异构多跳无线传感器网络容错性拓扑控制算法

异构无线传感器网络(heterogeneous wireless sensor works, HWSN)能有效降低数据转发延迟、网络能量消耗,是一种更现实的网络模型,基于HWSN的k容错性拓扑控制是一类NP难问题。在综合分析HWSN网络模型的基础上,本文设计了简化网络图构建方法,通过构造有序邻集来约束节点的最大发射功率,以网络总功耗与容错性双优化为目标,实现了一个k容错性分布式拓扑控制算法(k-fault tolerant distributed topology control, k-FTDTC)。实验结果表明,相比分布式拓扑控制(distributed adaptive topology control, DATC)方法,k-FTDTC算法有效降低了网络总功耗和最大发射功率,且具有较好的容错性和较低算法复杂度。     

Game-theoretic approach to power and admission control in hierarchical wireless sensor networks

Power efficiency and link reliability are of great importance in hierarchical wireless sensor networks (HWSNs),especially at the key level,which consists of sensor nodes located only one hop away from the sink node called OHS.The power and admission control problem in HWSNs is comsidered to improve its power efficiency and link reliability.This problem is modeled as a non-cooperative game in which the active OHSs are considered as players.By applying a double-pricing scheme in the definition of OHSs’ utility function,a Nash Equilibrium solution with network properties is derived.Besides,a distributed algorithm is also proposed to show the dynamic processes to achieve Nash Equilibrium.Finally,the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Impact of small-world topologies on broadcasting for wireless sensor networks

Broadcasting is an important operation and been widely used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). These networks are power constrained as nodes operate with limited battery power. Wireless sensor networks are spatial graphs that have much more clustered and much high path-length characteristics. After considering energy-efficient broadcasting in such networks, by combining the small-world characteristic of WSNs and the properties of ant algorithm to quickly identify an optimal path, small-world power-aware broadcast algorithm is introduced and evaluated. Given different densities of network, simulation results show that our algorithm significantly improves life of networks and also reduces communication distances and power consumption.     

一种能量均衡的无线传感网络生命期优化算法

针对传统路由算法在无线传感器网络中的不足,选取能耗小、节点剩余能量多的路由以均衡网络能耗并最大化网络生命期。通过构造目标优化度评价函数,以达到网络路由能量均衡最优化的目的。算法通过调整各目标优化度函数的取值范围,以满足业务对能耗和剩余能量的不同要求。最后的仿真结果显示,与传统的路由算法相比,本算法在网络生命期、能量均衡分布及总体能耗等方面具有明显优势。     

IWSN物理层防全双工攻击节点的多层Stackelberg博弈模型

针对工业无线传感器网络通信链路上存在的节点安全问题, 提出一种可抵御节点攻击的多层Stackelberg博弈模型。选择最佳协作干扰节点协同抵御全双工攻击节点, 将合法节点与攻击节点之间的对抗关系以及合法节点间的内部协作关系建模成多层Stackelberg博弈模型, 分析博弈模型的闭式均衡解; 设计分阶最优响应迭代算法求解Stackelberg博弈均衡。仿真结果表明, 所提的最佳协同干扰节点选择方案对攻击节点具有较好的干扰效果且节省能耗; 与其他功率控制模型相比, 所提模型可有效增加协作干扰节点的收益，提高协作的积极性。     

基于虚拟传热的能耗均衡幂律重部署算法

针对大规模双层无线传感器网络自移动传感器节点覆盖控制的能耗均衡问题,提出一种基于虚拟传热的重部署算法。建立了以二次熵为基础的幂律熵模型,设计传感器节点与汇聚节点之间的绝对移动方法;利用邻居节点之间幂律熵流动的平衡关系,建立熵平衡方程,采用相对熵求得相对移动中参照节点选取概率的权重,设计相对移动方法。叠加两种自移动方法,进行迭代,达到网络熵平衡。实验表明,所提算法能够高效实现能耗均衡,及时避免能量空洞,延长了网络生命周期,并提升了覆盖率。     

Clustering routing algorithm of wireless sensor networks based on Bayesian game

To avoid uneven energy consuming in wireless sensor networks, a clustering routing model is proposed based on a Bayesian game. In the model, Harsanyi transformation is introduced to convert a static game of incomplete information to the static game of complete but imperfect information. In addition, the existence of Bayesian nash equilibrium is proved. A clustering routing algorithm is also designed according to the proposed model, both cluster head distribution and residual energy are considered in the design of the algorithm. Simulation results show that the algorithm can balance network load, save energy and prolong network lifetime effectively.     

MWSN中基于功率自适应的拓扑维护算法

为解决移动无线传感器网络(mobile wireless sensor networks,MWSN)中由于节点移动、新节点加入网络、节点退出网络和节点失效等因素引起网络拓扑发生变化而影响网络性能的问题,提出了一种基于功率自适应的拓扑维护算法(power adaptation based topology maintenance algorithm, PATMA)。PATMA算法将传输单位比特数据包的能耗大小作为选择中继节点的条件,通过中继节点维护与距离较远的邻居节点的连通;当网络拓扑结构发生变化时,节点自适应地调整发射功率维护网络的连通;同时根据引起网络拓扑发生变化的具体原因设置不同事件,节点依据检测到的事件采取相应的拓扑维护策略。仿真结果表明,PATMA算法与功率自适应控制(new adaptive power control, NAPC)算法、拓扑控制(topology control, XTC)算法在平均发射功率、网络连通度、网络中存活的节点数等性能指标方面具有明显改善。     

集中式网络拥塞控制的高效RPL路由协议

针对低功耗有损网络中采用博弈论的网络拥塞控制(game theory based network congestion control protocol, GTNCC)路由算法在路由构建过程中仅仅考虑无线链路质量不能使网络拓扑最优,以及在拥塞控制过程中由拥塞节点的子节点判断是否切换父节点不能快速高效地缓解网络拥塞等问题,提出一种基于多维度量结合的集中式网络拥塞控制(centralized network congestion control based on multi-metrics combination, CNCCMC)路由协议。首先,为了降低网络拥塞发生的概率,CNCCMC路由协议综合考虑了节点剩余能量、缓存占用率、无线链路质量和中继节点当前子节点个数等多维度量完成路由构建;其次,当检测到网络拥塞时,CNCCMC路由协议依据网络拥塞节点进行流量分析和判断的结果采取集中式的方式控制其子节点的切换;最后,在网络拥塞缓解过程中,提出一种“乒乓效应”避免机制。理论分析和仿真结果表明,与GTNCC路由算法相比,CNCCMC路由协议在降低网络拥塞发生的概率、延长网络平均生存寿命和提高网络吞吐量等方面的性能得到了有效提升。     

Accurate energy model for WSN node and its optimal design

With the development of CMOS and MEMS technologies, the implementation of a large number of wireless distributed micro-sensors that can be easily and rapidly deployed to form highly redundant, self-configuring, and ad hoc sensor networks. To facilitate ease of deployment, these sensors operate on battery for extended periods of time. A particular challenge in maintaining extended battery lifetime lies in achieving communications with low power. For better understanding of the design tradeoffs of wireless sensor network （WSN）, a more accurate energy model for wireless sensor node is proposed, and an optimal design method of energy efficient wireless sensor node is described as well. Different from power models ever shown which assume the power cost of each component in WSN node is constant, the new one takes into account the energy dissipation of circuits in practical physical layer. It shows that there are some parameters, such as data rate, carrier frequency, bandwidth, Tsw, etc, which have a significant effect on the WSN node energy consumption per useful bit （EPUB）. For a given quality specification, how energy consumption can be reduced by adjusting one or more of these parameters is shown.     

能量平衡的异构传感网跨层密钥管理方案

传统的传感网密钥管理协议独立于网络其他层设计,这种层间的独立性造成传感器节点物理性能浪费,网络整体性能降低。从节点剩余能量出发,提出一个能量平衡的异构传感网跨层密钥管理方案。通过节点剩余能量、节点度数等参数,从能量平衡的角度出发确定下一跳节点的选择,再利用密钥交换建立两节点间的会话密钥,该方案将网络层节点路由关系与应用层节点密钥关系结合,实现了密钥管理的跨层设计。结果表明,该方案保证节点密钥连通性的同时,均衡网络节点间的能耗关系,有效延长了异构传感网的生命周期。     

基于模糊小波聚类混合的多目标覆盖质量评估方法

面向双层无线传感器网络覆盖质量评估,设计出基于模糊小波聚类混合的多目标覆盖质量评估方法。建立网络单元概念和双层网络模型,在各汇聚节点开展各子目标预处理。集中建立二次预警机制:设计基于模糊小波神经网络的分析融合子系统,实现一次预警,选出显著低效覆盖单元;构建决策输出子系统,设计基于k均值聚类算法的多等级网络单元评价体系,实现二次预警,并呈现全部低效覆盖单元。实验表明,该方法从覆盖面积、能耗均衡、传输便利等方面综合评估,能够精确判定低效覆盖单元,有助于及时重部署,维护网络健康运行。     

传感器网络中高能效可靠通信的跨层优化策略

低能耗/高可靠通信问题是传感器网络应用中的一个重要研究课题,即如何在满足应用所设定的端到端可靠性要求的前提下实现能耗最小化,在物理层引入功率控制的策略,逐渐增加发送功率,直至满足可靠要求,从而降低不必要的能耗;在数据链路层提出了一种能量高效的组确认数据重传机制,尽量降低数据重传过程中冗余信息.并在此基础上,提出一种跨层联合优化算法,以解决低能耗/高可靠通信问题.最后通过NS-2仿真实验证明了该算法能够满足传感器网络低能耗/高可靠的应用需要。     

基于IEEE 1588的无线传感器网络时钟同步方法

时钟同步是无线传感器网络的一项重要支撑技术，网络节点间的协作感知、数据融合、定位技术、能量管理都需要时钟同步的支持，才能正常开展。通过对影响802.11无线网络中IEEE 1588时钟同步精度的双向不对称时延的产生机理及统计特性进行详细分析，提出了一种基于卡尔曼滤波的时延过滤算法，并在此基础上设计实现了时钟伺服系统，从而实现了基于IEEE 1588协议的一种纯软件形式的无线传感器网络时钟同步方法。最后，通过实测验证了该方法的有效性。实测结果表明，该方法在同步精度、同步时间及偏移误差上达到了较高的指标。     

无线传感器网络单汇聚节点选址策略

无线传感器网络中,所有节点收集到的数据都通过多跳的方式转发到汇聚节点,因此汇聚节点的选址策略对网络寿命有很大的影响。首先在节点随机分布的无线传感器网络中简单分析了汇聚节点的面向能量选址策略,然后进一步探讨了面向寿命的选址策略,最后结合基于路由代价的蚁群路由算法在无线传感器网络中对两种选址策略进行仿真,仿真结果显示面向寿命选址策略的网络总能耗稍大于面向能量的选址策略,但前者能在较低网络能耗的基础上有效地延长网络寿命。     

基于组合权重的异构无线网络选择算法

针对异构网络环境下网络选择算法采用单一方法确定判决指标权重存在的片面性问题,提出了基于组合权重的异构无线网络选择算法.首先根据用户需求建立判决矩阵,并进行层次分析,得到各判决指标的主观权重,同时对判决指标进行熵值处理,得到其客观权重;然后对主客观权重进行博弈均衡,确定指标的组合权重;最后对备选网络进行灰色关联分析,并运用组合权重对关联系数进行加权排序,得到最优接入网络.仿真实验证明:该方法能综合考虑多种接入判决指标,提高了异构网络中多模终端选择网络的准确性.     

基于区域不相交的无线传感网任播路由算法

在无线传感器网络(wireless sensor networks, WSN)中采用任播技术可以均衡数据流及能耗。传统算法常采用节点不相交路由策略,但隐终端问题仍会造成任播路径间的传递碰撞。针对该问题,提出基于区域不相交策略的WSN任播路由算法。该算法采用扇形通道技术和基于不同时隙的区域不相交发送策略以减少任播路径传递碰撞问题。仿真实验数据表明,相比较节点不相交路由策略和最短路径优先区域不相交路由策略,本文算法在分组投递成功率和节点平均能耗上具有较好的性能优势,从而提高网络生存期。     

New mixed broadcast scheduling approach using neural networks and graph coloring in wireless sensor network

Due to the mutual interference and sharing of wireless links in TDMA wireless sensor networks, conflicts will occur when data messages are transmitting between nodes. The broadcast scheduling problem (BSP) is aimed to schedule each node in different slot of fixed length frame at least once, and the objective of BSP is to seek for the optimal feasible solution, which has the shortest length of frame slots, as well as the maximum node transmission. A two-stage mixed algorithm based on a fuzzy Hopfield neural network is proposed to solve this BSP in wireless sensor network. In the first stage, a modified sequential vertex coloring algorithm is adopted to obtain a minimal TDMA frame length. In the second stage, the fuzzy Hopfield network is utilized to maximize the channel utilization ratio. Experimental results, obtained from the running on three benchmark graphs, show that the algorithm can achieve better performance with shorter frame length and higher channel utilizing ratio than other exiting BSP solutions.     

无线传感器网络低功耗混合地址编码算法

无线传感器网络低功耗MAC地址编码设计需要综合考虑地址通信能量开销、地址编码容量、不同地址类型支持等因素的影响。首先分析了现有定长地址编码和哈夫曼地址编码算法的优缺点,给出了地址编码性能评估参数,接着提出了一种混合地址编码算法,仿真结果表明新算法融合了两种地址编码优点,较好地满足了无线传感器网络低功耗MAC地址编码的设计要求。     

无线传感器网络中基于网络编码的数据采集算法

为保证无线传感器网络数据的可获取性,提出一种基于网络编码的数据快速采集新算法。该算法根据最大距离可分码［n,k］生成矩阵中任意k个列向量线性无关的性质,借助网络编码信息线性组合的方法,将［n,k］生成矩阵的列向量分配给传感器网络的n个节点,作为其全局编码向量。传感器节点利用其分配到的全局编码向量,对收到的包含k个数据的环境信息进行线性编码,并将得到的码字存储于传感器节点中。基站进行数据采集时,只需随机采集k个节点存储的码字,即可根据任意k个节点全局编码向量的线性无关性译出环境信息,实现无线传感器网络快速有效地数据采集。