格物致知论的源流及其近代转型

格物致知是中国传统文化中一个重要的认知理论。它与中国古代科学技术的发展有着密切的联系。在其起源及发展早期,基本是以道德化诠释为主。到宋代时,心学派基本沿袭了早期道德化的诠释方向,但理学派则强调其中的理性精神,对宋代科学的兴盛影响重大。在明清之际,受时代变化的影响,实证化的取向更加显著,使格物致知论发生了重大的理论转型,为近代中国与西方科学技术的对接铺平了道路。而到近代之后,格致论几乎完全成为西方科学技术的代称。对格物致知论历史源流的梳理,从中还可以发现其对于现代科学发展的借鉴意义。     

科学动力学因素的函数关系分析及其启示

借助数学函数关系式来表达科学动力学因素,深入研究了历史的、社会的、政治的、文化的因素与科学发展的关系,阐释了随着科学文化哲学发展带来的科学形象的改变。针对科学这一复杂的社会文化现象,把科学发展视为知识、社会、政治、历史、文化、心理、伦理诸因素的函数,论述了科学函数关系式从单纯认知的简单函数式,到多因素的不同复杂函数式的变化与论争,暗示出当代不同哲学思潮在科学哲学前沿热点问题上论争中的某种亮点与致命盲点,导致当代科学哲学及文化哲学思潮的困境与危机,由此可以推断科学函数式将复归到多因素集合的认知函数式,这是一个否定之否定的演变过程,是基于现代科学文化哲学的科学发展。     

体认术语学视域下的中药转喻命名研究

中药名是中药的符号表征,是外界了解中药的认知起点,是外界了解中华民族优秀传统文化以及中国人民体验认知的心智入口。文章在体认术语学视域下对中药转喻命名的体验性和认知性进行了阐释。研究发现,中药转喻命名的体验性体现在命名需要仰仗命名者的经验体系;中药转喻命名的认知性体现为命名过程是一个主观化的认知加工过程。对具有显著中国特色的事物进行命名时,要让这类事物的名称呈现中国深厚的精神文化积淀和传统文化魅力。此外,除了强调命名的文化性,还要追求命名的规约性,要促使二者达成一种有机的平衡。     

地动仪复原模型的造型设计

地动仪复原模型的造型设计是科学复原的一个重要部分,既是实现仪器功能的需要,也是展现汉代文化和艺术的一种方式,涉及到结构造型和艺术造型两方面的研究。文章回顾了史料和考古研究的新进展,介绍了筒状、钟状和卵状三类现有的造型。基于中国地震局和国家文物局专家组所完成的新复原模型,分析了结构基形、悬挂点位置、调整结构和仪器稳定性等结构问题,对新模型的造型设计和研究思路做了具体介绍。     

中国地名命名的地理文化特征

地名的命名充分反映了不同历史时期、不同地域的地理历史和社会文化,是人类历史文化的活化石和丰富的历史文化遗产。对中国地名文化资源充分认识和保护可以更好地继承和发扬中国的传统文化。文章研究了古今地名命名词语构成以及古今地名命名主要构成形式、特点和演变方式,揭示了古今地名中蕴含的丰富社会文化密码。     

多模态语境下的文化术语英译策略

文化术语是体现中华思想文化的重要载体,但因其历史性、抽象性及语境性等特点成为翻译的难点。数字媒介的发展为文化术语的传播提供了多元渠道,但模态的复杂性也为文化术语翻译带来了新的挑战。文章基于多模态翻译理论,聚焦数字媒介传播中的文化术语英译策略,通过收集整理权威数字媒介中的文化术语译文,归纳总结多模态语境下的文化术语英译策略,旨在为数字媒体时代的中华思想文化的英译及其传播提供新的思考方向。     

历史文化制约下的翻译选择——20世纪初中小学科学教科书的翻译

20世纪初的10来年间,为了实现“科学救国”、“教育救国”的目的,国内翻译出版了大量中小学科学教科书。这些译书对中国的社会文化产生了极大的影响。借助于统计工具,对这一翻译现象进行概括性的描述,包括影响和制约翻译选择的历史文化语境、教科书的翻译和翻译批评。科学教科书的翻译在表层和深层都影响了中国的传统文化,对其批评应结合宏观的文化因素,以求达到更高程度的相对全面、科学与客观。     

法律术语翻译中的文化缺省

文化缺省是指作者在与其意向读者交流时,双方共有的相关文化背景知识的省略。法律文化是使用法律语言作为表达方式的群体所特有的方式和现象。文章拟通过探讨法律术语翻译中文化缺省的成因，使法律文本翻译能够超越语言的表面形式兼顾文化和语用内涵而实现功能对等。     

opium的历史文化解读与中文名

opium一词受到不同的历史文化影响,从而产生了不同的解读。在新的历史时期,正确翻译并解读opium对于全面正确理解马克思"宗教是人民的opium"这一论述,对于中国崛起背景下,包括宗教文化在内的中国文化的国际传播有着重要意义。     

法律术语翻译中的文化缺省

文化缺省是指作者在与其意向读者交流时,双方共有的相关文化背景知识的省略。法律文化是使用法律语言作为表达方式的群体所特有的方式和现象。文章拟通过探讨法律术语翻译中文化缺省的成因,使法律文本翻译能够超越语言的表面形式兼顾文化和语用内涵而实现功能对等。     

西方休闲伦理的历史演变

休闲作为一种独特的文化现象，体现着人类的道德文明和文化伦理水平。西方休闲学科的发展已经有一百多年的历史。但在我国还处于起步阶段。本文以休闲与工作关系交结变化的历史视角，着重探讨了古希腊以来西方休闲伦理的发展与演进，及其四个大历史时空中休闲伦理的不同作用和地位。从伦理视角研究休闲文化现象，对于扩展休闲研究的视域及加强当前道德文化建设都具有重要的现实意义。     

中医学中“脏腑”的源流与翻译

“脏腑”是中医学特有的概念，现有viscera and bowels、solid organs and hollow organs、depots and palaces、yin organs and yang organs、yin viscera and yang viscera、zang organs and fu organs (或 zang fu organs)、zang viscera and fu viscera (或zang fu viscera) 等几对不同的译语。在基于“中医典籍汉英双语语料库”分析、探讨了“脏腑”的现有翻译之后，认为depots and palaces保留了“藏府”的原始比喻内涵，反映着中医学取象比类的思维模式，体现了“藏府”的源流及其史学价值、文化价值和医学价值，是目前“藏府”的最佳对应译语，值得进一步推广     

大数据分析技术在文化资源管理中的应用

文化资源是体现一个国家文化实力的核心要素，也是国家文化及文化产业发展的基础和源头。我国对各类物质和非物质文化资源数字化工作的开展，为我们利用大数据分析等先进技术，加强对中华文化的充分认知和深入挖掘利用提供了前所未有的契机和条件。本文利用大数据分析等技术手段，对我国如何加强文化资源管理的总体思路、技术框架和有关对策措施提出了建议。     

文化嵌入与集群发展的共演机制研究

作为影响集群发展的重要"软环境",文化嵌入通过影响集群创新系统的结构和行为进而影响集群的竞争优势。从动态视角看,这些关系之间存在着共演,共演可能出现耦合或锁定两种不同结果,共演耦合一般出现在集群发展初期;而共演锁定则更可能在集群发展的后期出现,即最初导致集群发展的文化因素也往往是集群衰亡的原因。共演锁定表明了文化过度嵌入,从内在根源分析,文化的过度嵌入来自于文化功能和性质形成的路径依赖导致的锁定。因此,为了保持集群长期可持续发展,必须实现文化的适度嵌入。     

Data Mining the Intellectual Revival of ‘Catastrophic’ Mother Nature

Earth-shaping catastrophic events have long focused the attention of the geographical and geological sciences, and captured the public imagination. During the past 40 years, neocatastrophism has emerged as a key paradigm that reflects widespread changes involving cultural, scientific, political and technological spheres. Nonetheless, the extent, chronology and origin of this trend are equivocal. Here, we use Google Ngram to quantitatively explore the recent development of catastrophism. We elucidate a discernable rise in neocatastrophic thinking during the last quarter of the twenty-first century that can be linked to the environmental awakening of the 1960s. It is suggested that these discourses of ‘shock’ and ‘fear’ partly correspond to a media-driven dramatization of natural hazards, exploited by scientists and journalists to attract wider readership.     

A Theory of Scientific Model Construction: <Emphasis Type="Italic">The Conceptual Process of Abstraction and Concretisation</Emphasis>

The process of abstraction and concretisation is a label used for an explicative theory of scientific model-construction. In scientific theorising this process enters at various levels. We could identify two principal levels of abstraction that are useful to our understanding of theory-application. The first level is that of selecting a small number of variables and parameters abstracted from the universe of discourse and used to characterise the general laws of a theory. In classical mechanics, for example, we select position and momentum and establish a relation amongst the two variables, which we call Newton’s 2nd law. The specification of the unspecified elements of scientific laws, e.g. the force function in Newton’s 2nd law, is what would establish the link between the assertions of the theory and physical systems. In order to unravel how and with what conceptual resources scientific models are constructed, how they function and how they relate to theory, we need a view of theory-application that can accommodate our constructions of representation models. For this we need to expand our understanding of the process of abstraction to also explicate the process of specifying force functions etc. This is the second principal level at which abstraction enters in our theorising and in which I focus. In this paper, I attempt to elaborate a general analysis of the process of abstraction and concretisation involved in scientific- model construction, and argue why it provides an explication of the construction of models of the nuclear structure.     

试析复杂性科学视野中的传统文化

霍金说过“21世纪是复杂性的世纪”。复杂性科学方兴未艾,成为21世纪科学发展的指向。中国传统文化具不具备复杂性？传统文化复杂性的研究方法、传统文化复杂性的演化机制以及传统文化复杂性的结构路径是什么？本文用复杂性科学的发展来审视传统文化,力图寻找探索研究传统文化的新视野、新角度。     

The Emergence of Symbolic Algebra as a Shift in Predominant Models

Historians of science find it difficult to pinpoint to an exact period in which symbolic algebra came into existence. This can be explained partly because the historical process leading to this breakthrough in mathematics has been a complex and diffuse one. On the other hand, it might also be the case that in the early twentieth century, historians of mathematics over emphasized the achievements in algebraic procedures and underestimated the conceptual changes leading to symbolic algebra. This paper attempts to provide a more precise setting for the historical context in which this decisive step to symbolic reasoning took place. For that purpose we will consider algebraic problem solving as model-based reasoning and symbolic representation as a model. This allows us to characterize the emergence of symbolic algebra as a shift from a geometrical to a symbolic mode of representation. The use of the symbolic as a model will be situated in the context of mercantilism where merchant activity of exchange has led to reciprocal relations between money and wealth.

Fidelity-Commensurability Tradeoff in Joint Embedding of Disparate Dissimilarities

In various data settings, it is necessary to compare observations from disparate data sources. We assume the data is in the dissimilarity representation (P?kalska and Duin, 2005) and investigate a joint embedding method (Priebe et al., 2013) that results in a commensurate representation of disparate dissimilarities. We further assume that there are “matched” observations from different conditions which can be considered to be highly similar, for the sake of inference. The joint embedding results in the joint optimization of fidelity (preservation of within-condition dissimilarities) and commensurability (preservation of between-condition dissimilarities between matched observations). We show that the tradeoff between these two criteria can be made explicit using weighted raw stress as the objective function for multidimensional scaling. In our investigations, we use a weight parameter, w, to control the tradeoff, and choose match detection as the inference task. Our results show weights that are optimal (with respect to the inference task) are different than equal weights for commensurability and fidelity and the proposed weighted embedding scheme provides significant improvements in statistical power.     

The representation of three-way proximity data by single and multiple tree structure models

Models for the representation of proximity data (similarities/dissimilarities) can be categorized into one of three groups of models: continuous spatial models, discrete nonspatial models, and hybrid models (which combine aspects of both spatial and discrete models). Multidimensional scaling models and associated methods, used for thespatial representation of such proximity data, have been devised to accommodate two, three, and higher-way arrays. At least one model/method for overlapping (but generally non-hierarchical) clustering called INDCLUS (Carroll and Arabie 1983) has been devised for the case of three-way arrays of proximity data. Tree-fitting methods, used for thediscrete network representation of such proximity data, have only thus far been devised to handle two-way arrays. This paper develops a new methodology called INDTREES (for INdividual Differences in TREE Structures) for fitting various(discrete) tree structures to three-way proximity data. This individual differences generalization is one in which different individuals, for example, are assumed to base their judgments on the same family of trees, but are allowed to have different node heights and/or branch lengths.We initially present an introductory overview focussing on existing two-way models. The INDTREES model and algorithm are then described in detail. Monte Carlo results for the INDTREES fitting of four different three-way data sets are presented. In the application, a single ultrametric tree is fitted to three-way proximity data derived from intention-to-buy-data for various brands of over-the-counter pain relievers for relieving three common types of maladies. Finally, we briefly describe how the INDTREES procedure can be extended to accommodate hybrid modelling, as well as to handle other types of applications.