adrenergic nerve terminals.On the enucleated eye of frogs andOctopoda the substance acts to cause mydriasis and expansion of the iris chromatophora.

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V. Erspamer eF. Dordoni, Arch. int. Pharmacodyn.74, 263 (1947).     

Raster-elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Hausstaub- und Asthma-MilbeDermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart, 1897) (Acarina: Astigmata)

Summary Various methods of fixation ofDermatophagoides pteronyssinus for the REM were tested. OsO₄ vapor yielded the best results. The morphology of male and female mites is described, based on REM exposures.

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Naturhistorisches Museum Basel.     

Alterations in the structure of theOctopus vulgaris chromatophore by cytochalasin B

Zusammenfassung Nachweis, dass die Chromatophoren vonOctopus vulgaris bei Inkubation mit Cytochalasin B strukturelle Veränderungen zeigen. Eine signifikante Zunahme von Pigmentkörnern ausserhalb des Pigmentbehälters ist festzustellen. Es wird angenommen, dass Cytochalasin B einen Mechanismus stört, der normalerweise Zusammenhalt und Verteilung der Pigmentgranula koordiniert.

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Acknowledgements. The study was supported by the Swiss National Foundation, grant No. 3.8520.72. I wish to thank ProfessorJ. Z. Young for the cytochalasin B and Dr.A. Millonig for the DMSO.     

Eine neue Umlagerungsreaktion und ein neues Prinzip zum Aufbau von Peptidketten

Summary In a series of model reactions, it is shown that residues of-aminoacids may be inserted by a particular rearrangement into certain carboxyl or carbonylamido groups. Repeated insertion results in the formation of a peptide derivative. It is concluded that natural peptides or proteins must not necessarily be formed by head to tail combination of aminoacids. Other implications of the new principle are discussed.

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Vorgetragen am XIV. Internationalen Kongress für Reine und Angewandte Chemie, 21. bis 27. Juli 1955, Zürich.     

Elektronenoptische Beobachtungen bei Speicherkrankheiten

Summary Ultrastructural changes in spleen and liver in a case ofMorbus Gaucher andNiemann-Pick are discussed.The results are: (1) The Ultrastructure shows a distinct differentiation between the two diseases. (2) It seems that storage begins in mitochondria. (3) In the case ofMorbus Niemann-Pick, all Mitochondria of storage cells show an abnormal ultrastructure (diminuation in size, increased osmiophilia, disorder in the arrangement of cristae and membranes).

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Die Arbeit erscheint ausführlich an anderer Stelle.     

Distribution du système glio-interstitiel chez les Mollusques: Les parties tonique et phasique du muscle adducteur postérieur chezAnodonta

Summary The structure and nervous supply of the tonic and the phasic parts of the posterior adductor muscle ofAnodonta were studied by electron microscopy. A teloglia accompanies the nerves of the tonic part, while this tissue is absent from the phasic part of the muscle. This distribution is compared to the parallel situation in marine gastropods; and it is tentatively proposed that the development of the gliointerstitial tissue in the muscle of a mollusc depends on the type of contraction of this muscles and/or the development of the extracellular spaces.

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Ce travail a été réalisé au sein de l'Equipe de Recherche associée au C.N.R.S. No. 183 et au Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie de l'Université Claude Bernard.     

Über die Alkaloide vonRauwolfia ligustrina R. & S. Raugustin,ein neues reserpinähnliches Alkaloid

Summary Twenty-one alkaloids have been identified from the root ofRauwolfia ligustrina R. & S. The more important ones are reserpine, pseudoreserpine and raugustine, a new base which is isomer to pseudoreserpine. The structure of the latter compound is discussed.

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Mitteilung über Rauwolfia-Alkaloide

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Mitteilung sieheC. F. Huebner undE. Schlittler, J. Amer. chem. Soc.79, 250 (1957).     

Nachweis von Scilliglaucosidin in den Zwiebeln vonBowiea volubilis Harvey

Summary Hellebrigenin was converted to Scilliglaucosidin-19-ol and 3-Epi-Scilliglaucosidin-19-ol. This proves the correctness of the assumption ofStoll et al. ³ that the aldehydic group of Scilliglaucosidin is in position C-10.Comparison of a reduction product of Nabogenin, a substance isolated earlier from the bulbs ofBowiea volubilis Harvey, with Scilliglaucosidin-19-ol and 3-Epi-Scilliglaucosidin-19-ol showed its identity with the first named compound. This proves that the so called Nabogenin was a mixture consisting mainly of Scilliglaucosidin.

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8. Mitteilung über die Glykoside vonBowiea vocubilis Harvey und 162. Mitteilung über Glykoside und Aglykone.

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7. Mitt.:A. Katz, Helv. chim. Acta38, 1565 (1955).

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161. Mitt.:H. Kündig-Hegedüs undO. Schindler, Helv. chim. Acta39, 904 (1956).     

Über die hemmung des wachstums vonLactobacillus casei durch einige antiphlogistica

Summary A new method for the classification of antiphlogistics is described using the growth inhibition ofLactobacillus casei. In this test the fenamic acids and particularly the new class of the Cinnopentazon-antiphologistics (Scha 306, Scha 764 etc.) exhibit bacteriostatic properties of a medium intensity.

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Alexander von Muralt zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Analyse d'une population deCannabis sativa L. originaire du Mexique et cultivé en France

Summary Cannabinoid content of a population ofCannabis sativa L. originating from Mexico and cultivated in France is studied. The statistical analysis of results shows how difficult it is to obtain homogenous and representative samples. This problem is correlated to genetic heterogeneity of seeds.

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Les cultures ont été effectuées à l'Arboretum de Chèvreloup, France.

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Les cultures ont été effectuées à l'Arboretum     

Enniatin,ein neues,gegen Mykobakterien wirksames Antibiotikum

Summary From the mycelium ofFusarium orthoceras App. et Wr. var.enniatinum n. v. we have isolated in crystalline form a new antibiotic substance called Enniatin. The chemical and biological characteristics of this substance are described. Enniatin is especially activein vitro against several mycobacteria.

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Ausgeführt mit einem Beitrag aus den Arbeitsbeschaffungskrediten des Eidg. Militärdepartements.     

Untersuchungen über die Tumorbildung beim amphidiploiden Bastard vonNicotiana langsdorffii undNicotiana glauca

Summary The occurrence of tumours of the amphidiploid hybrid ofNicotiana glauca andN. langsdorfii can — as was found in organculture — be connected with the specific formation of callus ofN. glauca. Those factors ofN. glauca which hinder callus growth, are obviously disturbed by the hybridization withN. langsdorffii, so thatN. glauca's potency in forming callus can manifest itself uninhibitedly and thus produce tumours.

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Den Herren Prof. Dr.G. de Lattin (Zoologisches Institut der Universität des Saarlandes) und Prof. Dr.F. Anders (Genetisches Institut der Justus Liebig-Universität, Giessen) bin ich für die Förderung dieser Arbeit zu grösstem Dank verpflichtet.     

Etude de l'influence de la tension d'O2, de CO2et de l'anaérobiose sur la morphologie et le nombre des colonies de pneumocoque

Summary Cultivation ofStreptococcus pneumoniae is markedly favored by strict anaerobiosis if compared with relative anaerobiosis.

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Remerciements. Je remercie vivement Mme A.M. Schmidt de son assistance technique attentive et de sa collaboration à la rédaction du manuscrit.     

Genetisch bedingte Tumoren und der Gehalt an freien Aminosäuren beiNicotiana

Summary The amphidiploid hybrid ofNicotiana glauca ×N. langsdorffi, producing tumors spontaneously, contains essentially more of the following free amino acids than the inital species: cystine, histamine, oxyproline, alanine, kynurenine, tryptophane, and a non-identified ninhydrine positive substance. It is supposed that the abnormally high content of free amino acids is connected with the spontaneous formation of tumors.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.