几种溪流蜉蝣稚虫致死溶解氧浓度的初步研究

本文通过对南京近郊三个科、四个种蜉蝣稚虫(南京宽基蜉Choroterpesnan jingensis You et al.紫金吉氏蜉Gilliesia zijingensis sp.nov.Gui et Zhang.细蜉蝣Gaenis sp.及扁蜉蝣Heptagenia sp.)致死溶解氧浓度的研究。指出紫金吉氏蜉和南京宽基蜉、扁蜉蝣分别在不同要求下为良好的污染指示生物。     

蜉蝣稚虫蛋白质和酯酶同工酶的研究

本文报道了南京宽基蜉(Choroterpes nanjingensis You et al.)、扁蜉蝣(Heptaniasp.)和细蜉蝣(Caenis sp.)等三种不同科稚虫的全稚虫匀浆蛋白质等电点聚焦与酯酶同工酶的研究。结果表明:三种蜉蝣稚虫的蛋白质和酯酶同工酶的带型均有一定的差异.蛋白质和酯酶同工酶都以细蜉蝣的带数最多,扁蜉蝣次之,南京宽基蜉最少,而后两者带数较接近。     

中国蜉蝣科（昆虫纲：蜉蝣目）研究

报导中国蜉蝣科共２属３１种，其中伊蜉属（Ｅａｔｏｎｉｇｅｎｉａ）为新记录属；查氏伊蜉（Ｅａｔｏｎｉｇｅｎｉａｃｈａｐｅｒｉ）和萨夏林蜉（Ｅｐｈｅｍｅｒａｓａｃｈａｌｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）为新记录种；毛阳蜉（Ｅｐｈｅｍｅｒａｍａｏｙａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）、尖岭蜉（Ｅｐｈｅｍｅｒａｊｉａｎｆｅｎｇｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）、万泉蜉（Ｅｐｈｅｍｅｒａｗａｎｑｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）、海南蜉（Ｅｐｈｅｍｅｒａｈａｉｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）、洪江蜉（Ｅｐｈｅｍｅｒａｈｏｎｇｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）、徐氏蜉（Ｅｐｈｅｍｅｒａｈｓｕｉｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）、张家界蜉（Ｅｐｈｅｍｅｒａｚｈａｎｇｊｉａｊｉｅｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）、湖南蜉（Ｅｐｈｅｍｅｒａｈｕｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）等８种为新种，并对其形态特征进行详细描述．蜉蝣属种类居世界之首．     

新疆北部地区蜉蝣目成虫的分类研究

为确定新疆蜉蝣目(Ephemeroptera)昆虫的种类及其分布情况,于1999-2012年,采用D型网水中采样和灯光诱集的方法采集新疆北部的布尔津、哈巴河、喀纳斯、博乐和石河子的蜉蝣目昆虫,进行采集和分类。结果显示,共采集蜉蝣目昆虫3534枚,首次记录了新疆蜉蝣目成虫6科(寡脉蜉科Oligoneuriida、褶缘蜉科Palingeniidae、蜉蝣科Ephemeridae、等蜉科Isonychiidae、小蜉科Ephemerellidae和扁蜉科Heptageniidae)、7属(小寡脉蜉属Oligoneuriella、禽基蜉属Anagenesia、蜉蝣属Ephemera、等蜉属Isonychia、弯握蜉属Drunella、溪颏蜉属Rhithrogena和假蜉属Iron)、8个种(实体蜉Ephemera supposita Eaton、东方蜉Ephemera orientalis McLachlan、江西等蜉Isonychia kiangsinensis Hsu、抚松弯握蜉Drunella fusongensis Su et Gui、三刺弯握蜉Drunellera tricantha Tshernova、贝氏溪颏蜉Rhithrogena bajkovae Sowa、斑假蜉Iron maculates Tshernova、透明假蜉Iron pellucidus Brodsky),并详细描述8个种的主要形态特征。     

宜兴似动蜉属(Cinygmina)三种稚虫记述

似动蜉属在我国到目前为止仅发现三种,成虫已报导,但其稚虫尚未发表。1985年6月作者又一次赴宜兴山区进行了调查,经采集、饲养和羽化,弄清了这三种稚虫的清况。共采到红斑似动蜉Cinygmina rubromaculata You et al。稚虫217条、斜纹似动蜉Cinygmi-     

等蜉属(Isonychia)等蜉亚属(Isonychia sensu stricto)两新种(蜉蝣目:等蜉科)

本文报导等蜉属(Isonychia,Eaton)等蜉亚属(Isonychia s.s.)两新种,贵溪等蜉(Isonychia guxiensis sp.nov.)和中华等蜉(Isonychia sinensis sp.nov.).并对新种形态特征作了详细描述。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域蜉蝣目昆虫的初步研究

于１９９５～１９９８年的６～８月间在新疆玛纳斯河源头的部分流域,采用扫网、刷石等综合取样法,共采得水生蜉蝣目（Ｅｐｈｅｍｅｒｏｐｔｅｒａ）昆虫幼期标本６３８头,经室内鉴定,分属３科５属,即扁蜉科（Ｈｅｐｔａｇｅｎｉｉｄａｅ）、高翔蜉属（Ｅｐｅｏｒｕｓ）、溪颜蜉属（Ｒｈｉｔｈｒｏｇｅｎａ）Ｉｒｏｎｏｄｅｓ,四节蜉科（Ｂａｅｔｉｄａｅ）四节蜉属（ｂａｅｔｉｓ）、Ａｍｅｌｅｔｉｄａｅ Ａｍｅｌｅｔｕｓ。     

海南省蜉蝣目研究

首次报导南省蜉蝣目昆虫共１９种。其中，刺翅蜉属Ｃｅｎｔｒｏｐｉｔｌｕｍ、似宽基蜉属Ｃｈｏｒｏｔｅｒｐｉｄｅｓ、印度蜉属Ｉｎｄｉａｌｉｓ和思罗蜉属Ｔｈｈｒａｕｌｕｓ等４属为我国新记录属；海南四节蜉Ｂａｅｔｉｓ ｈａｉｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、中国刺翅蜉Ｃｅｎｔｒｏｐｉｔｕｍ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、小扁蜉Ｈｅｐｔａｇｅｎｉａ ｍｉｎｏｒ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、海南似动蜉Ｃｉｎｙｇｍｉｎ     

锯形蜉属一新种记述：蜉蝣目：小蜉科

详细描述了锯形蜉属一新种 －膨铗锯形蜉成虫的形态特征，并与本属其他种进行了比较。     

三种蜉蝣卵壳表面雕纹的显微观察

本文报道了用干涉相衬显微镜对三种蜉蝣卵壳表面雕纹进行初步观察的结果。尤氏新河花蜉(Neopotamanthus youi Wu & You)卵壳表面雕纹为不规则的网状嵴。霍山河花蜉(Potamanthus huoshanensis Wu)卵壳表面雕纹为纽扣状的突起。细蜉蝣(Caenis sP)卵壳表面雕纹呈不规则的多角形突起。     

In defence of inclusive fitness theory

Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. Arguably the defining characteristic of the scientific process is its capacity for self-criticism and correction. Nowak et al. challenge proposed connections between relatedness and the evolution of eusociality, suggest instead that defensible nests and "spring-loaded" traits are key, and present alternative modelling approaches. They then dismiss the utility of Hamilton's insight that relatedness has a profound evolutionary effect, formalized in his widely accepted inclusive fitness theory as Hamilton's rule ("Rise and fall of inclusive fitness theory"). However, we believe that Nowak et al. fail to make their case for logical, theoretical and empirical reasons.     

Inclusive fitness theory and eusociality

Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. Nowak et al. argue that inclusive fitness theory has been of little value in explaining the natural world, and that it has led to negligible progress in explaining the evolution of eusociality. However, we believe that their arguments are based upon a misunderstanding of evolutionary theory and a misrepresentation of the empirical literature. We will focus our comments on three general issues.     

Only full-sibling families evolved eusociality

Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. The paper by Nowak et al. has the evolution of eusociality as its title, but it is mostly about something else. It argues against inclusive fitness theory and offers an alternative modelling approach that is claimed to be more fundamental and general, but which, we believe, has no practical biological meaning for the evolution of eusociality. Nowak et al. overlook the robust empirical observation that eusociality has only arisen in clades where mothers are associated with their full-sibling offspring; that is, in families where the average relatedness of offspring to siblings is as high as to their own offspring, independent of population structure or ploidy. We believe that this omission makes the paper largely irrelevant for understanding the evolution of eusociality.     

Inclusive fitness in evolution

Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. For over fifty years, the evolution of social behaviour has been guided by the concept of inclusive fitness as a measure of evolutionary success. Nowak et al. argue that inclusive fitness should be abandoned. In so doing, however, they misrepresent the role that inclusive fitness has played in the theory of social evolution by which understanding social behaviour in a variety of disciplines has developed and flourished. By discarding inclusive fitness on the basis of its limitations, they create a conceptual tension which, we argue, is unnecessary, and potentially dangerous for evolutionary biology.     

Kin selection and eusociality

Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. Hamilton described a selective process in which individuals affect kin (kin selection), developed a novel modelling strategy for it (inclusive fitness), and derived a rule to describe it (Hamilton's rule). Nowak et al. assert that inclusive fitness is not the best modelling strategy, and also that its production has been "meagre". The former may be debated by theoreticians, but the latter is simply incorrect. There is abundant evidence to demonstrate that inclusive fitness, kin selection and Hamilton's rule have been extraordinarily productive for understanding the evolution of sociality.     

有限制联盟的加权弱半值

研究了有限制联盟的加权弱半值，指出在有限制联盟条件下，加权弱半值的公理化和E．Calvo等提出的一致。     

Plant genetics: increased outcrossing in hothead mutants

Arising from: S. J. Lolle, J. L. Victor, J. M. Young & R. E. Pruitt 434, 505-509 (2005); Lolle et al. reply. Lolle et al. report that loss-of-function alleles of the HOTHEAD (HTH) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana are genetically unstable, giving rise to wild-type revertants. On the basis of the reversion of many other genetic markers in hth plants, they suggested a model in which a cache of extragenomic information could cause genes to revert to the genotype of previous generations. In our attempts to reproduce this phenomenon, we discovered that hth mutants show a marked tendency to outcross (unlike wild-type A. thaliana, which is almost exclusively self-fertilizing). Moreover, when hth plants are grown in isolation, their genetic inheritance is completely stable. These results may provide an alternative explanation for the genome wide non-mendelian inheritance reported by Lolle et al.     

贵州遵义下寒武统牛蹄塘组生物群中的海绵化石

遵义松林中南村下寒武统牛蹄塘组中下部,特别是下部黑色泥岩中产有大量的海绵骨针,形态多样,初步研究有多达10属以上的海绵动物,与澄江生物群的海绵相比,牛蹄塘组的海绵动物化石其组合特征以六射海绵动物为主,它的发现增添了寒武纪生物组成的信息,为海绵动物从晚新元古代的发生以至穿越寒武纪的演化过程及寒武纪生物大爆发的定性,量度提供了重要信息及资料,描述了4属2个种。1个相似种和1个未定种。Hyalosinica sp.;Saetaspongia densa Mehl et Reitner,1993;Leptomitus teretiusculus CHen,Hou et Lu.1989;Crumillospongia cf.biporosa Righy,1986,它们分属于海绵动物的六射海绵纲和普通海绵纲。     

对“基于广义逆矩阵密钥协商协议的攻击”的一点补充

Dawson E和Chuan-kuan Wu在文[1]中提出了基于广义逆矩阵的密钥协商方案;王永传等、雷信生分别在文[2]、[3]中对其作了补充、改进.作者对以上的密钥协商方案作进一步改进,这样避免了基本的攻击.     

Do human platelets have opiate receptors?

In their study of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-sensitive adenylate cyclase (AC) in rat brain homogenates, Collier and Roy claimed that the activity of this enzyme is inhibited by opiates. They also proposed that opiates exert their analgesic and allied effects by inhibiting AC of neurones that are normally stimulated by E prostaglandins. Studies using neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells supported this hypothesis. However, subsequent studies with mammalian brain and rat brain tissue slices yielded conflicting results. PGE1 also inhibits platelet aggregation, probably through activation of platelet AC. Gryglewski et al. showed that morphine inhibits the anti-aggregating effect of PGE1 on ADP- and adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation, and suggested that the inhibition by morphine is mediated through platelet AC activity. We report here our attempts to reproduce the results of Gryglewski et al. and our examination of the effect of morphine on PGE1-sensitive AC activity in platelet lysates and on PGE1-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP in intact platelets. The possible existence of opiate receptors in platelets was also assessed by direct binding studies with 3H-etorphine. In contrast to Gryglewski et al., we could not detect any effect of opiates on the aggregation of human platelets, nor did we find any other evidence supporting the presence of opiate receptors in these cells. Thus we conclude that the presence of opiate receptors in human platelets is unlikely.