P2P系统中基于双信任信息的信誉度改进模型

针对P2P网络中诸如诋毁、合谋、欺骗等安全性问题，提出一种新的基于双信任信息的分布式信任模型。区别对待节点提供服务和发送评价的能力，对节点拥有的资源进行分类；通过迭代求解，为每个节点的每类资源分别计算全局服务信任值和回馈信任值；为了防止恶意节点反复实施恶意行为，引入了惩罚机制，激励节点诚信交易。仿真实验表明，该模型能够迅速降低恶意节点的全局信誉值和恶意交易概率，降低了对无过失节点的不公平性。     

一种基于多维DHT空间映射的P2P安全拓扑方案

基于DHT（distributed Hash table）的分布式检索和路由算法凭借其良好的分布性、自组织性、可扩展性等优点，正成为国际上结构化P2P（peer—to—peer）网络研究和应用的热点．但相对于传统的C／S fclient／server）网络，P2P网络的非中心化特点以及网络中节点较强的自治性和动态性，使得节点实施恶意行为的可能性大大增加，这令DHT对节点安全性的要求很难得到满足．本文提出了一种基于多维映射机制的安全DHT协议，该机制通过对标识符进行按组划分，将P2P网络中的节点映射到一个多维空间，并通过设计合理的路由算法，使安全工作定位到相对简单的节点区域内进行．理论分析和实验结果表明，本机制能够简化现有DHT安全机制，有效抑制恶意路由行为，提高资源搜索成功率．     

一种基于Bayes信任模型的可信动态级调度算法

提出了一种基于信任机制的任务调度模型，该模型通过借鉴社会学中的人际关系信任模型，建立网格节点间的信任关系，利用Bayes方法对节点的可信度进行评估，将节点的可信度并入DLS算法得到可信动态级调度（Trust-DLS）算法．仿真结果证实，提出的Trust—DLS算法能以较小的时间花费为代价，有效提高应用任务在可信方面的服务质量需求，保证网格环境中任务安全可信的执行。     

JXTA网络中资源搜索模型的研究与实现

本文改进了对等节点的功能分工和网络层次结构,并引入移动Agent技术,通过移动Agent在集合点之间传播查询通告,提出了一种基于JXTA技术和移动Agent的新资源搜索网络模型,并实现了一个建立在P2P网络上的使用移动Agent进行资源搜索的系统--AJMAS.实验结果表明.通过改进网络结构及相应的搜索策略,能够极大地提高网络的适应性和搜索速度.使基于JXTA协议的P2P网络不再仅仅是一种理论上的研究模型,它将具有很好的应用前景.     

P16及COX-2蛋白在宫颈癌中表达及意义

目的 探讨P16及COX-2蛋白在宫颈癌中表达及意义.方法 收集宫颈活检或手术标本138例,采用免疫组织化学方法分别检测P16及COX-2蛋白的表达,并分析结果.结果 正常宫颈组织、宫颈低级别上皮内瘤变(LSIL)、宫颈高级别上皮内瘤变(HSIL)、宫颈癌中P16蛋白阳性表达分别为0％(0/30)、42.3％ (11/26)、71.9％(23/32)、92％(46/50).COX-2蛋白阳性表达分别为3.3％(1/30)、50％(13/26)、75％(24/32)、88％ (44/50).随着宫颈病变分级升高,P16及COX-2蛋白阳性率逐渐上升,统计学差异有显著性(p＜0.05);结论 P16及COX-2的高表达在宫颈癌的发生、发展中均起作用.     

P2P网络借贷中转换成本对用户行为的影响

以国内P2P网络借贷平台用户为研究对象,结合P2P网络借贷行业的特点,提出用户满意度和用户所感知到的转换成本对其重复使用意愿影响的一组假设。采取问卷调查的方法选取442名P2P网络借贷用户,根据调查所得到的数据,首先对其进行信度和效度分析,然后采用结构方程模型进行假设检验。结果表明满意度、程序转换成本、关系转换成本以及财务转换成本均对用户重复使用意愿有显著正向影响。研究结论为提高P2P网络借贷平台用户的忠诚度和维持该行业的良性发展提供了理论基础,同时为国内P2P网络借贷平台的信用评价方式提出了建议。     

基于Bayes认知信任模型的MANETs自聚集算法

随着移动自组网络(MANETs)的出现,移动节点能够组成特定的动态网络而无需基础网络设施,而在任意两个节点进行交互前,必须同时满足对方的安全和隐私需求.文中提出了一种既能提高MANETs安全效率同时又能保证网络可扩展性的方法.该方法借鉴脑信息学中基于认知的启发式方法,利用Bayes统计分析评估节点的信任等级,对移动节点按照信任机制进行自聚集,进而构建新的网络拓扑结构.仿真结果表明,每个节点都能根据其信任度生成并参与到合适的聚类中,提高了整个网络的可靠性和可扩展性.文中最后还使用复杂网络理论分析了该方法优越性的内在机制,并用实验说明了该方法的高可扩展性.     

一个网构软件可信实体模型及基于评估的信任度量

对于运行在开放、动态、难控的互联网环境的网构软件,其可信性保障与管理是一个重要课题．目前的研究多是基于信任网络思想的信任度量及演化模型,这种模型对于网构软件来说,在信任的来源、实体间信任关系的约束、信任传递参数的设置方面仍存在着不足．因此,本文引入可信计算中信任链模型的思想,提出了一个网构软件可信智能实体模型,并在此基础上构建了基于评估的信任度量方法．首先通过动态自省、显式自明和自主演化的机制保障了实体本身的可信,建立了信任的基点;并给出了形式化的描述及交互行为的动态监测;然后通过建立Bayes网络综合推荐信任并使用评估方法加以修正,以精确计算信任传递过程中的衰减参数,建立了信任链传递过程中的可信认证机制;最后通过实验验证了所提出方法的正确性．     

基于IRS—P6AWIFS遥感影像和GIS的湖北省生态环境评价

以IRS-P6 AWIFS遥感影像为主要数据源,利用监督分类方法进行土地利用/覆被分类,在GIS技术支持下,通过空间分析提取出生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地退化指数、环境质量指数等评价信息.依据国家环境监测总站2006年颁布的〈生态环境状况评价技术规范〉（HJ/192-2006）建立生态环境质量评价模型,通过模型的空间叠加进行湖北省生态环境状况评价. 结果 表明湖北省各地市生态环境状况总体较好,这与湖北各地的自然条件、气候条件、资源开发与利用等因素具有较好的相关性,表明评价模型是科学客观的.本文探索了IRS-P6 AWIFS数据和GIS技术相结合的生态环境状况评价方法,对区域生态环境的保护和改善具有积极意义.     

基于并行离散事件模拟的大规模P2P系统行为预测

P2P应用在当今的互联网中占有了越来越重要的地位.由于这类系统往往由数千至数百万台计算机组成,没有一个大规模分布式系统模拟器是很难预测其行为的.文中尝试通过建立一个并行模拟器AegeanSim来预测大规模P2P系统的行为,该模拟器提供这类系统在高性能服务器集群上的的并行离散事件模拟.我们将P2P应用程序执行抽象成一个具体的事件模型,然后在一个集群上并行这些事件,从而不但扩展了模拟规模而且大大提高了模拟效率.文中还提出了一种提高性能的单步同步方法,并为研究人员设计了一个事件回调接口,使得在保持模拟器独立性的同时很容易地执行应用程序逻辑.用AegeanSim预测了一个典型的P2P系统:BitTorrent.比较了模拟的BT行为和目前BT相关的研究,证实了它的效率、可扩展性和准确性.文中还尝试预测BT系统受到各种人为攻击后的行为,得到一些合理的结果:(1)因为苛刻的攻击时间要求,Tracker隔离很难起作用;(2)限制BT的带宽可能是控制它的一种有效的方法.     

Cytochromes P450 and metabolism of xenobiotics

Cytochromes P450 (henceforth P450s) are involved in a variety of metabolic and biosynthetic processes. The number of known P450 enzymes exceeds 1000, while the endogenous substrates of most of them remain unknown. All P450 enzymes exhibit similarity in their structure and general mechanism of action; however, there are significant differences in the detailed function of individual enzymes as well as in the structures and properties of their active sites. This review discusses the properties of the most important P450 enzymes taking part in drug metabolism in humans. P450 3A4 is of paramount importance, because it is the most abundant P450 in the human liver and is known to metabolize the majority of drugs whose biotransformation is known. Genetically dependent variabilities of individual P450 activities and levels are described, documenting the importance of pharmacogenetics aimed at explaining differences in the response of the organism to various drugs. Received 7 November 2000; received after revision 9 January 2001; accepted 10 January 2001     

P2X4 and P2X6 receptors associate with VE-cadherin in human endothelial cells

We investigated the expression of P2X₄ and P2X₆ receptors on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and found that both P2X receptor subtypes on plasma membranes are largely restricted to areas of cell-cell contact. Co-labelling experiments at the confocal and electron microscopy levels revealed that P2X₄ and P2X₆ receptors are strongly co-localised with the cell adhesion molecule VE-cadherin. The P2X₄ and P2X₆ receptors on plasma membranes at cellular junctions are rapidly (within 5 min) internalised specifically after decreasing extracellular [Ca²⁺]. Disruption of microfilaments, microtubules and integrin-mediated adhesion or stimulation of P2 receptors with ATP did not alter P2X₄ and P2X₆ receptor expression on HUVEC plasma membranes. Membraneous P2X₄ and P2X₆ receptors resisted extraction with Triton-X 100, whereas cytoplasmic P2X receptors were Triton-X 100 soluble. P2X₄ receptors, but not P2X₆ receptors, could be co-immunoprecipitated with VE-cadherin and vice versa. We conclude that P2X₄ and P2X₆ receptors are associated with VE-cadherin at HUVEC adherens junctions. Received 15 March 2002; revised 15 March 2002; accepted 19 March 2002     

Microsomal cytochrome P450 and eicosanoid metabolism

The demonstration of a role for microsomal P450 in the metabolism of endogenous pools of arachidonic acid established this enzyme system as a member of the arachidonic acid cascade and characterized a new an important metabolic function for this enzyme system. Studies from several laboratories documenting the powerful biological activities of the P450-derived eicosanoids have suggested important roles for the P450 arachidonic acid monooxygenase in renal and vascular physiology, and in the pathophysiology of experimental hypertension. These studies provide significant evidence to indicate that in addition to its recognized traditional toxicological and pharmacological roles, microsomal P450s also play important physiological roles in the control of tissue and body homeostasis.     

P/E changes: some new results

The P/E ratio is often used as a metric to compare individual stocks and the market as a whole relative to historical valuations. We examine the factors that affect changes in the inverse of the P/E ratio (E/P) over time in the broad market (S&P 500 Index). Our model includes variables that measure investor beliefs and changes in tax rates and shows that these variables are important factors affecting the P/E ratio. We extend prior work by correcting for the presence of a long‐run relation between variables included in the model. As frequently conjectured, changes in the P/E ratio have predictive power. Our model explains a large portion of the variation in E/P and accurately predicts the future direction of E/P, particularly when predicted changes in E/P are large or provide a consistent signal over more than one quarter. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Upregulation of rat P23 (a member of the YjgF protein family) by fasting, glucose diet and fatty acid feeding

In a previous study, we identified and purified a 99-amino-acid rat liver-kidney perchloric-acid-soluble 23-kDa protein (P23) which displays 30% identity with a highly conserved domain of heat shock proteins (HSPs), as well as an AT-rich 3 untranslated region, which has also been described to play a role in H70 mRNA life span and protein expression. An identical perchloric-acid-soluble protein inhibiting protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system was also found 2 years later by another group. More recently, the novel, the YjgF, protein family has been described, comprising, 24 full-length homologues, including P23, highly conserved through evolution, and consisting of approximately 130 residues each and sharing a common ternary structure. Independent studies from different laboratories have provided various hypothetical functions for each of these proteins. The high degree of evolutionary conservation may suggest that these proteins play an important role in cellular regulation. Although the function of none of these proteins is known precisely, we present experimental evidence which, combined with the relationship to glucose-regulating protein revealed here, and the relationship to fatty-acid-binding protein revealed by others, allow us to propose a role for P23. In rat liver, P23 expression is developmentally regulated and modulated by dietary glucose, and its mRNA is induced by starvation, in the presence of fatty-acids and in 3-MeDAB-induced hepatomas. The mRNA encoding mouse liver P23 is also hormonally modulated in a mouse line AT1F8. These data indicate that P23 protein might be a key controller of intermediary metabolism during fasting.Received 7 June 2003; received after revision 8 September 2004; accepted 10 October 2004     

Predicting loan default in peer-to-peer lending using narrative data

Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending is facing severe information asymmetry problems and depends highly on the internal credit scoring system. This paper provides a novel credit scoring model, which forecasts the probability of default for each applicant and guides the lenders' decision-making in P2P lending. The proposal is expected to improve the existing credit scoring models in P2P lending from two aspects, namely the classifier and the usage of narrative data. We utilize an advanced gradient boosting decision tree technique (i.e., CatBoost) to predict default loans. Moreover, a soft information extraction technique based on keyword clustering is developed to compensate for the insufficient hard credit data. Validated on three real-world datasets, the experimental results demonstrate that variables extracted from narrative data are powerful features, and the utilization of narrative data significantly improves the predictability relative to solely using hard information. The results of sensitivity analysis reveal that CatBoost outperforms the industry benchmark under different cluster numbers of extracted soft information; meanwhile a small number of clusters (e.g., three) is preferred for consideration of model performance, computational cost, and comprehensibility. We finally facilitate a discussion on practical implication and explanatory considerations.     

Molecular modeling of mammalian cytochrome P450s

The cytochrome P450s are a superfamily of hemoprotein enzymes responsible for the metabolism of a wide variety of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds. The individual P450s exhibit unique substrate specificity and stereoselectivity profiles which reflect corresponding differences in primary sequence and tertiary structure. In the absence of an experimental structure, models for mammalian P450s have been generated by their homology with bacterial P450s of known structure. The rather low sequence identity between target and template proteins renders P450 modeling a challenging task. However, the substrate recognition properties of several P450s are consistent with recently developed working models. This review summarizes the major concepts and current approaches of molecular modeling of P450s. Received 28 September 1999; received after revision 25 November 1999; accepted 31 December 1999